Front Matter

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I l - I -~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ --- - -- - _ -

AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW DEjEOTED TO THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND ITS CTURAL INFLUENCES

H L

On Torricelli s infinitely long solid: see page 50

VOLUME 82 NUMBER 311 MARCH 1991



His or of Science Society

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II.. AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW DEVOTED TO THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND ITS CULTURAL INFLUENCES

JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE SOCIETY

EDITORIAL OFFICE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN

EDITOR

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ISIS MARCH 1991 VOLUME 82 NUMBER 311

ARTICLES

M. SUSAN LINDEE: The American Career of Jane Marcet's Conversations on Chemistry, 1806-1853 9

RICHARD YEO: Reading Encyclopedias: Science and the Organization of Knowledge in British Dictionaries of Arts and Sciences, 1730-1850 24

PAOLO MANCOSU and EZIO VAILATI: Torricelli's Infinitely Long Solid and Its Philosophical Reception in the Seventeenth Century 50

CRITIQUES & CONTENTIONS

PAUL FORMAN: Independence, Not Transcendence, for the Historian of Science 71

NEWS OF THE PROFESSION

Eloge: DAVID PINGREE: Otto Neugebauer, 1899-1990 87

LETTERS TO THE EDITOR

JOHN G. McEVOY; MAURICE CROSLAND; C. TRUESDELL; CRAIG FRASER; GIDEON FREUDENTHAL; GAD FREUDENTHAL 89

ESSAY REVIEWS

JOHN PICKSTONE on CHARLES ROSENBERG'S The Care of Strangers: The Rise of America's Hospital System 91

CHARLES C. GILLISPIE on A Companion to the History of Modern Science edited by R. C. OLBY; G. N. CANTOR; R. CHRISTIE; and M. J. S.

HODGE 94

BOOK REVIEWS

GENERAL WORKS Mark Nathan Cohen: Health and the Rise of Civilization, rev. by WILLIAM H. McNEILL 99 James MacLachian: Children of Prometheus: A History of Science and Technology,

rev. by ROBERT E. SCHOFIELD 100 Dean Keith Simonton: Scientific Genius: A Psychology of Science, rev. by HARRIET

ZUCKERMAN 101 David Gooding; Trevor Pinch; Simon Schaffer (eds.): The Uses of Experiment: Studies

in the Natural Sciences, rev. by PETER DEAR 102 Gerd Gigerenzer; Zeno Swijtink; Theodore Porter; Lorraine Daston; John Beatty;

Lorenz Kruger: The Empire of Chance: How Probability Changed Science and Ev- eryday Life, rev. by DAVIS BAIRD 103

Michael Adas: Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and Ideologies of Western Dominance, rev. by JOHN J. PAUL 105

Roy Porter; Mikulas Teich (eds.): Revolution in History, rev. by I. BERNARD COHEN 106 James R. Bartholomew: The Formation of Science in Japan: Building a Research Tra-

dition, rev. by RICHARD J. SAMUELS 107 Claude C. Albritton, Jr.: Catastrophic Episodes in Earth History, rev. by MARTIN

RUDWICK 108 Rejane Bernier: Aux sources de la biologie: Volume III: L'anatomie, rev. by MICHAEL

A. OSBORNE 109



D. Karasszon: A Concise History of Veterinary Medicine, trans. by E. Farkas, rev. by ALAN RAUCH 109

Martin van Creveld: Technology and War: From 2000 B.C. to the Present, rev. by GERARD J. TANGO 110

ANTIQUITY David Furley: Cosmic Problems: Essays on Greek and Roman Philosophy of Nature,

rev. by R. J. HANKINSON 111 A. Le Boeuffle: Le ciel des Romains, rev. by JOSHUA LIPTON 112 Pamela Huby; Gordon Neal (eds.): The Criterion of Truth: Essays Written in Honor of

George Kerferd, Together with a Text and Translation (with Annotations) of Pto- lemy's On the Kriterion and Hegemonikon, rev. by LIBA C. TAUB 113

Gary M. Gurtler, S.J.: Plotinus: The Experience of Unity, rev. by EYJ6LFUR KJALAR EMILSSON 114

Pappus of Alexandria: Book 7 of the Collection, ed. with trans. and commentary by Alexander Jones, rev. by ALAN C. BOWEN 115

MIDDLE AGES Gregory Chioniades: The Astronomical Works of Gregory Chioniades, Vol. I: The ZUj

al-cAlad:. Part I: Text, Translation, Commentary. Part II: Tables, and Alexander Jones: An Eleventh-Century Manual of Arabo-Byzantine Astronomy, rev. by DAVID A. KING 116

Roser Puig Aguilar: Los tratados de construccion y uso de la azafea de Azarquiel, rev. by E. S. KENNEDY 118

Raphael Jospe: Torah and Sophia: The Life and Thought of Shem Tov ibn Falaquera, rev. by GAD FREUDENTHAL 118

Sabina Flanagan: Hildegard of Bingen, 1098-1179: A Visionary Life, and Roger D. Sorrell: St. Francis of Assisi and Nature: Tradition and Innovation in Western Christian Attitudes toward the Environment, rev. by GEORGE OVITT, JR. 119

Hugo of Saint-Victor: La "Descriptio mappe mundi" de Hugues de Saint-Victor, ed. with trans. and commentary by Patrick Gautier Dalche, and John de Foxton: John de Foxton's Liber cosmographiae (1408): An Edition and Codicological Study, ed. by John B. Friedman, rev. by 0. A. W. DILKE 121

Roger Bacon: Compendium of the Study of Theology, ed. and trans. by Thomas S. Maloney, rev. by STEVEN J. LIVESEY 123

Thomas Bradwardine: Geometria speculativa, trans. and ed. by George Molland, rev. by H. L. L. BUSARD 124

Arnald of Villanova: Arnaldi de Villanova opera medica omnia, Volume IV: Tractatus de consideracionibus operis medicine sive deflebotomia, ed. by Luke Demaitre, rev. by PETER MURRAY JONES 124

Jurgen Sarnowsky: Die aristotelisch-scholastische Theorie der Bewegung: Studien zum Kommentar Alberts von Sachsen zur Physik des Aristoteles, rev. by ANDRE L. GODDU 125

RENAISSANCE Paul F. Grendler: Schooling in Renaissance Italy: Literacy and Learning, 1300-1600,

rev. by JILL KRAYE 127 Harold B. Segel: Renaissance Culture in Poland: The Rise of Humanism, 1470-1543,

rev. by PAUL W. KNOLL 128 Ernst Zinner: Entstehung und Ausbreitung der copernicanischen Lehre, rev. by

RICHARD L. KREMER 129 Giancarlo Zanier: L'Espressione e l'immagine: Introduzione a Paracelso, rev. by

LUKE E. DEMAITRE 130 Andree Hayum: The Isenheim Altarpiece: God's Medicine and the Painter's Vision,

rev. by JOLE SHACKELFORD 131

EARLY MODERN PERIOD Otto Mayr: Authority, Liberty and Automatic Machinery in Early Modern Europe, rev.

by BRUCE T. MORAN 132 Londa L. Schiebinger: The Mind Has No Sex? Women in the Origins of Modern Sci-

ence, rev. by ANITA GUERRINI 133 Nicholas H. Clulee: John Dee's Natural Philosophy: Between Science and Religion,

rev. by LESLEY B. CORMACK 134 Owen Gingerich; Robert S. Westman: The Wittich Connection: Conf ict and Priority in

Late Sixteenth-Century Cosmology, rev. by KRISTIAN PEDER MOESGAARD 135 Tommaso Campanella: Mathematica, ed. by Armando Brissoni, rev. by WARREN VAN

EGMOND 136 Salvatore Nicolosi: I dualismo da Cartesio a Leibniz: Cartesio, Cordemoy, La Forge,

Malebranche, Leibniz, rev. by GARY HATFIELD 136 Thomas Hobbes: Court traite' des premiers principes: Le "Short Tract on First Prin-

ciples" de 1630-1631: La naissance de Thomas Hobbes d la pense' e moderne, ed. and trans. with commentary by Jean Bernhardt, rev. by ALAN GABBEY 137

John Locke: Essays on the Law of Nature: The Latin Text with a Translation, Intro- duction and Notes, Together with Transcripts of Locke's Shorthand in his Journal for 1676, ed. by W. von Leyden, rev. by P. B. WOOD 138

Christoph Glaser: Neu-eroffnete chymische Artzney- und Werck-Schul, ed. by Hans- Joachim Poeckern, rev. by CHRISTOPH MEINEL 139



EIGHTEENTH CENTURY Gino Bedani: Vico Revisited: Orthodoxy, Naturalism, and Science in the Scienza

nuova, rev. by DONALD R. KELLEY 140 John Gascoigne: Cambridge in the Age of the Enlightenment: Science, Religion, and

Politics from the Restoration to the French Revolution, rev, by L. W. B. BROCKLISS 141 Wolfgang Breidert: George Berkeley, 1685-1753, rev. by C. DE PATER 142 Gabriel Moked: Particles and Ideas: Bishop Berkeley's Corpuscularian Philosophy,

rev. by MARGARET J. OSLER 143 Willem Jacob 'sGravesande: Welzijn, wijsbegeerte, en wetenschap, ed. by C. de Pater,

rev. by ALBERT VAN HELDEN 144 Bernard Siegfried Albinus: Albinus on Anatomy, ed. by Robert Beverly Hale and Ter-

ence Coyle, rev. by SHIGEHISA KURIYAMA 145 Jean Torlais: Un physicien au siecle des lumieres: 1'Abbe Nollet, 1700-1700, rev. by

R. W. HOME 146 Martin Weber: Georg Christian Gottlieb Wedekind, 1761-1831: Werdegang und

Schicksal eines Arztes im Zeitalter der Aufkcldrung und der Franzosischen Revolu- tion. Mit einem Anhang: Wedekinds Didtetikvorlesung von 1789/90, rev. by GUENTER B. RISSE 147

NINETEENTH CENTURY Katherine Arens: Structures of Knowing: Psychologies of the Nineteenth Century, rev.

by WILLIAM R. WOODWARD 148 Bernard Bolzano: Mathematisch-physikalische und philosophische Schriften, 1842-

1843, ed. by Gotffried Gabriel, Matthias Gatzemeier, and Friedrich Kambartel, rev. by I. GRATTAN-GUINNESS

Donald S. L. Cardwell: James Joule: A Biography, rev. by JAMES R. HOFMANN 149 Thomas C. Mendenhall: An American Scientist in Early Meiji Japan: The Autobio-

graphical Notes of Thomas C. Mendenhall, ed. by Richard Rubinger, rev. by KATH- LEEN G. DUGAN 151

David Cahan: An Institute for an Empire: The Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt, 1871-1918, rev. by R. STEVEN TURNER 151

Adrian Desmond: The Politics of Evolution: Morphology, Medicine, and Reform in Radical London, rev. by EVELLEEN RICHARDS 152

Thomas Henry Huxley: Evolution and Ethics: T. H. Huxley's Evolution and Ethics with New Essays on Its Victorian and Sociobiological Context, by James Paradis and George C. Williams, rev. by BERNARD LIGHTMAN 154

Thomas D. Brock: Robert Koch: A Life in Medicine and Bacteriology, rev. by PAU- LINE M. H. MAZUMDAR 155

Martha L. Hildreth: Doctors, Bureaucrats, and Public Health in France, 1888-1902, rev. by ANN LA BERGE 156

TWENTIETH CENTURY Heinrich Becker; Hans-Joachim Dahms; Cornelia Wegeler (eds.): Die Universitat Got-

tingen unter dem Nationalsozialismus: Das verdrdngte Kapitel ihrer 250-jahrigen Geschichte, rev. by JONATHAN HARWOOD 157

Michael Eckert; Maria Osietzki: Wissenschaft fur Macht und Markt: Kernforschung und Mikroelektronik in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, rev. by MARK WALKER 158

Werner Heisenberg: Gesammelte WerkelCollected Works, ed. by W. Blum, H.-P. Durr, and H. Rechenberg, rev. by s. S. SCHWEBER 159

David H. DeVorkin: Race to the Stratosphere: Manned Scientific Ballooning in America, rev. by RICHARD GILLESPIE 160

Alois Kernbauer: Svante Arrhenius' Beziehungen zu Osterreichischen Gelehrten: Briefe aus Osterreich an Svante Arrhenius (1891-1926), rev. by ERIC ELLIOTT 161

Julius Schaxel: Julius Schaxel an Ernst Haeckel, 1906-1917, ed. by Erika Krausse, bibliog. by Doris Posselt, rev. by WILLIAM MONTGOMERY 162

Thomas R. Dunlap: Saving America's Wildlife, rev. by RONALD C. TOBEY 162 Donna Haraway: Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern

Science, rev. by GREGG MITMAN 163 Charles E. Wynes: Charles Richard Drew: The Man and the Myth, rev. by VANESSA

NORTHINGTON GAMBLE 165 C. C. Chen: Medicine in Rural China: A Personal Account, rev. by FAN DAINIAN 166 Barbara Brookes: Abortion in England, 1900-1967, and John Keown: Abortion,

Doctors, and the Law: Some Aspects of the Legal Regulation of Abortion in En- gland from 1803 to 1982, rev. by LESLIE J. REAGAN 167

M. R. Williams; Martin Campbell-Kelly (eds.): The Early British Conferences, rev. by PAUL CERUZZI 168

Stephen Hill: The Tragedy of Technology: Human Liberation versus Domination in the Late Twentieth Century, rev. by JOHN STAUDENMAIER 170

Lisa M. Steinman: Made in America: Science, Technology, and American Modernist Poets, rev. by PATRICIA J. HILDEN 171

PHILOSOPHY AND SOCIOLOGY OF SCIENCE David R. Shumway: Michel Foucault, rev. by PHILLIP R. SLOAN 172 Mary Tiles: The Philosophy of Set Theory: A Historical Introduction to Cantor's Para-

dise, rev. by IRVING H. ANELLIS 173 R. I. G. Hughes: The Structure and Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, rev. by

JEFFREY BUB 174



Kostas Gavroglu; Yorgos Goudaroulis: Methodological Aspects of the Development of Low Temperature Physics, 1881 1956: Concepts Out of Context(s), rev. by DIANA BARKAN 175

Jurgen Habermas: On the Logic of the Social Sciences, trans. by Shierry Weber Ni- cholsen and Jerry A. Stark, and Hans Radder: The Material Realization of Science: A Philosophical View on the Experimental Natural Sciences, Developed in Discus- sion with Habermas, rev. by PATRICK A. HEELAN 177

Daisie Radner; Michael Radner: Animal Consciousness, rev. by PETER SOBOL 178

REFERENCE TOOLS Roger Cooter: Phrenology in the British Isles: An Annotated Historical Biobiblio-

graphy and Index, rev. by MICHAEL M. SOKAL 179 Peter Krivatsy (comp.): A Catalogue of Seventeenth-Century Printed Books in the

National Library of Medicine, rev. by MORDECHAI FEINGOLD 180 P. J. Wallis; R. V. Wallis: Eighteenth-Century Medics: Subscriptions, Licences, Ap-

prenticeships, rev. by DOROTHY E. PORTER 181

COLLECTIONS Andrew Cunningham; Roger French (eds.): The Medical Enlightenment of the Eigh-

teenth Century 181 Paul T. Durbin (ed.): Broad and Narrow Interpretations of Philosophy of Technology 181 Aant Elzinga; Jan Nolin; Rob Pranger; Sune Sunesson (eds.): In Science We Trust?

Moral and Political Issues of Science in Society 181 Elizabeth Garber (ed.): Beyond the History of Science: Essays in Honor of Robert E.

Schofield 182 Anthony Grafton; Ann Blair (eds.): The Transmission of Culture in Early Modern

Europe 182 Thomas P. Hughes; Agatha C. Hughes (eds.): Lewis Mumford: Public Intellectual 182 Javier Ord6fiez; Alberto Elena (eds.): La ciencia y su puiblico: Perspectivas hist6ricas,

trans. by Mariano Colubi, Cristina Corredor, Maria Luisa Ortega, and Heliodoro San Miguel 183

Paul Potter; Gilles Mahoney; Jacques Desautels (eds.): La maladie et les maladies dans la Collection Hippocratique 183

Warren J. Samuels (eds.): Economics as Discourse: An Analysis of the Language of Economists 183

C. Wade Savage (ed.): Scientific Theories 183 Science Education and the History of Physics / Enseignement scientifique et histoire

de la physique 184 J.-C. Smith (ed.): Historical Foundations of Cognitive Science 184

NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS 185

Cover: Evangelista Torricelli (1608-1647), with his acute hyperbolic solid. Portrait from Opere di Evangelista Torricelli, ed. Gino Loria e Giuseppe Vassura, Vol. I (Faenza: Montanari, 1919).



HENRY AND IDA SCHUMAN PRIZE

This competition for the year's best original essay written by a graduate student in the history of science and its cultural influences was es- tablished in 1955 by Ida and Henry Schuman of New York City. The annual award is $500 ($250 as a prize and $250 to cover travel to the annual meeting to receive the award). The competition is open to graduate students in any university or institute of technology. The essays submitted should be in English, must not exceed 8,000 words in length (exclu- sive of footnotes), and should be thoroughly documented. It is hoped that the prize-winning essay will merit publication in Isis.

It was the wish of the donors that "history of science and its cultural influences" be interpreted very broadly. The essays may deal with the ideas and accomplishments of scientists in the past, trace the evolution of particular scientific concepts, or study the historical influences of one branch of science upon another. The phrase "cultural influences" is taken to include studies of the social and historical conditions that have influ- enced the growth of science as well as the effects of scientific development upon society in the realms of philosophy, religion, social thought, economic progress, art, and literature. Essays dealing with medical sub- jects are not eligible unless they deal with the relations between medicine and the natural sciences.

The deadline for submission is 1 June of each year. Essays may be submitted to the Chairman of the Schuman Prize Committee through the Isis Editorial Office. It is requested that three copies of each essay be sent and that the names and institutions of the contributors be placed on a separate title page so that they may be removed before being read by members of the committee. The announcement of the prize-winning essay is made at the annual meeting of the History of Science Society, normally in December.



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