FRQ #1: Directions—Follow them!A. TWO Points:

Commander in Chief---power to commit troops

Appointment of ambassadors and foreign policy officials

Negotiate/Make Treaties

Recognition of nations

B. TWO Points:

Confirm ambassadors

Power of the purse in military/foreign policy issues

Declare war

Pass laws/resolutions about foreign issues

Regulate foreign commerce

Ratify treaties

C. TWO Points

Executive agreements

Access to media/bully pulpit/morale building

Agenda setting

Meet with world leaders

Crisis Manager

International coalition building

President has access to more information, knowledge, or expertise than does Congress

Recognized global leader

FRQ #2: A. -Over time, most Americans disapprove of the way

Congress is handling its job.

-Despite a few shifts, roughly the same percentage of Americans approve/disapprove/have no opinion in 1996 as 1974

B. -Presidential popularity declines over time while in office

-Popularity spikes at reelection time

-Presidential popularity is at its highest at election time

C. –Legislative gridlock

-Congressional scandal

-Worsening economic conditions

-Unpopular legislation

-Prolonged War / Foreign policy

D. –Unpopular War

-Economic crises

-Not being able to live up to promises made during campaign

-Scandal

-Regaining momentum during election

E. --gerrymandering, name recognition, constituent services, franking, pork, campaign finance advantages

Chapter Thirteen

Goal for TODAY:

• Bureaucratic Basics

• History of Bureaucracy from spoils to merit basted

• Bureaucratic Pathologies

Reading Quiz1. Ernest Fitzgerald is an example of a

___________Whistle Blower_____________

2. People employed in an executive branch unit that implements public policy are called:

Bureaucrats

3. Another name for bureaucrats is:

Public Servants/Public administrators

4. Who hires and signs the paychecks for shadow bureaucrats?

Private and nonprofit employers

5. What is contracting out/out-sourcing /privatizing?

The government contracts with a private / nonprofit organization to provide public services

6. Who coined the word “bureaucracy”?

Max Weber— “father of sociology”

7. What is a bureaucracy?

Any organization with a hierarchical structure

8.

9. List 3 examples of governmental bureaucrats.

WTHS:

8.

9. FBI, U.S. Postal Workers, Public teachers, local police, members of Peace Corp

SCHOOL BOARD

Superintendant

Administration

Teachers/Staff

Students, Parents, Community

10. What are the three categories of national civilian bureaucrats?

Political appointees, civil servants, senior executive service employees

11. Presidents have gone from using patronage (spoils system) to what_______________?

Merit (small percentage still patronage)

12. The publication that lists jobs that the president appoints via patronage is called?

Plum Book

13.What did the Pendleton Civil Service Act do?Set up a merit-based civil service system—

competitive test and Civil Service Commission

14. Bureaucrats hired through the merit-based personnel system are called?

Civil Servants

15. What did the Civil Service Reform Act (1978) do?

Expanded merit principles; Office of Personnel Management(OPM-merit based policies and procedures), Merit System Protection Board (MSPB—unionizing rights), and Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA-monitor relations) created

16. Can civil servants voice their political opinions? What Act limited this activity?

Yes, but limited—Hatch Act , parts have been relaxed

17. What category of civil servants includes most top managerial, supervisory, and policy positions?

SES: Senior Executive Service

Bureaucratic Pathology:Pathology is the precise study and diagnosis of disease.

The word pathology is from Ancient Greek πάθος, pathos, "feeling, suffering"; and -λογία, -logia, "the study

of“/PROBLEMS• Red Tape• Conflict between agencies• Duplication• Unnecessary complexity and growth/Imperialism

• Waste• The story of A. Ernest Fitzgerald at the beginning of Ch.

13 displays which bureaucratic pathology?• What about this?

Bureaucratic Pathology• Red Tape

1 and 7

• Waste

4, 6, and 9

• Conflict between agencies

2, 3, and 5

• Duplication

8, 10, 12• Unnecessary complexity and growth/Imperialism

11

•Make a pyramid structure showing the bureaucracy of the Executive Branch of Government (U.S.)

Department

• 15

• Secretary

• Advisor

• Homeland Security

• Defense

• OF

• State

Executive Office of the President

• White House Office

• Press Secretary

• Vice President

• National Security Council

Government Corporations

• Business

• U.S. Postal Service

• Money

Independent Administrative Agencies

• Office of Personnel Management

• NASA

• Support work

Independent Regulatory Commissions

• Monitor

• Develop standards

• Economic

• Social

• Bipartisan boards

Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008

The Bureaucrats

• Some Bureaucratic Myths and Realities– Americans dislike bureaucrats.

• Americans are generally satisfied with bureaucrats.

– Bureaucracies are growing bigger each year.• Not in the federal bureaucracy

– Most federal bureaucrats work in Washington, D.C.• Only about 12 percent do

– Bureaucracies are ineffective, inefficient, and always mired in red tape.

• No more so than private businesses

The Bureaucrats

• What They Do: Some Theories of Bureaucracy– The Weberian Model.

• Hierarchical authority structure• Uses task specialization• Operate on the merit principle• Behave with impersonality• A well-organized machine with lots of working

parts.

National BureaucratsNational Bureaucrats

• Political Appointees and Patronage Political Appointees and Patronage

**Pendleton Civil Service Act changed to merit based

• The Merit System and Civil ServiceThe Merit System and Civil Service

Open competition and competence – the Civil Rights Act/General Schedule (GS)*See chart

Political neutrality—Hatch Act (1939)

Civil Service Reform Act--CSRA (1978)= Created Office of Personnel Management (OPM), the Merit System Protection Board (MSPB), and the Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA)

Unionized civil servants=3/5 U.S. federal civil servants in union (blue collar more than white)

The Senior Executive Service

• State, Local, and Shadow BureaucratsState, Local, and Shadow Bureaucrats

Approx. 20 million state and local bureaucrats and 15 million shadow bureaucrats

Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008

The Bureaucrats

• Who They Are and How They Got There– Civil Service: From Patronage to Protection

• Patronage: job given for political reasons • Civil Service: system of hiring and promotion based on merit

and nonpartisanship, created by the Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883)

• Merit Principle: entrance exams and promotion ratings to find people with talent and skill

• Hatch Act: prohibits government employees prohibited from active participation in partisan politics

Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008

The Bureaucrats

• Who They Are and How They Got There– Civil Service: From Patronage to Protection

• Office of Personnel Management: the federal office in charge of most of the government’s hiring

• General Schedule (GS) rating: a schedule for federal employees ranging from GS 1 to 18, by which salaries can be keyed to rating and experience

• Senior Executive Service: an elite cadre of about 9,000 federal government managers established by the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978; mostly career officials

Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008

The Bureaucrats

• Who They Are and How They Got There– The Other Route to Federal Jobs: Recruiting

from the Plum Book• Lists the very top jobs available for Presidential

appointment• Presidents work to find capable people to fill the

positions.• Some plum jobs (ambassadorships) are

patronage.• Their most important trait is transience.

W

EvolutionEvolutionandand

Organizationof theof the

NationalNationalBureaucracyBureaucracy

•DepartmentsDepartments

•Independent Administrative AgenciesIndependent Administrative Agencies

•Independent Regulatory CommissionsIndependent Regulatory Commissions

•Government CorporationsGovernment Corporations

•Agencies within the Executive Office of Agencies within the Executive Office of the Presidentthe President

•CURRENT EVENT WEBSITE

• 15 DEPARTMENTS: The Cabinet– Presidential advisors, not specified in the

Constitution– Made up of 14 Department Secretaries,1

Attorney General,(15 total), and other advisors (all confirmed by Senate).

– They serve at “the pleasure of the President” and can be removed at the President’s discretion unlike members of Independent Executive Agencies which require cause.

– Departments and executive agencies can only be created by Congress (example, Department of Homeland Security in 2002)

Obama Cabinet

--Department Heads

Secretary Thomas Vilsack

Secretary Kenneth Salazar

Secretary Gary Locke

Attorney General Eric Holder

Secretary Chuck Hagel

Secretary Hilda Solis

Secretary Arne Duncan

Secretary John Kerry

Secretary Steven Chu

Secretary Ray LaHood

Secretary

Kathleen Sebelius

Secretary

Jack Lew

Secretary Janet Napolitano

Secretary Eric Shinseki

Secretary Shaun Donovan

Presidential Succession2013

# Office Current Officer

1Vice PresidentPresident of the Senate

Joe Biden

2Speaker of the House of Representatives

John Boehner

3 President Pro Tempore of the Senate Patrick Leahy

4 Secretary of State John Kerry

5 Secretary of the Treasury Jacob “Jack” Lew

6 Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel

Current line of Succession

Department NameDate

Created 2007 Budget In

Billions of Dollars # of Workers

State 1789 16.96 30,266

Treasury 1789 11.10 115,897

Defense 1947 439.30 3,000,000

Justice 1870 23.40 112,557

Interior 1849 10.70 71,436

Agriculture 1889 77.60 109,832

Commerce 1903 6.20 36,000

Labor 1913 59.70 17,347

Health and Human Services 1953 543.20 67,000

Housing and Urban Development 1965 46.20 10,600

Transportation 1966 58.00 58,622

Energy 1977 21.50 116,100

Education 1979 62.80 4,487

Veterans Affairs 1989 73.20 235,000

Homeland Security 2002 44.6 208,000

Independent Administrative Agencies

• Executive branch unit created by Congress and the president with a narrowly defined function

• Intended to be protected from partisan politics• A lot support work of existing departments and

agencies—recruiting/training employees for OPM, managing government properties and records of General Services Administration

EXAMPLES: Smithsonian Institution, National Science Foundation, NASA

• The Independent Regulatory Agencies

– Independent Regulatory Agency: responsible for some sector of the economy making rules and judging disputes to protect the public interest

– Monitor compliance and impose sanctions on those who violate

● Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

● Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC)• Federal Communications Commission (FCC)• Federal Trade Commission (FTC)• Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

Pearson Education, Inc., Longman © 2008

How Bureaucracies Are Organized

• The Independent Regulatory Agencies– Headed by a commission of 5-10 people– Rule making is an important function watched

by interest groups and citizens alike– Concern over “capture” of the agencies

• Agencies act on behalf of the industry they are supposed to regulate, not the public interest

How Bureaucracies Are Organized

• The Government Corporations– Business like–provide services like private

companies and typically charge for them• U.S. Postal Service and Amtrak

2010 AP U.S. FRQ #2:• The federal bureaucracy as part of the executive branch exercises substantial independence in

implementing governmental policies and programs. Most workers in the federal bureaucracy are civil-service employees who are organized under a merit system.

a. Describe one key characteristic of the merit system.

b. For each of the following, describe one factor that contributes to bureaucratic independence

The structure of the federal bureaucracy

The complexity of public policy problems

c. For each of the following, explain one Constitutional provision that it can use to check the bureaucracy

● Congress ● The courts ● Interest Groups

A. 1 pt.• Hiring or promotion based on

merit/experience/qualifications• Hiring based on testing

B. 2 pts.● Structure of Bureaucracy

--Large, -- Specialized units/expertise, --Tenure protections/hard to fire, --Based on merit, ---Independent agencies/independent regulatory commissions

● Complexity of public policy programs

--specialized units/expertise, --delegated authority (Congress and the president cannot handle everything, they delegate authority to the bureaucracy)

--discretionary authority (because legislation lacks details, the bureaucracy can fill the gaps)

●

C. 3 pts• Congress-Appropriations—can reward or punish agency

-Legislation—can pass legislation affecting the bureaucracy

-Rejection of presidential appointments to the bureaucracy

-Impeachment of executive officials

• Courts-Court rulings that limit bureaucratic practices

-Judicial review—can declare bureaucratic actions unconstitutional

-Injunctions against federal agencies

• Interest Groups-Use of the First Amendment (lobbying, protests, media, speech)

-Litigation

Policy ___________

Policy Evaluation

NationalNationalBureaucrats’Bureaucrats’

RolesRolesinin

Public PolicyPublic Policy

• Agenda Setting &Agenda Setting & the Iron Triangle/Issue Networks:

• Policy Formulation— Policy Formulation— Congress often refers to bureaucrats on specialized info…called in to testify= Bills left vague on purpose

• Policy Approval—Policy Approval—Authorization laws

• Resource Allocation—Resource Allocation—Appropriation laws—See Chart

• Policy Implementation—Policy Implementation—

• Policy EvaluationPolicy Evaluation--Assessment

Politics-administration dichotomy: Politics-administration dichotomy: Does theFederal government achieve this?

Interpret and carry out laws: Administration discretion, law, rule making (Quasi-Legislative), and adjudication (Quasi-Judical)

NationalNationalBureaucraticBureaucratic

AccountabilityAccountability

• Accountability to the PeopleAccountability to the People

•Accountability to the CourtsAccountability to the Courts——

• Accountability to CongressAccountability to Congress—

•Accountability to the PresidentAccountability to the President—

• Internal AccountabilityInternal Accountability

NationalNationalBureaucraticBureaucratic

AccountabilityAccountability

• Accountability to the PeopleAccountability to the People

Sunshine Laws—Federal Register, FOIA

Watchdog groups—Common Cause, Project OMB Watch

• Accountability to the CourtsAccountability to the Courts——lawsuits

• Accountability to CongressAccountability to Congress—Advice and Consent oversight, funding

• Accountability to the Accountability to the PresidentPresident—Clinton/Gore’s National Performance Review (NPR), OMB,

• Internal AccountabilityInternal Accountability

Codes of Behavior and the Ethics in Government Act

Whistleblower protections and inspectors general

Then and Now:

Bureaucratic Pathology:Pathology is the precise study and diagnosis of disease.

The word pathology is from Ancient Greek πάθος, pathos, "feeling, suffering"; and -λογία, -logia, "the study

of“/PROBLEMS• Red Tape• Conflict between agencies• Duplication• Unnecessary complexity and growth/Imperialism

• Waste• The story of A. Ernest Fitzgerald at the beginning of Ch.

13 displays which bureaucratic pathology?• What about this?

Bureaucratic Pathology• Red Tape

1 and 7

• Waste

4, 6, and 9

• Conflict between agencies

2, 3, and 5

• Duplication

8, 10, 12• Unnecessary complexity and growth/Imperialism

11

Bureaucratic PerformanceBest-Performing Bureaucracies:• Clearly stated goals with high levels of

administrative discretion• High levels of support from elected officials,

media, and diverse group of citizens (usually result in more resources)

• Effective Leaders

How can bureaucracies be improved?

B

Study the Chapter:

http://www.mhhe.com/harrison1e