Fs Ch 10

Chapter 10

Drugs

Forensic ScienceRichard Saferstein

© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.

All Rights Reserved.2

Introduction

Natural/synthetic substance: produces physiological/ psychological effects.

Narcotics: (analgesics) relieve pain by depressing the central nervous system.

The most common source for these narcotic drugs is opium, extracted from poppies.




Family

Drugs, guns and money




Opiates

Morphine: extracted from opium/synthesize heroin.

Heroin: drowsiness/sense of well-being/three to four hours.




Other Opiates OxyContin: (oxycodone) same

physiological effects on the body as opium narcotics.

-chronic pain.

Methadone: synthetic opiate -given to heroin addicts -given for pain




Drugs

Black tar heroin




Black tar heroin




Foil packets

This is a clue




Little balloons are a clue




Not for kiddie parties!




Balloons recovered from stomach during an autopsy




Syringe




This is a clue as to what happened.




Heroin




Personal use? Packaged at this

quality usually indicates international smugglers. The scorpion indicates this originated in Asia




Hallucinogens

Hallucinogens: changes in normal thought processes/perceptions/moods.

-marijuana -controversial




MarijuanaCannabis Plant:

-THC-tetrahydrocannabinol-THC content varies. -THC-rich resin: hashish.




A little marijuana




A lot of marijuana




Holy smokes. A weekend in Vegas ha ha.










No trying to explain away as personal consumption.

This will buy a distribution charge as well.




Other Hallucinogens

LSD-synthesized from lysergic acid-hallucinations >12 hours

Phencyclidine: (PCP) -Angel dust -smoked, ingested, sniffed.-mixed with other drugs-feelings of

strength/invulnerability/depression/violence and suicide.




Depressants Depressants:

-functions of the central nervous system-calm irritability/anxiety/induce sleep-alcohol-barbiturates-tranquilizers

-inhalants




Depressants Alcohol: -bloodstream to the brain-suppress thought processes/muscle

coordination Barbiturates: “downers” -orally/well-being/relax the body/produce sleep Tranquilizers: orally-relaxing tranquility-no impairment of high-thinking faculties or

inducing sleep. Sniffing: (huffing)immediate effects-exhilaration/impairs judgment/organ

damage/death




Stimulants

Amphetamines-meth (crank)-speed-cocaine (crack/ice/rock)-increase alertness/activity-decrease in fatigue-loss of appetite-awake/sleep for days




Stimulants Meth:-snorted/injected/smoked/orally-newest drug scourge-highly addictive

Cocaine: coca leaves -alertness/vigor-suppression of hunger/fatigue/boredom-Crack: cocaine mixed with baking

soda/water/heated-glass pipes-1980’s-epidemic in U.S.




Bag of meth




Not your average street addict’s choice of pipes




That is more like what you’ll see on the streets.




Meth




A little more meth




Personal carry on at the airport?




A lot more meth. Manufacturing has shifted to Mexico.




More meth




Crystal meth. Knowing what goes into the making you have to wonder exactly what is that brownish coloring?




Little plastic baggies indicate distribution. Within 1000 feet of a school gets you five extra years federal time.







Cocaine; The powder is finer than heroin or meth




Cocaine. Note the $100 bill used for snorting. In the 1980s it was considered the rich party crowd’s drug of choice.




Crack/rock/ice cocaine




Oops! Hello federal prison here I come




Club Drugs

Synthetic drugs:-MDMA (Ecstasy)-GHB (gamma hydroxybutyrate)-Rohypnol (“Roofies”)-Ketamine (Special K)-GHB/Rohypnol:-CNS depressants-date rape/robbery drugs




Club Drugs Ecstacy: (X) Methylenedioxymethamphetamine-synthetic/mind-altering-enhances self-awareness-decreases inhibitions-seizures/stroke/kidney failure/cardiac arrest

Ketamine: (Special K)-animal anesthetic -impaired motor functions/high blood

pressure/amnesia/mild respiratory depression.




Harmless looking enough. Ecstasy.




Some rave!




Wow. This is what got Sammy “the Bull” Gravano into trouble.




Anabolic Steroids

Synthetic:

-accelerating muscle growth-unpredictable effects on mood and

personality/ depression/diminished sex drive/halting bone growth/liver cancer

-popular among male high school athletes




Steroids




Drug-Control Laws Controlled Substances Act:

-Five schedules of classification

-potential for abuse/physical and psychological dependence/medical value




Schedules of Classification

Schedule I: -High potential for abuse/no medical use

Schedule II: -High potential for abuse/medical use with

severe restrictions

Schedule III: -less potential for abuse/medical use




Schedules of Classification Schedule IV:-low potential for abuse/current medical use

Schedule V:-low abuse potential/medical use




Collection and Preservation of Drug Evidence

Properly package/label

-Prevent loss

-Chain of custody

-Background info to analyst




Drug IdentificationSelect analytical procedures

Two phases:

Screening test

Confirmation test




Preliminary Analysis Screening tests:

-reduce vast possibilities to manageable number

-color tests

-microcrystalline tests-size/shape of crystals formed when mixed with specific reagents




Confirmational Determination

After initial analysis:

-confirmational determination

-specific test to identify a drug substance to the exclusion of all other known chemical substances

-infrared spectrophotometry/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry




Qualitative vs. Quantitative Qualitative:

-identity of the material

Quantitative:

-determination of percent composition of the components of a mixture




Chromatography Chromatography:

-means of separating/tentatively identifying components of a mixture

-chemical substances partially escape into the surrounding environment when dissolved in liquid/absorbed on solid surface

-moving phase-stationary phase




TLC Thin Layer Chromotography (TLC):

-solid stationary phase coated onto glass plate -mobile liquid phase to separate the components of

the mixture-liquid slowly rises up the plate (capillary action)

causing sample to become distributed between the stationary phase/moving liquid phase

-colorless-visualized by placing plates under ultraviolet light/ or spraying with chemical reagent

-distance spot travels up thin-layer plate assigned numerical value (Rf value)




Gas Chromatography GC:

-moving phase-carrier gas flows through column

-stationary phase-thin film of liquid contained in column

-mixture traverses length of the column-emerge separated into components

-chromatogram-retention time: time required for component

to emerge from GC column




Theory of Light Light-continuous wave-white light though a prism-dispersed into a

continuous spectrum

Waves: -Wavelength-distance between two successive crests

(or one trough to the next trough)-Frequency-number of crests (or troughs) passing

any one given point per unit of time-electromagnetic spectrum-entire range of radiation

energy-Visible light-small part of electromagnetic spectrum




Spectrophotometry Just as a substance can absorb visible

light to produce color, many of the invisible radiations of the electromagnetic spectrum are likewise absorbed

Spectrophotometry-measures quantity of radiation a particular material absorbs as a function of wavelength/frequency




The Spectrophotometer Spectrophotometer:-measure/record absorption spectrum of

chemical substance Components: -Radiation source-Monochromator/frequency selector-sample holder-detector to convert electromagnetic radiation to

electrical signal-recorder to produce a record of the signal-Absorption spectra-visible/ultraviolet (UV)/infrared

(IR)




UVand IR Spectrophotometry UV and IR spectrophotometers:

-used by most labs today

-simple but no definitive results

-IR spectrum: more complex pattern

-IR spectrum- “fingerprint” of substance




Mass Spectrometry Mass spectrometry:

-beam of high-energy electrons collide with material

-produce positively charged ions

-decompose into numerous fragments

-separated according to masses

-no two substances produce the same fragmentation pattern




GC and Mass Direct connection between the GC

column/mass spectrometer:

-component flows into the mass spectrometer as exits GC

-separation components by GC-fragmentation by high-energy electrons in

the produce a distinct pattern (“fingerprint”) of substance




Friends go together




A little more money




Still hanging together




A lot more money




A S$%*load more money!

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Fs Ch 10

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