FTTx Summit - Katedra za...

TrendCommunications

TrendCommunications+44 (0)1628 503500 +44 (0)1628 503500+33 1 69 35 54 70+49 (0) 89-32 30 09-30+1 256 461 0790+34 93 300 3313+91-22-28521059+86-10-8518-3141Infoline@trendcomms.comwww.trendcomms.com

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FTTx Summitby José M. Caballero ([email protected])

Triple Play business development

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© 2007 Trend Communications - FTTx summit - Munich June 2007

About Trend Communications

Trend Communications is an international company supplying hand-held test equipment and on-line monitoring systems to the communications market. Trend’s solutions are intended to cover businesses involved with broadband access, voice, datacom, network management, photonic transmission, metropolitan and mobile networks.

Trend has always been at the forefront of the communications test market, and our strength is based on the robustness and high quality of our products. Our solutions combine excellence and high technology with ease of use, covering such technologies as Triple Play, xDSL, 3G/UMTS, ISDN, IP, Carrier Ethernet, NG-SDH/SONET and NGN.

At Trend our mission is to be the preferred supplier of Field-Deployable Testers through innovative design and cost leadership.

Trend Communications is a subsidiary of IDEAL INDUSTRIES, INC.

The Triple Play Challenge

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What is Triple Play?

Triple play is a business concept; a bundle of services rather than a completely new development.

1. Triple play is not a new technology, but a marketing concept for delivering three services: broadband access, television and telephone services over a single access network.

2. If mobile services are included, the bundle is often referred to as Quadruple Play.

3. There are two concepts closely related to triple-play:• • • • Service bundling: all the services are bundled into a commercial product.• • • • Technological convergence: one network supports voice/data/video applications.

4. Triple play can be delivered over various network types - copper, fibre, coaxial and wireless.

5. Inter-operability is not a requirement, but IP is at the heart of every implementation.

VoIPIPTV Internet VPNVoD Mobile Gaming

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Triple Play business: consumer view

Triple play, enabled by the network convergence, means: multiple services on multiple devices, supplied by one network and one vendor.

Consumer Needs- Anytime, anywhere- Tailored- Affordable

Multiple Services- Internet access- Telephony / Video calls - Television- Video-on-Demand

One Provider- One bill- One customer support- Integrated voice mail- One address book- Terminal convergence- Mobile bundling

Teruel TelecomsTeruel Telecoms

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Triple Play business: provider view

Telecom operators are embracing a new strategy to deliver new, thrilling services by means of next generation networks. This packet of services includes line rental and fixed telephony with a combination of Internet access, IP television, video-on-demand, entertainment applications and, eventually, cellular phone services.

Network Convergence- IP-centric- Packet-oriented- QoS-enabled- Multiservice- Multiterminal

Multiple Services- Internet access- Telephony / Video calls - Television- Video-on-Demand- Mobile bundling

IP

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Network Convergence and Device Diversity

Triple Play is not only a set of multiple information flows, but it is a way to make a wide range of devices and terminals manage data, audio and video applications.

Laptop MP3/4 TV MobileHand-held

Internet TV Music Games VoIP VoD

PDA

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Telecoms Deregulation

Advances in technology and new regulations have made ISPs, Cable and Mobile operators competitors of telcos in voice and data access services. So, companies that were originally in different markets, are now all racing to bundle and offer the same services, using their own version of a converged network.

Cable OperatorTelecom Operator

DOCSISFDM

VoIP

Internet Provider

DSL

TV

DSL (and Fiber)

DSLVoIP

IPTV

IPTV

Mobile Operator

GPRS

3G

GSMPCM

VoIP

VoiceData

Video

VoiceData

AnyIMSHFC

Telcos, Cable, Mobiles and ISPs Become Competitors

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The Business Challenge for Service Providers

Cable OperatorTelecom Operator

DOCSIS

TV

VoIP

Internet Provider

DSL

TV

DSL (and Fibre)

DSLVoIP

IPTV

IPTV

Mobile Operator

GPRS

3G

GSMPCM

VoIP

VoiceData

Video

VoiceData

AnyIMSHFC

Network Convergence

FDM

Threats• • • • Voice revenue drop• • • • Attacked by ISP in VoIP• • • • LLU (Local Loop Unbundling)• • • • High churn

Opportunities• • • • Triple Play

Threats• • • • Telcos video entry• • • • Access restriction

Opportunities• • • • Two-way upgrading

Threats• • • • ARPU drop• • • • Flat subs growth• • • • Fierce competition

Opportunities• • • • New video technologies • • • • 3G, Triple Play

Threats• • • • Limited market size• • • • Competition from ISPs• • • • Networks not owned

Opportunities• • • • More bandwidth• • • • Triple Play

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The Telecom market status

More competition leads to:• • • • More segmentation: smaller scale than before.• • • • Less differentiation: to meet the same customer requirement due to convergence.• • • • Low entry barrier: more players, business cycle shorter.• • • • Price reduction: low margin.

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Monthly World ARPU

10

50

30

20

40

TotalVoiceData

€

1000

Mill

2000 Mobile

Fixed

2006 year

World Subscribers

1980

Cable

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Competition: the voice market

Unfortunately for telcos, ISPs, cable and mobile operators are also offering phone services. The revenues of fixed telephony are declining, because mobile phones are so popular, and there is more competition now when cable operators also offer broadband access and voice services.

PSTN

2006 year1980

% C

alls

100%

0%

Mobile

VoIP

2006

Mobile45%

Fixed line55% VoIP

4% Skype PSTN

20%76%

2002 2003 2004 2005

100%

2006

70% 65% 60% 57%

Traffic in minutes (Western Europe)

Fixe

d lin

eM

obile

0%

55%

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Competition: Wire vs. Mobile vs. Cable

It is easy to understand that bundling has become a protective strategy for incumbent operators to keep in business by means of wireline access while for cable and competitive operators it is seen as a threat.

5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%

Homes using only mobiles (%)

Cal

ls in

volv

ing

mob

iles

(%)

UK

10%

50%

30%

SwedenGermany

NetherlandsGreece

DenmarkIreland

SpainFrance

Italy

Belgium

Austria Finland

Portugal

20%

60%

40%

35%

Mobile substitution, Oct. 2006

Cable subscribers (Millions)

Pen

etra

tion

(Cab

le/D

SL)

0.25

0,5

5 M 15 M 100 M

1

Spain UK

France

Holland

Italy3 M2 M1 M 4 M

Germany

Belgium

Austria

5US

Japan

RatioCable penetration, Dec. 2006

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The Driving Factors of Triple Play

Redefining the business• • • • Lower revenues: voice services are declining, data is a

commodity, ARPU is flat• • • • Social changes: personal telecommunication services

Increased competition• • • • Internet, Mobile and Cable operators get up to 2% of fixed line

subscribers per year• • • • New regulations: unbundling the local loop, wireless unlicensed

Network convergence• • • • IP-centric and QoS-enabled• • • • Access independent: Many alternatives are valid, i.e. ADSL2+,

VDSL2, FTTH, Wi-Fi, EFM

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Triple Play’s AimsDifferentiating services• • • • For better positioning, create a market, avoid head-to-head competition.

Churn prevention• • • • Gain customer loyalty with one package that includes all services.

Minimize costs• • • • Integrate infrastructure and human teams by using network convergence.

Gain new customers• • • • Face competition from cable companies for TV and video customers.

Promote Branding• • • • Cultivate the perception of the company as being able to supply any type of

telecommunication service.

Efficient Service improvement• • • • Use advanced management solutions for quick and easy provisioning.

New revenue stream• • • • By adding data and video services.

Increase profits• • • • By using legacy and innovative applications to raise the ARPU.

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Telcos’ StrategiesFocus on urban and high-speed connectionsThose customers are more likely to contract new bundled services and stay loyal.

Cost is a key factorResidential customers are very sensitive to cost when contracting commodities such as telephony, TV and broadband access.

It is Video, can’t you see!Only Video-on-Demand is really new. Television is not, because there are many services based on broadcast, satellite and cable.

The Mobile ConvergenceThe “mobile vs. fixed lines” time is over. Integration of both worlds is strategic.

Keep it simple and reliableOne bill, one provider is probably less important than a reliable service: but it should be simple to manage by the customer and easy to maintain by the operator.

Think TankNetwork convergence makes it possible to provision any type of telecom service.

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The Triple Play Market

Subscribers• • • • Yankee Group (Aug. 2006): The US market has been calculated at 32 million annually, with an

average operator spending rate of about $ 4 000 per subscriber• • • • Pyramid research (2006): World market 35 million dollars by 2010

ARPU• • • • Heavy Reading (2006): ARPU can be increased by 100% when bundled services are running• • • • Gartner research (2006): Monthly european ARPU for fixed voice, Internet and TV is €93,70• • • • Fastweb (Italy) obtains an ARPU of €900 a year

Revenues• • • • Forrester (2006): Initial cumulative loss higher than €3 000 per subscriber

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The Big Game

Although triple play strategies may start only with service bundling, migrating to an IP-centric converged network needs to be part of the strategy of the operators involved, in order to reduce the delivery costs and simplify the management structure.

3Gmultimedia

in/outdoors cells

Triple Play(voice, data, video)

Mobile bundle

Fixed bundleVoice

Broadband

Voice

SMS

TV

video

GSM+WiFi

VoD

Multiservice(TV, VoD, VoIP, Internet, Mobile...)

Multiaccess(copper, fiber, wireless)

One bill

One vendor

One network

Multiplatform(PC, TV, Mobile, Game Console)

Bundling

Convergence Support Provision

Competition, Target Customer, Segmentation, Timing, Cost, Tariff, Cultural

Triple Play Architectures

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Applications and Protocols

ATM / FR

WDM / Dark Fibre / Coax / Wireless/ Twisted Pair

TV

VoIP

VPN

Internet

Mobile VoDISDN

IPTV

VoIP

VPN

InternetTele-

IEEE 802.1Q

LAPS

MobileTriple Play

ISDNServices

Media

phone

VoD

Gaming

VoIPData

PseudowiresNetworks

Storage

UMTS Voice

Ethernet PHY

Ethernet MAC

PPP

RFC 2684

Ethernet MAC

- Consumer behavior- QoS & QoE Requirement- Time- Segmentation- Tariff- Billing

- Technology- Cost- Management- Convergence- Tariff- QoS Assurance

- Access Capability- Deployment Cost

IP

MPLS

PDH / SDH / OTNGFP

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Triple Play Network

This architecture overcomes most of the drawbacks of native Ethernet, including:• • • • Carrier class: scalability, protection, QoS• • • • Advanced OAM functions, both centralized (SDH-like) and distributed (Internet-like)• • • • Automatic topology awareness, billing

NG SDH/SONET layer

MPLS/VPLS layer

Carrier Ethernet

Optic/WDM layer

Metro/Core CPEAccessService Providers

MSSP

Internet

IPTV

VoIP

LSRLERLER

LSR

LSRLSR LSR

LSR

IP layer

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Access: Air, Copper, and Fibre Access

FTTN

Splitter

DSLAM

FTTC

FTTH/FTTP

ADSL

Modem

Switch

Fibre

ADSL2+/VDSL2

ONU

OLT150m

ADSL2/VDSL21500m

3000m

Modem

Modem

DSLAM

Fibre

Fibre/Ethernet

DSL

WiMAX

Switch

Bonding

(8 Mbit/s)

Ethernet(50 Mbit/s)

(24 Mbit/s)

(50 Mbit/s)

(100 Mbit/s)

Modem

(20 Mbit/s)

HFC (Cable)(30 Mbit/s)

Fibre

Fibre

PON

Coax Cable modem

Line head

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DSL: A Success

Latest improvements on DSL• • • • ADSL2: Real-time rate adaptation support and Inverse Multiplexing for ATM (IMA)• • • • ADSL2: Native support (no ATM) of packet-based services (for example Ethernet)• • • • ADSL2+: Higher bit rates than ADSL2, but less reach• • • • VDSL: Faster than ADSL, but it needs remote DSLAMs closer to the customers• • • • VDSL2: Matches Fast Ethernet rate at 100 m and has native support for packet-based services• • • • VDSL2: Asymmetric and Symmetric configurations, compatible with POTS and ISDN• • • • VDSL2: Needs remote DSLAM deployment and FTTN

DSL introduced

DSL Forum formed

ANSI DMT ADSL Standard

G.992.1 G.dmtG.992.2 G.lite

G.991.2 G.shdsl

5M subscribers

25M subscribers

G.992.5 ADSL2+G.992.3 RE-ADSL

G.993.1 VDSL

G.993.2 VDSL2100M subscribers

G.992.3 G.dmt.bisG.992.4 G.lite.bis

1989

1994

1996

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0Reach

1

10

100

Dow

nstre

am b

it ra

te

VDSL2VDSL

ADSL2+

ADSL2

ADSL

Mbit/s

km

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Optical Access in the Loop

• • • • Passive Optical Network (PON) is an optical technology for the access network, based only on passive elements like splitters. In a PON, the transmission medium is shared, and traffic from different stations is multiplexed. Due to the use of simple and inexpensive transmission elements and a shared medium, a PON is a cost-effective solution for the optical access network.

• • • • Active Ethernet is an alternative technology based on point-to-point optical links instead of a shared infrastructure such as PON. It can provide higher bandwidth per user than any other access technology, but it is also more expensive.

APON / BPON(legacy)

GPON(ITU)

EPON(ITU)

P2P Ethernet

Standard ITU-T G.983 ITU-T G.984 IEEE 802.3ah IEEE 802.3ahDownstream rate (Mbaud) 155, 622 1244, 2488 1250 1250

Downstream throughput (Mbit/s) 136, 543 1144, 2289 899 925Upstream rate (Mbaud) 155, 622 622, 1244 1250 1250

Upstream throughput (Mbit/s) 136, 543 572, 1144 836 925Downstream efficiency 87 % 92 % 72 % 74 %

Upstream efficiency 87 % 92 % 67 % 74 %Configuration or split ratio 1:32 1:32, 1:64 1:32, 1:64 (with FEC) 1:1 (point to point)

Range (km) 20 20 20 10Encapsulation ATM GEM / ATM Ethernet Ethernet

Encryption AES AES Not standard Not standardNetwork Protection Standard Standard Not standard Not standard

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Ethernet in the First Mile

EFM interfaces provide low and medium speeds when compared to the available LAN or WAN standards. The new interfaces, however, are optimized to be profitable in the existing and newly installed provider access networks.

0.11

10

100

1000

10000

1 10 100

Copper EthernetElectrical EFM

Electrical LAN

Carrier Ethernet

Optical LAN

0.01

LegacyEthernet

P2P Ethernet EPON

Bit

rate

(Mbi

t/s)

Reach (km)

1000BASE-T100BASE-T10BASE-T

1000BASE-X

Optical EFM

Reach (km)

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Triple Play: Access Alternatives

The access technology used depends on:• • • • Target bit rate or application to be rolled out• • • • Distance to the Central Office (CO) short distances enable xDSL; if longer then FTTx is a must• • • • Installed base, i.e. a lot of copper and good quality facilitate ADSL2+ and VDLS2 rollout• • • • Fiber availability close to the subscriber’s site makes FTTN installation easier• • • • Budget i.e. xDSL is inexpensive (if copper is available), fiber is not expensive, but digging is!

Triple Play

2000 m

5000 m

FTTx FTTH

bonded ADSL2+VDSL2

FTTx

FTTH

FTTN

VDSL2400 m

xDSL & FTTx

1500 m

CO

VDSL2

FTTB

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Network plan case studies

8 Mbit/s service

20 Mbit/s service 1000 m400 m

1000 m

FTTN

VDSL2 - 12MHz

400 m1000 m

FTTN

VDSL2 - 12MHz

bonding ADSL2+

VDSL2+

50 Mbit/s service

FTTN

400 m

VDSL2+

· 1 x SDTV (MPEG-2) + Data + VoIP· 1 x HDTV (MPEG-4) + Data + VoIP

· 1 x HDTV (MPEG-2) + Data + VoIP· 2 x HDTV (MPEG-4) + Data + VoIP

· 2 x HDTV + Data + VoIP

· 2 x SDTV (MPEG-4) + Data + VoIP

FTTH

FTTC

400 m

FTTH

VDSL2

FTTH

VDSL2+

FTTB

FTTH

1500 m

3000 m

400 m

bonding ADSL2+

1000 m

FTTN

CO

VDSL2 - 12MHz

400 m1000 m

FTTN

VDSL2 - 12MHz

ADSL2+

ADSL2+ xDSL

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Metro Ethernet Should Be Carrier Ethernet

Best-effort

UTP, Fibre

Multipoint

Bridging

VLAN

50 ms restoration99,999% availability

Connection MAN/WAN

Centralized / DistributedSeparated Data/ControlIntegrated

QoSSLA

Event detection

E-LineE-LAN

Fault propagation

Multitechnology

Carrier protection

Low-costSingle-ended testOptical integration

STP, RSTP

ManagementService

Reliability*

Architecture

Roll-out

Maintenance Data-efficient

DataInternetVoDVoIP

Applications

MonitoringService verification

Ethe

rnet

Car

rier E

ther

net

Triple play

(OAM)*

Free

Topologies StarRing

Tree topology

Meshed

Congestion

ConnectionlessBilling Fixed

Variable

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Ethernet Scalability Problems

Native Ethernet has important drawbacks:• • • • Connectionless: This is often an advantage, but it limits QoS and requires constant address learning• • • • Privacy/efficiency: Switches and bridges use broadcasting for learning (IEEE 802.1d)• • • • VLAN limitations of 4 094 identifiers cannot be used in a WAN (IEEE 802.1q) • • • • Non-hierarchical MAC addresses are flat, so the switching table does not scale well• • • • It takes seconds to restore the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP). It cannot match 50 ms!• • • • No Ring topologies can be used, because STP allows only tree or star topologies• • • • Limited QoS, because native Ethernet is basically a best-effort technology• • • • Poor Management of nodes, topologies, events, performance• • • • Network Demarcation, the CPE and the Operator network must be separated clearly

Switch

EthernetVLAN

Triple Play

Mapping in Frames

SDH NG3Play

Switch

Services

CPE CPENetwork Operator

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Ethernet in MAN/WAN

Giga Switch

Switch Dark Fibre

LAN

CWDM/DWDM

OADM

SDH

NG SDH

MSPPswitch

Ethernet

ADM

MSPPswitch

Ethernet

TDM

SAN

Router

SDH

NG SDH

CWDM/DWDM

Dark Fibre

TDM

IP

Ethernet PHY

Ethernet MAC

Dark Fibre

IP

WDM

Ethernet MAC

WDM

Ethernet PHY

IP

SDH/SONET

Ethernet MAC

Adaptation

NG SDH

IP

MPLS

Any PHY

MPLS

Ethernet MAC

MPLS works over any physical infrastructure.

A proper Ethernet service must keep the MAC layer end-to-end.

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Multiprotocol Label Switching

MPLS manages traffic streams by separating route selection and packet-forwarding functions.

Pseudowire Edge-to-Edge Emulation PWE3 require a Tunnel label, used for guiding the frame through the MPLS domain, and a VC label, used to identify each customer’s traffic matching an MAC, Port or VLAN tag to a constant label.

Including VPLS (the PWE3 multipoint implementation) the Metro Ethernet network can provide easily:• • • • QoS to support triple play services• • • • Increased scalability overcoming the MAC address explosion issues• • • • Integrated protection architectures• • • • Advanced management

SDH NG

MPLS domainLER: Label Edge Router

LSR: Label Switched Router

LSP: Label Switched Path

CPE

Triple PlayDSLAM

STB

POTS/ISDN

IPTV

VoIP

Internet

VoD

PWE3: pseudowires

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MPLS and QoS

• • • • Provides routing, not QoS• • • • Overcomes many IP scaling problems• • • • Flexible and efficient, increasing the performance of IP networks• • • • Makes traffic isolation per customer or flow possible• • • • Transparent to QoS protocols

Therefore MPLS makes QoS provisioning easier, but using tools like DiffServ, RSVP, or ATM

SDH NG

LERLSR

MPLS domain

LER: Label Edge Router

LSR: Label-Switched Router

LSP Label-Switched Path

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A New Generation of TDM Network Elements

Cro

ssco

nnec

t

Ethernet

PDH

SAN

DVB

Triple PlayFr

amin

g

SDH ring

SDH ring

Eth

PH

Y

Eth

brid

ge

MP

LS

GFP

-F

VC

AT

LCAS

SDH

SDH

TDM

Dat

a

Layer 2Processing

Layer 1Processing

Cro

ssco

nnec

t

Fram

ing

SDH ring

SDH ring

Eth

PH

Y

Eth

brid

ge

MP

LS

GFP

-F

VC

AT

LCAS

Layer 2Processing

Layer 1Processing

Pac

ketiz

er

Circuit-Emulationover Packet (CEP)

Multiservice Platform (MSP)

Enhanced ADM Packet ADM

Deploying Ethernet in MAN / WAN environments makes it necessary to develop new types of SDH

•••• Enhanced ADMs are like a traditional ADM, but they include Ethernet interfaces to enable access to new services, and TDM interfaces for legacy services.

•••• Packet ADMs have a configuration similar to enhanced ADMs: They include TDM and packet interfaces, but packet ADM offers common packet-based management for both new and legacy services.TD

MD

ata

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What is NG SDH?

Fundamentally NG SDH is a packet-enabled technology made possible by three elements:• • • • GFP (Generic Framing Protocol) is an encapsulation procedure for packet data, performing bit rate

adaptation, managing features such as rate adaption, priorities, channel selection and submultiplexing.

• • • • VCAT (Virtual Concatenation) is a mechanism that assigns granular bandwidth sizes rather than exponential provisioning of contiguous concatenation. This is why VCAT is flexible and efficient.

• • • • LCAS (Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme) modifies the allocated VCAT bandwidth dynamically by adding/removing members. LCAS is also being used to implement diversity for traffic resilience.

LCAS

GFP-F

Contiguous Concatenation Virtual Concatenation

GFP-T

Optical λ MACTunnel

λ

LSP

VLAN

VCG Tunnel LSP

Fibre

WDM

NG SDH

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Alternatives to QoS Control

1. Over-provisioning• • • • Traditional solution for private and public networks• • • • May work for a while; requires regular updates

2. Traffic Engineering (MPLS)• • • • Improves routing performance and indirectly helps QoS • • • • Compatible with most networking technologies and protocols

3. Resource Reservation (IntServ)• • • • End-to-end guarantee of QoS; needs a signalling procedure (RSVP)

4. Differentiated routing (DiffServ)• • • • Edge routers classify packets into priority classes

12~106 kbit/sBandwidth

Loss

Delay

Jitter

1%

150 ms

30 ms

VoIP 32 ~ 320 kbit/s

2%

5 s

Jitter buffer

Streamed MP30.005 ~ 10 Mbit/sBandwidth

Loss

Delay

Jitter

2%

5 s

Jitter buffer

VariableBandwidth

Loss

Delay

Jitter

Sensitive

Insensitive

Insensitive

Audio Video Data

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Integrated Services (IntServ)

Based on resource reservation using end-to-end signalling• • • • Applications require resource management• • • • Resource reservation is done per flow by means of Reservation Protocol (RSVP) signalling• • • • Guaranteed service and controlled load for QoS-sensitive flows• • • • Source-to-destination packet handling at each hop and per each flow• • • • It’s not very scalable: RSVP is end-to-end and too complex• • • • Large packet processing and resource reservation makes RSVP inappropriate for core routers

Source

PATHRESVDataDataDataPATHRESV

RESV Tear

RSVP

PATHRESVDataDataDataPATHRESV

RESV Tear

Destination

Initiation

Data transmission

Refresh

Termination

IP

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Differentiated Services (DiffServ)

Key QoS control is managed at the Ingress router• • • • IP packets are marked and classified into categories or DSCP• • • • In charge of packet access, shaping and policing

Core routers just forward packets• • • • Fast routing to the next hop (rather than end-to-end management like in RSVP)• • • • Packet scheduling per DSCP. No previous signalling, no resource reservation• • • • End-to-end QoS built with PHBs

DiffServ does not guarantee a QoS but manages flows differently• • • • Simple and scalable solution

Ingress Router

Egress Routers

Flow identificationPacket markingAccess control

Core RoutersTraffic schedulingPer hop forwarding

Data Flows

EF

AF1

AF2

AF3

AF4

BE

+ -

EF: Expedited ForwardingAF1-4: Assured Forwarding (x4)BF1: Best Effort (lowest priority)

DiffServ Routing

In Out

Queues

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Weighing the Options: Technology, QoS and Cost

The right architecture depends on many factors. Each business case must be evaluated independly:• • • • Environmental: competition, culture, affordability, consumer behavior• • • • Segmentation: niche, mass, residential, enterprise• • • • Differentiation: services bundle, content, language, premium or value price• • • • Technology: QoS with new & existing technologies and low network deployment costs• • • • Time to Market: when and where to launch• • • • Service Costs: leadership or premium

VoDCompetitorsVPNQoS

VDSL2

FTTH

FTTN NG-SDH

WDM

AD

SL2+ VPLS

Carrier

-E

TV

InternetMobile IPTV

BandwidthFinancial

ARPUCompeVoIPData

Market

Voice

titorsVoIPCost

VoDInstalled

base

VoD

Services

Budget

Triple Play Applications

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Tele-applications

Triple Play applications are often a combination of several types of information, and a number of parameters such as bandwidth, source/destination relationship, type of routing, QoS, and symmetry

conn

ectio

n tim

e

101 105102 107103 108104 109106 1010

101

104

103

102

1 kbit/s 1 Mbit/s 1Gbit/s

1 min

1 hour

24 hours

bit/s

HDTV

Hi-Fi

Gaming

VoIP

Webinar

Data

Data Storage

Graphics

Internet

TransactionsSurveillance

CCTV

VoD

bit rate

MP3 Datacom

TrendCommunications

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IP Television

IPTV is made with at least four component:

1. Video contribution, which may include television and video on MPEG demand applications. Contents is coded, formatted and streamed according the addressing scheme and the protocols to transport the signal and distribute the programs across the subscribers.

2. UDP is the most common higher-layer envelope to forward packets across the network.

3. Access network, audio an video packets reach the customer premises thought the access network which may be based on ADSL2, ADSL2+, VDSL2, FTTN, PON, or WiMax

4. Customer Premises, to reach the Set Top Box (STB) where are signals decoded and finally displayed on a TV or a PC. The Internet Group Membership Protocol (IGMP) is used for channel tuning.

Video Contribution Customer PremisesDistribution network

IP / VPLS STB

TV device

Broadcasters

Live TV

VoDEncoder

Access network

Router

PC

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IPTV delivery

The IP television is a recent achievement thanks to the development of the following technologies

1. Carrier Ethernet, that can guarantee seamless Video streaming over converged networks

2. New architectures for IP network to support differentiated QoS for video applications, and allow a bidirectional or interactive service between the Content Provider and the Subscriber

3. Availability of a new generation of high performance IP routers and Ethernet switches

4. Evolution of First Mile technologies (xDSL, FTTx, Wireless) than can deliver several Mbit/s

5. Rich middleware software that can differentiate each IPTV service implementing options like video on demand, pay-per-view, VCR, multiple definitions, etc.

CPEAccessAggregationDistribution

IP/MPLS

VoD

Metro

Head end

FTTN

FTTH

ADSL2+

STB

VoD servers

Contribution

Broadcast TV

TV studio

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VoD vs. IPTV

Video on Demand (VoD)• • • • Unicast Service• • • • Real-time QoS is not a must• • • • Pause, Stop, Backwards, Forward, etc. options controlled with RTSP protocol• • • • Rich middleware like subscription VoD, network video recorder and personal video recorder

IP Television• • • • Multicast Service• • • • Real-time QoS is required • • • • RTP & RTCP protocols for quality control• • • • Channel zap with IGMP

20062004

IPTV

10

Subscribers Millions

2008

20

30

20062004

Revenues MEur

2008

5

10

TrendCommunications

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IP Video Protocols

Digital video is encoded in MPEG-2, MPEG-4 or WM9 coding schemes.

For transmission in IP networks, the multimedia transport stream must be packetized.

UDP is the most common transport layer protocol for IP video applications. RTP over UDP is an alternative.

IP

UDPTCP

RTP/RTCP

Access

Application

IP suite

Signalling Video + Voice + Data

IGMP

RTSP Transport Stream

WM9 MPEG-2 MPEG-4

EthernetPPP

ADSL2+ Fibre 802.3ahVDSL2 FTTx WiMax

NG SDH Transport

VoD IPTV

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IP Video Protocols

• • • • Digital Video is encoded with the help of MPEG-2, MPEG-4, or WM9.• • • • Content – where, who and how• • • • Cost – competitive• • • • Quality – viewing experience• • • • Convenience – shifted time TV, PVR• • • • Coverage – accessibility (fixed line or mobile)• • • • DRM – business model

IP

UDPTCP

Access

Application

IP suite

Signalling IPTV (Video + Voice + Data)

IGMP

RTSP Transport Stream

MPEG-1 MPEG-2 MPEG-4

EthernetPPP

ADSL2+ Fibre 802.3ahVDSL2 FTTx WiMax

NG SDH Transport

RTP/RTCP

WM9

TrendCommunications

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Audio-visual Services and MPEGThe Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) is a working body within the ISO that is responsible for developing video and audio encoding, compression and standards for digital television delivery, IPTV, commercial advertisements and multimedia digital video applications.

1. MPEG-1 (1993), typical rates up to 1.856 Mbit/s• • • • Coding of audio/video for digital storage media• • • • Used in CD Video• • • • Video resolution, generally 352 x 240/288 • • • • MP3 is the audio draft of MPEG-1

2. MPEG-2 (1995), typical rates from 2 to 9 Mbit/s • • • • Rates generally around 4 Mbit/s with ADSL2+• • • • Video resolution generally 720 x 480, 720 x 576 or 544 x 576• • • • Used in Cable, DBS, DVD, VoD and HDTV• • • • When used with HDTV, MPEG-2 typically runs at 19.3 Mbit/s

3. MPEG-4 (1999), typical rates from 5 kbit/s to 10 Mbit/s• • • • Developed by the ITU to enable wireless single-user video services• • • • Mobile/POTS 5 kbit/s to 64 kbit/s• • • • Internet 64 kbit/s to 364 kbit/s• • • • Broadcast/VoD 364 kbit/s to 10 Mbit/s• • • • High efficiency for IPTV

Videoconference MPEG-4 (<0.384 Mbit/s)

0

1

1000

100

10

Mbit/s

.5.25

VHS video MPEG-2 (1-2 Mbit/s)

Broadcast TV PAL MPEG-2 (4-6 Mbit/s)

Professional TV PAL MPEG-2 (8-10 Mbit/s)

Broadcast H_DTV MPEG-2 (12-20 Mbit/s) DVB satellite multiplex MPEG-2 TS (27-40 Mbit/s) Contribution TV MPEG-1/2 (34-50 Mbit/s)

Contribution HDTV MPEG-1/2 (140 Mbit/s)

Uncompressed HDTV (1.49 Gbit/s)

Uncompressed SDTV (124-166 Mbit/s)

TrendCommunications

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MPEG2

Digital television requires that pictures be digitized so that they can be processed by computer hardware.

Each pixel is represented by:• • • • one luminance number, that describes the brightness• • • • two crominance numbers that describe the color of the pixel. • • • • 4:2:2 means crominance horizontally subsampled by a factor of 2 relative to the luminance, 4:2:0 the

factor is horizontal and vertically subsampled.

pixels

lines

Standard TV Digitalization (4:2:0 at 25 frames/s)Luminance: 720 lines x 576 pixels x 25 fr x 8 bits = 82,94 Mbit/s

25f/s

Crominance: 720 lines/2 x 576/2 x 25 fr x 16 bits = 41,47 Mbit/s

High Definition TV Digitalization1920 lines x 1080 pixels x 25 fr x 8bits = 1.49 Gbit/s

TV frame

(+) = 124,5 Mbit/s

TrendCommunications

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MPEG Compression

Compression is necessary to reduce the bandwidth requirements• • • • Lower SDTV: 24bit/pixel x 480x640pixels/frame x 30frames/s = 221,16 Mbit/s!• • • • Market moves toward HDTV therefore high efficient compression is necessary• • • • Pixel characteristics is correlated with neighbors then in some extend its value is predictable• • • • Human eye is less sensitive to detail near edges or around shot changes

MPEG uses two compression techniques:• • • • Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), for intra-frame codec• • • • Motion Compensation interframe prediction

Higher HDTV

HDTV

Lower SDTV SDTV

.

Frames/s Lines/Frame Pixels/Line

Lower SDTV 24, 30 480 640SDTV 24, 30, 60 480 704HDTV 24, 30, 60 720 1280Higher HDTV 24, 30, 60 1080 1920

Pixels Broadcast MPEG-2 MPEG-4 WM9

SDTV 704 x 480 6 Mbit/s 3.5 Mbit/s 2-3.2 Mbit/s 2-3.2 Mbit/sHDTV 1920 x 1080 19.2 Mbit/s 15 Mbit/s 7.5-13 Mbit/s 7.5-13 Mbit/s

TrendCommunications

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MPEG Compression

ISO standard for Audio and Video compression and multiplexing

1. Spatial Processing or Intra-frame• • • • Using Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) to remove high frequencies the human eye can’t see

2. Temporal processing or Inter-frame• • • • Looks for redundancies between consecutive frames to remove them

3. Variable Length Code• • • • Uses shortest encoding to reduce size

4. Run Length Encoding• • • • Large sequences of Zeroes are replaced

101101000000000000011010111110100100100100001000000000000000

10110110111101011111010010010010000111101

1. 2. 3. 4.

freq.

eye

sens

itivi

ty

TrendCommunications

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Intra-Frame DCT coding

Human eye is less sensitive for high frequencies.

A two dimensional DCT is performed on small block of 8x8 pixels. The magnitude of each DCT coefficient indicates the contribution of vertical and horizontal frequencies to the original image. Note that:• • • • DCT: Converts and image block into frequency component,• • • • DCT: does not reduce the size of the image, in fact increases it! from 8 bits/pixel to 11• • • • DCT tends to concentrate the energy into the low frequency coefficients matching eye sensitive• • • • The non uniform coefficient distribution is a result of spatial redundancy in the block• • • • The coefficient weight is done according human perception: high freq are coarsely quantized• • • • DC coefficient: is called when the value is 0• • • • The scanning and compression algorithm produces a variable length code• • • • The final coding results in a I-frame

641 41E 51E 4A2 F5 456 428 52

4A2 603 4A2 E39 23C 136 6 36

410 182 297 149 11 A1 2 1F

A7 49 10 1C 33 12 41 13

7F1 845 7F9 234 4F1 912 41 445

478 645 437 458 306 877 817 B3

282 564 252 52 67E 31C 1AE 11

134 7F1 541 349 156 52 3 21

25 1A 11 8 0 2 1 0

5 5 7 6 2 1 0 0

3 2 A 1 0 0 0 0

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

123 58 69 24 F 3 0 2

78 2E 21 6 1 4 3 1

1C 8 5 1 3 2 0 0

2 6 9 3 1 0 0 0

25 1A 11 8 0 2 1 0

5 5 7 6 2 1 0 0

3 2 A 1 0 0 0 0

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

123 58 69 24 F 3 0 2

78 2E 21 6 1 4 3 1

1C 8 5 1 3 2 0 0

2 6 9 3 1 0 0 0

Sequence of Images

Image Macroblock Block

Slide

16 pixel16

pix

els

8 pixels

8 pi

xels

DCT

8 bits/pixel

DCT coefficients8 bits/pixel 11 bits/pixel

Human eye is less

Weighting

sensitive to high freq.set 0 below perceptionand minimize high freq.

Compression

Zig/zag scan with detection of zerosHuffman encoding

IDCT

- horizontal freq. +

- vertical freq. +

m x n pixels

TrendCommunications

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Frame Types

I-Frames: Intra-frame coded independly to other pictures.• • • • Compression is achieved with DCT reducing the spatial redundancy but not temporal.

P-Frame: Predicted pictures can use previous I or P pictures for motion compensation• • • • Each block can either be predicted or intra coded

B-Frames: Bidirectional predicted pictures from previous or later I or P frames (never B-frame) for motion• • • • Each block can either be forward/backward/bidirectional predicted or intra coded• • • • Forward prediction requires to change the natural frame order causing a reordering delay at reception• • • • B-frames achieve the highest degree of compression, I-frames the lowest

6B 3P I

Size: = =

I

P

B

Independent

future pictures previous picturesactual frame

B-frames P-frames I-frames

TrendCommunications

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Temporal processing or Inter-frame

A Group of Pictures (GOP) is described the number of pictures (N) and the spacing of P pictures (M) in our sample GOP N=12 M=3.• • • • In theory, the number of B-frames that may occur between any two I- and P-frames is unlimited• • • • In practice, there are typically up to twelve P- and B-frames occurring between each I-frame. • • • • One I-frame will occur approximately every 0.4 seconds during video showtime.

to

t11

Presentation order

B1 B2 I3 B4 B5 P6 B7 B8 P9 BA BB PC

I3 B1 B2 P6 B4 B5 P9 B7 B8 PC BA BB

Group of Pictures

to

Bitstream order Display order

t11

reordering

Arrival order

futureprevious

TrendCommunications

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MPEG Stream Generation Scheme

Two type of streams can be generated with the same source signal:• • • • Program Stream, intended media with low errors probability like CD-ROM• • • • Transport Stream, for noisy medias i.e. Satellites, IPTV uses shorter packets and independent clocks

MPEG

Clock

Encoders

AudioVideoData

ESESES

Packetizers

PES

PES

PCR/SCR

DVD

PS

TS

Modulator

DVBChannel

Program 1

Program k

AudioVideoData

...

ProgramMPEG

PES Header PES Packet

PES: Packetized Elementary Stream

TS Header TS PacketAdaption Field AF stuffing

TS: Transport Stream

ES: Elementary Stream

1

1

2

2

3

3

Codified Audio, Video, Data stream

with PCR (4 bytes) (144 bytes)

Multiplex

2

CD

Distribution Network

DVD readerPhysical Transport

STB

TV

TrendCommunications

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MPEG-2 Transport Stream

• • • • PID=000: PAT - Programme Association Table, lists the PIDs of tables describing each programme.• • • • PID=001: CAT - Conditional Access Table, defines the type of scrambling used + management info.• • • • PID=X: PMT - Programme Map Table, defines the set of PIDs associated with audio, video, data...• • • • PID=010: NIT - Network Information Table, contains details of the bearer network used• • • • PID=Y: PES - Packetized Elementary Stream, each independent sequence of voice, video or data

4 bytes

PayloadHeader

184 bytes

Adaption field

Transport Scrambling ControlPID

Transport PriorityPayload Unit Start Indication

Transport error indication Sync byte

Adaption Field Control Continuity Counter

PID8 1 1 1 13 2 2 2

Transport

Transport

TP Header

AudioVideo

DataAudio

PAT table

- Network Info: PID=10- Program H: PID=306- Program X: PID=032- Program Z: PID=510

PMT table (per programme)

- Video: PID=160- Audio Spa: PID=234- Audio Fren: PID=233- Subtitle Eng: PID=237

Packet

Elementary Stream

TransportPackets

Stream

PES

TrendCommunications

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IGMP Snooping and Zapping Delay

IGMP snooping is a method for intelligent forwarding of multicast packets within a layer-2 broadcast domain. IGMP registration information is snooped to create a distribution list of workstations to know which end-stations will receive packets with a certain multicast address.

Channel Zapping IGMP is a test used to measure the delay that occurs when a user joins or leaves a specific multicasting group. In other words, it is an IPTV channel zapping measurement.

Originator Switch

without IGMP snooping

Originator

with IGMP snooping

Multicastagent

Multicastagent

Multicastagent

Join request

Join reply

TrendCommunications

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Examples of TV Strategies• • • • Operator A: Targets high-end residential customers with busy life style for a premium

charge (4-10 times more than cable) for TSTV, VoD and HSI access.• • • • Operator B: Differentiates itself by delivering 25-50 Mbit/s VDSL2 bandwidth with

HDTV content at competitive rates to raise barriers to entry and strengthen its position in the market.

• • • • Operator C: Targets the mass market by using DTT for broadcasting, delivering content via VoD to use less bandwidth and make QoS control easier. This significantly reduces costs and risks in early deployment.

• • • • Operator D: Delivers multicast services at lower prices than cable for the mass market, with attractive content to boost market share and revenue for the time being.

• • • • Operator E: Targets specific sport fans for mobile TV during major sports events. Uses DVB-H technology to differentiate the service.

• • • • Operator F: Targets enterprise customers by delivering educational content for the campus via FTTx and LAN, to deploy the network at very low maintenance costs.

TrendCommunications

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IETF VoIP Protocols

• • • • SIP is used at the control plane and RTP/UDP is used for the voice transport• • • • H.323 was the first, and still is the most used, easy internet-working POTS & ISDN

(but it is getting less popular)• • • • SIP, used for IP phones, is currently popular, as it is very flexible• • • • SIP can be integrated easily with PCs, e-mail, web and corporate platforms

IP

UDPTCP

RTP

Audio VideoSDP PINT IMP

SIPN

etwork

Application

Transmission

Supplementary

Signalling Voice over IP

Services

TrendCommunications

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Voice over IP Network

IP is data-oriented, but can also support multiple applications based on voice and video.

Why VoIP?• • • • Subscribers: cheaper calls, integration with PCs and e-mail• • • • Carriers: convergence across a unique network• • • • Service providers: new business opportunity• • • • Manufactures: new market demands

VoIP uses known protocols such as:• • • • IP, TCP, UDP (User Datagram Protocol)• • • • RTP (Real Time Protocol), RTCP (Real-Time Control Protocol)• • • • SIP (Session Initiation Protocol), H.323 (ITU-T)

Hi!

IP Network

PSTN

PABXVoIP Router Router

Gateway

VPN

VoIP

Voice Codec Framing Protocols

Codec

Transcoding

TrendCommunications

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Voice Codecs

• • • • Waveform codecs: PCM, ADPCM, CVSD• • • • Vocoders (synthetic voice): LPC• • • • Hybrids (waveform with synthesizer): CELP, ACELP, RPE-LTP, VSELP

1 2 4 8 16 24 32 40 64

1

2

3

4

5MOS

CS-ACELP 8(G.729)

LD-CELP 16(G.728)

ADPCM

PCMVOCODERS

CELP

ADPCM 24(G.726)

ADPCM 16(G.726)

PCM(G.711)

ADPCM 32(G.726)

LPC 4.8

kbit/s

TrendCommunications

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SIP Protocol

SIP is the protocol used to establish IP sessions between users, to set up VoIP calls, as well as multimedia conferences, multimedia distributions or multicast sessions. However, this protocol does not transport voice or multimedia contents.

IP

SIP Proxy

Caller

Domain A Domain B

Router Router

Recipient

sip.caribean.comSIP Proxy

sip.trendcomms.com

SIP Signalling

VoiceINVITE

SIP Request(simplified trace)INVITE sip: [email protected] SIP/2.0Via: SIP/2.0/UDP mkt12.caribean.com;To: pepon <sip:[email protected]>From: Alice <sip:[email protected]>;Contact: <sip:[email protected]>Content-Length: 142

SIP Response(simplified trace)SIP/2.0 200 OKVia: SIP/2.0/UDP mkt12.caribean.comTo: pepon <sip:[email protected]>;From: leila <sip:[email protected]>;CSeq: 314159 INVITEContent-Length: 131

TrendCommunications

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Typical SIP SessionSIP protocol (IETF RFC 3261).

What it covers:• • • • User search• • • • Call Init, Control and Close • • • • IP address, UDP/TCP • • • • Changes during the session• • • • Supplementary services

What it doesn’t cover:• • • • Type of network to be used• • • • Type of codecs to be used• • • • Session details (formats,

codecs...)• • • • Where and how the proxy,

registers, redirections etc. are implemented

Note that the caller does not send the Invite message directly to the recipient, but to an SIP proxy that locates the user and starts negotiating the session parameters.

SIP Proxy

Caller Recipient

Router Router

Invite

TryingInvite

InviteTryingRinging

RingingRinging OK

OKOK

ACK

VoIP session

Bye

OK

sip.ideal.com SIP Proxysip.trendcomms.com

IP Network

SIP

SIP

VoIP

TrendCommunications

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Internet-Working with PSTN/ISDN

Done by means of gateways.• • • • Gateways translate the voice

between the IP and the PSTN network.

• • • • Signalling, SIP to/from SS#7, has to be translated as well.

• • • • Translated messages (often only approximations to the original).

There are two types of gateways:

1. Media Gateways (MGs) convert data from the format required by a circuit-switched network to that required by a packet-switched network.

2. Media Gateway Controllers (MGCs) to handle all tasks related to call control and signalling.

VoIP

IP Phone Proxy

Gateways

PTSN / ISDN

Invite

InviteTrying

IAM

ACM

Trying

ANM

Session ProgressSession Progress

One-way RTP

OK

OK

ACK

ACK

communicationsOne-way Circuit

Two-way RTPCommunications Two-way Circuit

Legacy

Ringing tone

Hello?

Two-way Circuit

PCM

SwitchVoice

SIP ISUP

IP Network

SignallingSignalling

Voice

MG

MGC

TrendCommunications

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RTP and RTCP Basics

Encoder

RTP

VoiceDecoder

Voice stream Packets ^ timestamps Packets with jitter

Retimed stream

IP

Clock Clock

RTP Voice stream

Hellooo!

Report ReportRRSR RTCP

Real Time Protocol (RTP) RFC 3550• • • • Used to transport voice and video signals

in real time• • • • Congestion produces jitter at the far end• • • • RTP inserts a timestamp in all voice packets • • • • Timestamps are used to ensure that all voice

packets that are delivered to the far end maintain the time that was originally generated.

Note that RTP does not provide QoS, but just transports timing signals.

Real-Time Control Protocol (RTCP)

RTCP complements the RTP protocol with information on the QoS received: delays, loss, jitter, etc. It provides:• • • • persistent session information• • • • basic session management• • • • performance feedback to communication

parties of intermediate probes

TriplePlay Rollout/Maintenance

TrendCommunications

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Delivering QoS water (yes!)

The problem of delivering QoS in packet networks can be compared with water distribution.• • • • In the diagram, two pumps supply water for two towns, Town A and Town Z.• • • • Some water is lost in the pipelines between the pumps and the towns.

Some water is lost

Town Z

Town A

Waster pumps

TrendCommunications

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Delivering QoS: Heavy Load

The water company now needs to deliver water to a third town, Town M.• • • • A new pump could theoretically supply water for Town M.• • • • As more water is pumped in the pipelines, more water is lost before it reaches its destination.• • • • The result is that now Town M can get the water it needs, but there is not enough water for Town Z.

Even more water is lost

Water supply to Town Zis compromised

Town A Town M

Over-provisioning

TrendCommunications

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Delivering QoS: Over-Provisioning

• • • • The water company solves the problem by installing a fourth pump.• • • • Now much more water is lost in the pipelines, but all three towns can receive the water they need.• • • • The ratio between water pumps and serviced towns is now 1.33 pumps / town.• • • • What would happen if it were necessary to deliver water to a fourth town?

Town A Town M

Over-provisioning

An extra pump is added

Much more water is lost

At least, the water supply cannow be guaranteed to town Z

TrendCommunications

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Delivering QoS: Fixing the Network

• • • • There is an alternative to over-provisioning: fixing the distribution pipelines.• • • • Fixing the network can be more expensive than over-provisioning.• • • • The ratio between water pumps and serviced towns is now 0.66 pumps / town.

Town A Town MPipelines are fixed

No more water is lost

Two pumps only

Town Z

TrendCommunications

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Triple Play Testing

Triple Play is an application that runs over a large stack of telecom/datacom protocols. This means that bad quality of service or loss of service can be caused by many different factors:• • • • CPE faults• • • • Access faults, depending on the technology used• • • • IP networks must support proper QoS and multicast requirements• • • • Service availability and performance

SDH NGIP NetworkGateway

IPTV Servers

TelephonesProxy

Internet Internet

CPE Access ServiceIP Network- Configurations- Wiring- Hardware/Software

- xDSL/cable/fibre faults- Bit rate expectations- Security/Privacy

- Packet loss, Delays- QoS management

- IP continuity- Service availability

- Core infrastructures - Contention- Multicast - Performance- Data Performance

- Voice/Video quality- DSLAM performance

ModemSTB

VoIP

Data

DSLAM

Cable

TrendCommunications

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Troubleshooting ADS2+ and VDSL

DSL service providers can choose between two possible configurations for the local loop:• • • • Fixed data rate: The transmission bandwidth between the customer premises and the CO is fixed.

The transmission performance (SNR and noise margin) may change. It must be checked that the upstream and downstream rates match the configured values.

• • • • Fixed SNR: The local loop performance (SNR and noise margin) is fixed. Transmission rates may differ for each customer. It must be checked that the noise margin is 6 dB or better.

Tester DSLAMUpstream

Downstream

Broken ormisconfigured

equipment

CrosstalkNoise

Faultylines 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0

Reach

1

10

100

Dow

nstre

am b

it ra

te

VDSL2VDSL

ADSL2+

ADSL2

ADSL

Mbit/s

km

TrendCommunications

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Troubleshooting Optical Access

DSL service providers can choose between two possible configurations for the local loop:• • • • Optical TDR: check the physical conditions of the fiber, including continuity.• • • • Optical characterization: evaluate attenuation and absolute power level during transmission.• • • • Bandwidth: PONs use a multipoint-to-point topology; the more subscribers there are,

the more critical the system is.• • • • Efficiency: The PON is a shared medium; the scheduling performance must be checked.• • • • Security: Downstream signals are encrypted for all subscribers, to guarantee privacy.

Tester

Splitter

Fibre

ONU

Fibre

PON

OLTSubscribers

Tester

TrendCommunications

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Determining Up/Down Bit Rates

• • • • During synchronization and training the modem and the DSLAM agree the upstream/downstream bit rates in the local loop.

• • • • The actual transmission rates can be smaller due to congestion in the network or in the remote system.• • • • The bit rate that the FTP client or server can send or receive depends on the local loop, the

transmission conditions of the whole network and the path between the client and the server.

PUT GET

FTPServer

TesterNoiseCrosstalk

Congestion

QoSissues

Congestion

IP

QoSissues

MAN

Access NetworkIssues

Transport NetworkIssues

Server SideIssues

TrendCommunications

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Layer-3 Continuity

In the case of service failure, the following should be tested:• • • • Physical layer continuity

- Copper pair- Fibre optics- Coaxial cable

• • • • DSL synchronization• • • • IP Ping continuity• • • • Trace Route delays

IP ping Trace Route

address, timeaddress, time address, time

SDH NGIP Network

Internet InternetModem

Data

Data Servers

CPE Access ServiceIP Network

TrendCommunications

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Internet Access Test

The typical data applications (generally Internet-based) that need to be to checked are:• • • • Web browsing performance; a basic facility for residential customers• • • • FTP capacity for file uploading and downloading• • • • Traffic statistics compiled during data browsing• • • • PPP authentication

SDH NGIP Network

Internet InternetModem

Data

Data Servers

CPE Access ServiceIP Network

TrendCommunications

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IPTV: The Subscriber’s Point of View

The QoE test aims is to measure how good the service is from the customer’s point of view. In practice it is a combination of packet impairments and video content measurements.

Quality of Service (QoS) Quality of Experience (QoE)

Content Quality- PCR Jitter- Coding distortion- Server overload

Video: Blocking, blurring, visual noise, loss of colour, edge distortion, pixelization, audio/video sync...

Transport Quality- Packet loss- Latency and delay variation- TCP Retransmissions

Voice: Distortion, noise, echo, loss of interactivity, interruptions, accessibility...

Transaction Quality - IGMP latency (IPTV)- RTSP latency (VoD)

Data: Low speed, low interactivity, wrong formatting, authentication problems...

AudioVideo

DataAudio

Contribution

IP NetworkSTB

Packet LossSync error

Packet DelayPacket Delay

Continuity errorPCR Jitter

Transport error

Packet Jitter

QoS parameters User Experience QoE measurement

Coding error

- Pixelation- Freezing- Lip Sync- Blurring- Distortion- Zapping Delay

- Pixelation- Freezing- Lip Sync- Blurring- Distortion- Zapping Delay

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Verify the IPTV Service

Video rendering is important for qualitative video performance assessment.

A single lost packet in an MPEG-2 video stream is displayed as several errored pixels or even lines in• • • • a video frame (spacial error propagation), • • • • several video frames with errored pixels (temporal error propagation).

Temporal error propagation

Spatial error propagation

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Testing points

The video preview test can be performed from different points in the customer premises or in the local exchange:• • • • The WAN connection is used to test the service provider network, but not the subscriber network.• • • • The LAN connection is useful to test the combined performance of the subscriber network and the

service provider network.• • • • The LAN Connection can be used to diagnose problems in the modem/router in the customer

premises due to firewalls, NAT, and unicast or multicast routing.

WANLAN

Modem/RouterSTBTV

Tester Tester

IP Network

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Video IGMP Delay

How to check the video IGMP delay:• • • • Channel zap, checks the delay in receiving the image when the channel is changed.• • • • Transmission: TV channels are transmitted in IP networks by using multicast IP datagram flows.• • • • Joining/Leaving an IP multicast group is managed by the Internet Group Management Protocol

(IGMP). Joining/leaving multicast groups may take time. The user sees this as excessive delays and degraded service.

Join

TesterMulticast

Local loop

Join request

Join reply

Leave request

Leave reply

Leav

e

Contentsservers

agent

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Testing SIP Across a NAT Firewall

Problems with NAT arise, because with SIP, there is some addressing information that is carried in the application payload. This information is bypassed by devices that only work at layer 3.• • • • SIP responses may fail to find the way back to the originator of the transaction if the “Via” or “Contact”

fields of the SIP requests cannot be resolved to a public IP address.• • • • The media transport protocol, usually RTP, may fail to find the participants of a session if they are

behind a NAT router.

NAT firewall

Untrusted networkProxy

UDP SIP request

Trusted networkUser agent

Port opened: 5650

DST Port: 5060

Port closed, drop packet

UDP SIP response

LAN Internet

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Opinion Models (in-service test)

MOS (Mean Opinion Score): To arrive at an MOS score, a tester assembles a panel of “expert listeners” who rate the quality of speech samples that have been processed by the system under test. • • • • Ideally, a panel would consist of a mix of male and female listeners of various ages• • • • The samples should reflect a range of typical voice conversations• • • • Each panelist rates the quality of the system output from 1 to 5, with 1 indicating the worse and 5 the best• • • • The scores of the panelists are then averaged

E-Model: a computational model that uses transmission parameters (errors, packet loss, delay, echo...) to predict the subjective quality of voice. Good for conversational MOS evaluation using R-factor.

R-factor100

9490

80

70

60

50

User SatisfactionMOS

0

4.54.44.3

4.0

3.6

3.1

2.6

1

Very satisfied

Satisfied

Some users dissatisfiedMany users dissatisfied

Nearly all users dissatisfied

Not recommended

Desirable

Acceptable

Unacceptablefor toll quality


VoIP Router Router VoIP

Conversational MOS evaluation (Bidirectional)

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Speech Layer Models (out-of-service test)

PSQM (Perceptual Speech Quality Measure), defined by ITU-T P.861, uses pre-recorded voice signals that are transmitted at the origin and compared at reception in the 300 - 3 400 Hz frequency range. Created to evaluate codec performance, basically the distortion of the voice signal. PSQM is not designed to reflect the effects of packet loss or jitter.

PAMS (Perceptual Analysis Measurement System) also compares an output signal with the input signal, but using a different algorithm based on factors of human perception to measure voice quality, scoring on a 1 to 5 scale that can be correlated to MOS.

PESQ (Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality), developed based upon PAMS and an improved version of PSQM called PSQM+. Uses the best features of both: the robust time-alignment techniques of PAMS with the accurate modelling of PSQM. It targets not only VoIP, but also ISDN, GSM and POTS.


PABXVoIP

Router Router

VoIP

Listening MOS evaluation (Unidirectional)

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VoIP Delays

Rec. ITU-T G.114, unidirectional delay in ms:• • • • 0 - 150: acceptable for most applications• • • • 150 - 400: acceptable, but degrades the QoS• • • • > 400: unacceptable; only for voice messages or walkie-talkie gadgets

IP

Hellooo!

Encoding Buffering Ingress

Transmission

Egress Jitter buffer Decoding

Half DuplexITU Internet, Satellite

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

ms

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Summary

1. In lightly loaded packet networks, delay, delay variation and packet loss ratio can be kept relatively under control. However, under higher traffic loads, carriers must face a dilemma: increase the capacity of their networks further or implement QoS policies.

2. MPLS is perhaps the best QoS solution among the currently available options, including IntServ and DiffServ. It combines the features of Intserv and Diffserv with other features that are very much appreciated by carriers: Connection oriented technology, traffic engineering, carrier-class protection...

3. Providers must offer differential QoS both on a per customer basis and on a per service basis. Every service has its own QoS needs. Providing QoS on a per service basis is not just a problem of prioritization. The network must be prepared to fulfill the needs of every application.

4. QoS tests are performed as end-to-end measurements. For example, a tester can be used to measure delay, delay variation and packet loss, for several services/subscribers, from the customer premises.

5. Residential subscribers experience service deficiency rather than abstract QoS problems; because they buy services rather than transmission facilities. This makes QoE testing an important requirement of test equipment in residential applications.

Acronym ListACELP: Algebraic CELPADPCM: Adaptive Differential PCMADM: Add/Drop MultiplexerADSL: Asynchronous Digital Subscriber LineADSL2+: ultra-high-speed ADSLAPON: ATM PONARPU: Average Revenue Per UserB-Frame: Bidirectional Prediction FrameBPON: Broadband PONCAT: Conditional Access TableCELP: Code Excited Linear PredictionCPE: Customer Premises EquipmentCVSD: Continuously Variable Slope DeltaDiffServ: Differentiated ServicesDOCSIS: Data Over Cable Service Interface SpecificationDSCP: Differentiated Services Code PointDSLAM: Digital Subscriber Line Access MultiplexerDTT: Digital Terrestrial TelevisionDVB: Digital Video BroadcastDWDM: Dense WDMEPON: Ethernet PONES: Elementary StreamESCON: Enterprise Systems ConnectionEVC: Ethernet Virtual Connection EVPL: Ethernet Virtual Private Line EVPLAN: Ethernet Virtual Private LANFR: Frame RelayFTTB: Fibre To The BuildingFTTC: Fibre To The CurbFTTH: Fibre To The HomeFTTN: Fibre To The NetworkFTTP: Fibre To The PremisesGEM: G-PON Encapsulation ModeGFP: Generic Framing ProtocolGPRS: General Packet Radio ServiceGPON: Gigabit PONGSM: Global System for Mobile communicationHDTV: High Definition TVHFC: Hybrid Fibre/Coaxial network HSDPA: High Speed Downlink Packet AccessI-Frames: Intra Frame

IGMP: Internet Group Membership ProtocolIntServ: Integrated ServicesIPTV: IP TelevisionISP: Internet Service ProviderISUP: ISDN User PartLAN: Local Area NetworkLCAS: Link Capacity Adjustment SchemeLLC: Logical Link ControlLPC: Linear Predictive CodingLSP: Label-Switched PathLSR: Label-Switched RouterMAC: Media Access LayerMGC: Media Gateway Controllers MGCP: Media Gateway Control ProtocolMOS: Mean Opinion SquareMPEG: Moving Picture Experts GroupMPLS: Multiprotocol Label SwitchingMSPP: MultiService Provisioning PlatformMSTP: MultiService Transport PlatformMSSP: MultiService Switching PlatformNAT: Network Address TableNG SDH: Next-Generation SDHNGN: Next-Generation NetworkNIT: Network Information TableOAM: Operation Administration and MaintenanceOLT: Optical Line TerminationONU: Optical Network UnitOSPF: Open Shortest Path FirstOTN: Optical Transport NetworkP-Frame: Prediction FramePAMS: Perceptual Analysis Measurement SystemPCM: Pulse Code ModulationPCR: Program Clock ReferencePES: Packetized Elementary StreamPESQ: Perceptual Evaluation of Speech QualityPHB: Per Hop BehaviorPMT: Programme Map TablePPP: Point to Point ProtocolPON: Passive Optical NetworkPON: Private Optical NetworkPSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network

PSQM: Perceptual Speech Quality MeasurePOTS: Plain Old Telephone SystemPWE3: PseudoWire edge-to-edge EmulationQoE: Quality of ExperienceQoS: Quality of ServiceR-Factor: 0 to 100 ratio for voice quality (ITU G.107)RPE-LTP: Regular Pulse Excitation - Long Term PredictionRSVP: Resource Reservation ProtocolRTCP: Real Time Control ProtocolRTP: Real Time ProtocolSAN: Storage Area Network SDH: Synchronous Digital NetworkSDTV: Standard Definition TVSLA: Service Level AgreementSNT: Signal to Noise RatioSIP: Simple Internet ProtocolSMS: Short Message ServiceSTB: Set Top BoxSTUN: Simple Traversal of UDP through NATPAT: Programme Association TableTP: Transport PacketsTS: Transport StreamTSTV: Time Shift TelevisionUTP: Unshielded Twisted Pair cableVC: Virtual ConcatenationVPN: Virtual Private NetworkVDSL: Very High Bit rate DSLVLAN: Virtual LANVPLS: Virtual Private LAN Service VPWS: Virtual Private Wire ServiceVoD: Video On DemandVoIP: Voice over Internet ProtocolVSELP: Vector-Sum Excited Linear PredictionWDM: Wave-Division MultiplexingWiFi: Wireless FidelityWiMAX: World-wide Inter operability for Microwave AccessWIS: WAN Interface SublayerWLAN: Wireless Local Area NetworkWM: Windows Media

That’s all, thanks

Date post:	07-Mar-2018
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