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08 Steam raising boiler operation/design)

electricity on an hourly basis. Wind energy introduces uncertainty to the

system. Relations among variables are based on three states of the world

depending upon the hourly speed of the wind. Biomass is a balancing factor

in the supply-demand interaction, as the production of biomass is itself at

the same time consuming electricity, as an input. Conclusions are drawn on

(a) the optimal combination of renewable energy sources to achieve

economic viability of the system (b) effects on agricultural income and local

development. and (c) evaluation of renewable energy policies.

97103921

Time series models to simulate and forecast hourly

averaged wind speed in Quetta, Pakistan

Kamal, L. and Jafri, Y. Z. Solar Energy, 1997, 61, (1) 23-32.

Hourly average wind speeds were calculated using stochastic simulation and

forecast models. Time series models take into account several basic features

of wind speed data including autocorrelation, non-Gaussian distribution

and diurnal non-stationarity. An ARMA @,

q)

process is fitted to wind

speed data transformed to make their distribution approximately Gaussian

and standardized to remove scattering of transformed data, for a positive

correlation of consecutive wind speed observations, Diurnal variations are

used to observe forecasts and its dependence on lead times. The ARMA (p,

4) model is suitable for prediction intervals and probability forecasts.

Others, including Development,

Economics

97103922

Hydropower and environment in India

Ranganathan, V. Energy Policy 1997, 25, (4) 435-438.

Renewable and harmless to the environment during operation, hydro-

electric power is the cheapest source of energy. Yet environmental activism

has obstructed hydrodevelopment throughout the world, and more so in

India. The paper calls for a realistic economic-environmental trade-off and

improvements in environmental decision making apparatus.

97103923

Low-temperature ftlterability properties of alterna-

tive diesel fuels from vegetable oils

Dunn, R. 0. and Bagby, M. 0. Li q. Fuel Ind. Prod. Renew able Resow .

Proc. Liq. Fuel Con& 3rd 1996, 95-103. Edited by Cundiff, John S.

American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, MI.

Me esters from vegetable oils are an attractive option for combustion in

compression ignition (diesel) engines. Recent research has shown that the

issue of cold flow properties should be resolved before Me esters are

appropriate as an alternative fuel in moderate temperature climates. In

North America, fuel systems powered by petroleum middle distillates

develop operability problems when overnight ambient temperature drop

below -15C. In contrast, Me esters from soybean oil develop similar

problems at temperature near 0C. This work examines expected

operability limits for Me esters through evaluation of their low-tempera-

ture filterabilities. Overall, the results of this work demonstrate that

emphasis on reducing cloud point (CP) remains the key to developing Me

ester diesel fuels with improved low-temperature flow properties.

97103924

Production technology of refuse-derived fuel (RDF)

Furuhayashi, K. Kagaku Kogaku, 1997, 61, (7). 502-505. (In Japanese)

RDF classification, characteristics of RDF, the manufacturing processes of

RDF. and its uses are discussed.

97/03925

A survey: internatfonal aid for renewable energy in

the Pacific Islands since the 1970s

Yu, X. and Taplin, R. Energy Policy, 1997, 25, (5) 501-516.

A survey was conducted between November 1995 and May 1996, to review

the situation regarding international aid for renewable energy in the Pacific

Island region,. The survey has provided some interesting information

regarding bilateral and multilateral aid for renewable energy in the region

from the late 70s to 1996. In this paper, the main findings of the survey are

presented and discussed. In the future, international aid for renewable

energy in the region could be enhanced with further financial assistance,

human resources and institutional development, local community involve-

ment, joint ventures and aid efficiency.

97103926

A winning coalition of advocacy: climate research,

bureaucracy and alternative fuels. Who is driving climate

change policy?

Boehmer-Christiansen, S. Energy Policy, 1997, 25, (4) 439-444.

With regard to global warming, anti-coal and some investment policies are

largely justified. Political analysis suggests that these policies are supported

by the reinforcing interests of three powerful lobbies: scientific institutions

engaged in atmospheric research and earth observation, energy corpora-

tions harmed by low fossil fuel prices or supplying clean technologies, and

numerous interlocking bureaucracies. Together they have succeeded in

maintaining momentum in current climate negotiations. The scientific

consensus which underpins the climate treaty is examined critically. It is

argued that support for emission abatement policies is better explained with

reference to diplomatic interest in the globalisation of energy related

investments and trade than understood causality between average global

surface warming and fossil fuel combustion.

8 STEAM RAISING

Boiler Operation/Design

97103927 Achieving compliance with advanced coal-fired

low-emission boiler systems

Regan, J. W. et al. Proc. Inf. Tech. Conf: Coal Ut il . Fuel Syst . 1995 20

633-645.

The work undertaken in Phase I of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)

project, Engineering Development of Advanced Coal-Fired Low-Emis-

sions Boiler Systems (LEBS), part of the DOEs Combustion 2000

Programme, alongside descriptions for future work. The overall objective

of the LEBS Project is to dramatically improve environmental performance

of future coal-fired power plants without adversely impacting efficiency or

the cost of electricity. Short-term technologies will be used to reduce NO,

and SO2 emissions to one-third current NSPS limits and particulates to half

current NSPS limits. Air toxics must be in compliance and waste must be

reduced and made more disposable. The work in Phase I included concept

development and evaluation of several subsystems for controlling the

emission of SO*, NO,, and particulates. Evaluations were then conducted

on potential technologies in various combinations, as part of complete

advanced supercritical power generation systems. One system was selected

for preliminary design of a commercial generating plant.

97103926

Acid rain legislation challen es coal pulverizer

designers to minimize impact on boiler pe r?ormance

Piepho, R. R. Proc. Int. Tech. Conf. Coal U ri l. Fuel Syst., 1994. 19, 733-

741.

Pulverizer operating flexibility to supply power stations was improved with

the combined use of the dynamically controlled variable speed classifier

with spring load adjuster.

97103929

Alternative fuel advanced reburning

Maly, P. M. et al. Proc. Int . Tech. Conf Coal Ufil. Fuel Sy sf. 1997, 22, 815-

826.

Full scale boiler systems have successfully demonstrated reburning as a

mature fuel staging NO, control technology. The Energy and Environ-

mental Research Corporation has developed advanced reburning techni-

ques in which reburning is coupled with injection of nitrogen agents and

promoter compounds, showing potential for greater than 90 NO,

reduction. Test work has shown that a wide range of fuels can effectively

be used for reburning, including natural gas, pulverized coal. coal pond

fines, biomass and Orimulsion. The test work was conducted at a 1 x 1Oh

Btu/h boiler simulation facility. Both natural gas and bituminous coal were

tested as main fuels. Efficiency of basic and advanced reburning were

characterized as a function of key process variables. The amount of reburn

fuel ranged from 10 to 28 of the total heat input. NO, reduction was

found to increase both with increasing reburn heat input and reburn zone

residence time. Reburn fuel properties found to control performance

include fuel nitrogen content, volatiles, fixed carbon, and ash constituents.

Advanced reburn tests were conducted in which reburning was coupled with

injection of nitrogen agents and/or promoters. The most effective promoter

compounds were found to he alkalis, most notably sodium compounds.

While reburning with alternative fuels has the potential to cause boiler

impacts, such as increased slagging with biomass, these impacts are

generally minimized because the reburn fuel comprises only a small

fraction of total boiler heat input. The advanced reburning techniques are

flexible since they can be readily applied to a variety of waste products and

off-specification fuels having low cost. By virtue of their NO, reduction

capabilities and its economic efficiency, such techniques are attractive

candidates for a wide range of new and retrofit power plant applications.

97103930 Anthracite firing in large utility arch fired boilers

Winkin, J. P. and Garcia-Mallol, J. A. Proc. Am. Pow er Conf. 1997, 59,

(2). 1166-1174.

Foster Wheeler (FW) has sold 49 arch-fired utility type boilers for burning

low volatile type coals including semi-anthracites, anthracites and blends.

Forty-one of these boilers have been in operation for many years. Twenty-

three are in the size range over 100 MWe with a total equivalent capacity of

5130 MWe. Of particular interest to the utility industry are I2 large units in

the size range from 250 to 500 MWe. Ten boilers are in operation and two

are completing construction. Four of these units burn anthracite, with

volatile matter as law as 5.5 on an as-received basis. These were designed

to burn anthracite, but some are burning semi-anthracite blends. These

boilers have up-to-date arch-firing systems and furnace designs. The boilers

sustain the minimum load requirements without support fuel. The database

obtained from the above operating experience over a wide range of coals is

330 Fuel and Energy bstracts September 1997

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08 Steam raising boiler operation/design)

a significant input into the design of large utility type boilers, particularly in

the low volatile end of the range of coals. However, volatile matter by itself

did not give a reliable and proper base for forecasting the ignitability and

burn out characteristics, more sensitive indexes were required. Accordingly,

FW has developed and uses a Reactivity Index to predict the ignition

characteristics of a given coal. The application of the index is explained.

9?/03931

Applicability of the mixture of bituminous coal and

anthracite to conventional pulverized coal firing boiler

Takano, S.-I. et al Proc. Int. Tech. Conf. Coal Lltil. Fuel Syst. 1994, 19, 67-

682.

It is predicted that high-grade coal will become difficult to obtain for

Japanese power stations in the future and with this in mind, pilot scale tests

of pulverized blends of bituminous coal and anthracite using a 1.2 MWt

tunnel furnace were conducted. The study aimed to assess the applicability

of the blends of bituminous coal and anthracite to conventional pulverized

coal firing boilers. One kind of bituminous coal and two kinds of anthracite,

one of low ash content and another of high ash content, were prepared for

the test. Prior to pilot scale tests, coal properties and ash properties of the

blends of bituminous coal and anthracite were analysed to establish the

characteristics of combustion, ash deposition, etc. Combustion efficiency,

NO, emission, characteristics of ignition stability and grindability changing

the blend rate of anthracite were all experimentally investigated. The

critical constraints on the blending rate of anthracite were unburnt carbon

in fly ash and NO, emissions for coals tested. The acceptable limitation on

blending rate of anthracite was 10 and 209, respectively, for two kinds of

conventional pulverized coal fired boiler. Grindability worsened with

increasing blending rate of anthracite.

9?/03932 6 Ws advanced coal-fired low-emission boiler

system: Preparation for and preliminary results of subsystem

testing

Mcdonald, D. K. etal. Proc. Int. Tech. Conf. Coal Ut il . Fuel Syst. 1996 21.

401-413.

The design of Combustion 2000 took into account two stages of

commercialization: in the short-term, the low-emissions boiler system

(LEBS) and for the longer term, the high performance power system

(HIPPS). The LEBS program was designed with the objective of developing

an advanced pulverized coal (PC) fired power generation system for

commercial application by the year 2000. Very low emissions and high cycle

efficiency at a life-cycle cost equivalent to a conventional PC plant are

required from the system, meeting New Source Performance Standards.

(NSPS). B&W has coupled advanced environmental control technologies

capable of achieving emissions of SO,, NO,, and particulate far below

current New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) with an advanced

boiler equipped with improved combustion and heat transfer sub-systems to

meet this goal. This paper describes B&Ws advanced generating plant

design and provides current results of the subsystem testing presently in

progress at B&Ws Clean Environment Development Facility (CEDF)

located at the companys Alliance Research Center.

9?/03933

Calculation of the output of hazardous emissions

from industrial and heating boilers

Kotler, V. R. et al . Prom Energ. 1997 (I), 49-52. (In Russian)

Provides equations and nomograms are given for calculating the emissions

of flue gases and its minor components from the combustion of fossil fuels

(natural gas, fuel oil, coal, and brown coal).

9?/03934

Chiyoda Thoroughbred 121 process for exotic-fuel-

fired boilers

Yanagioka, H. and Kuwahara, I. FGD Synth. Gypsum Int . Conf. [Proc.]

5th 1997, 10/l-12. Edited by Luckevich, L. M. et al. ORTECH:

Mississauga, Ont.

The Chiyoda Thoroughbred 121 flue gas desulforization (FGD) process is

described. This paper discusses the treatment of flue gases generated from

exotic fuels, focusing on effects of impurities. Plants examined include the

Suncor FGD plant at Fort McMurray, one scheduled for completion in

1997 in the Czech Republic, and an FGD operation in Japan.

9?/03935

Clean and efficient power wlth high ash coals

through retrofitting

Rao, 0. P. and Madhusudhan, B. Proc. Int . Tech. Coal Ut il . Fuel Sysf.

1995 20 759-761.

Retrofitting of an existing thermal power plant with a coal gasification

plant, a matching gas turbine and a waste heat boiler is addressed in this

article. The criteria for selection of thermal power plant, choice of coal

gasification process and size of retrofit plant are described. Techno-

economic analysis show that the proposal is technically and environmentally

desirable. but not economically comparable with a pulverized coal fired

thermal power plant, perhaps due to the small size of the retrofit plant.

However, the economics are comparable with a natural gas based combined

cycle plant.

97103936

Co-firing switchgrass in a 50 MW pulverized coal

boiler

Aerts, D. J.

et al. Proc. Am . Power Conf.

1997, 59, (2), 1180-1185.

Tests on switchgrass co-firing, conducted at Madison Gas and Electricity

Company are presented. Five tests were run for 3-5 h, each with steady

operation at loads of 40-47 MW. Switchgrass mass feed rate was 8-15 and

heat input was 5-10 . These tests demonstrated the performance of the

fuel handling system and provided a characterization of the fuel physical

and chemical properties.

97m3937 Coal fired power boiler system for bottom ash

removal without water

Barsin, J. A. Proc. Int. Tech. Conf: Coal Ut il . Fuel Syst. 1997, 22, 351-361.

Power plant operators have been forced to close ash ponds and reduce

sluice water effluent to a zero discharge under the demands of recent

environmental regulations in Europe. This presentation reviews how a

European designed bottom ash removal system was applied to a USA

power boiler located in Florida where local regulations on water usage

encouraged the retrofit of a zero discharge ash removal system. Design, cost

and energy comparisons to typical sluice systems are described. Initial

operation, problem identification, correction and present status are also

included. The system has operated for three years and world-wide systems

of a similar design already have over 275 000 h of actual retrofit operation.

9?/03936 Coal reburning application on a cyclone boiler

Maringo, G. J. et al. Proc. Int. Tech. Conf. Coal Ut il . Fuel Syst. 1994 lY,

421-431.

A supplemental fuel is injected into the main furnace of a cyclone-fired

boiler in cyclone reburn. It produces locally reducing conditions which

convert NO, generated in the main combustion zone, to molecular nitrogen,

thereby reducing overall NO, emissions. The worlds only application of the

cyclone reburn technology using pulverized coal as the reburn fuel was

installed at Wisconsin Power & Lights Nelson Dewey Generating Station,

Unit 2. The project was selected for demonstration under the US

Department of Energys Clean Coal Technology Demonstration Program,

Round II. The reburn system start-up was initiated on December 4, 1991

and is now fully integrated into routine operation of the unit. Up to 62

nitrogen oxide emission reduction has been demonstrated, without adverse

effect on the other operating parameters of the unit. This paper describes

the impacts of the reburn system operation while burning either an Illinois

Basin bituminous coal or a western low sulfur, PRB coal.

97m3939 Coal utilization 81 fuel systems conference, 1994

advanced coal-fired slagging combustor for the low-emission

boiler system

Diehl, R. C. et al. Proc. Int. Tech. Conf. Coal Ut il . Fuel Syst. 1994 19 65-

75.

Combustion 2000 is a major engineering development programme

initiated by the Department of Energy, Pittsburgh Energy Technology

Center. The programme is geared toward advanced coal-fired electrical

utility plants. The Riley Stoker Corporation is leading one of three teams

developing a Low-Emission Coal-Fired Boiler System (LEBS), which will

be commercially available by the year 2000. This systems advanced

pollution control goals will lower SO, and NO, emissions to 113 current

New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) and particulate emissions to l/

2 current NSPS. Rileys LEBS has selected the 4500 psi 1100F double

reheat cycle, which will include a high efficiency, once through supercritical

Benson boiler. One goal unique to the team is to develop an advanced

slagging combustor system which will provide fuel flexibility, high carbon

conversion, low NO, emissions, high ash removal and waste management

advantages over conventional firing systems. The Textron Toroidal vortex

Slagging combustor (TVC) developed under DOE funding operates at high

temperature producing molten slag and can greatly reduce the amount of

ash going to the boiler. This will allow the boiler to be smaller in size and

have closer tube spacing, which should lead to reduced overall size and cost.

This paper presents the overall status of the Riley Stoker LEBS programme

along with the results of the advanced TVC slagging combustor testing

performed during the Phase I of the LEBS program at TDSs Haverhill

facility.

97m3940 Coal water slurry reburning low cost NO, compli-

ance system for cyclone-fired boilers

Ashworth, R. A. et al. Proc. Int. Tech. Conf. Coal Ut il . Fuel Syst. 1996 21

51 -522.

Coal slurry reburning is applicable in cyclone boilers which have a nearby

source of waste coal fines preparation plant for reducing NO, emissions for

a very low operating cost or even a saving. The lower the cost of coal fines

the lower the NO, reduction cost.

97m3941 Cofiring coal-water slurry in cyclone boilers: some

combustion issues and considerations

Carson, W. R. and Tillman, D. Proc. Int . Tech. Conf. Coal Ut il . Fuel Syst.

1997 22 627-638.

Coal-water slurry (CWS) fuels could impact fuel cost at selected power

plants and also has the potential to reduce nitrous oxides emissions (NO,)

by driving specific combustion mechanisms. CWS, produced from selected

fines generated during coal cleaning operations, has been fired extensively

at the Seward Generating Station of General Public Utilities (GPU), and

testing has been initiated at cyclone plants as well. The critical issues

involved with CWS firing in cyclones are listed, based on preliminary

modelling tests. Included are the impact of CWS on fuel chemistry with

particular attention to that of fuel ash, the impact of CWS on combustion

temperature and the impact of CWS on the formation of trace metal

Fuel and Energy bstracts

September 1997 331