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John Jechura – [email protected] Updated: January 4, 2015 Fuel Cell Technology
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Page 1: Fuel Cell Technology - Inside Minesjjechura/EnergyTech/10_Fuel_Cells.pdf · Types of Fuel Cells • Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) Operates at very high temperatures – 700 to 1,000

John Jechura – [email protected]: January 4, 2015

Fuel Cell Technology

Page 2: Fuel Cell Technology - Inside Minesjjechura/EnergyTech/10_Fuel_Cells.pdf · Types of Fuel Cells • Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) Operates at very high temperatures – 700 to 1,000

Energy Markets Are Interconnected

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https://publicaffairs.llnl.gov/news/energy/energy.html

Page 3: Fuel Cell Technology - Inside Minesjjechura/EnergyTech/10_Fuel_Cells.pdf · Types of Fuel Cells • Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) Operates at very high temperatures – 700 to 1,000

Topics

• Basics & types of fuel cells

• Fuel cells for transportation

• Hydrogen for the fuel cells

• Efficiencies

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Page 4: Fuel Cell Technology - Inside Minesjjechura/EnergyTech/10_Fuel_Cells.pdf · Types of Fuel Cells • Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) Operates at very high temperatures – 700 to 1,000

Fuel Cell Principals

Chemistry of Fuel Cell (with H+ transfer)

• Anode side:

2H2 4 H+ 2 e‐

• Cathode side:

O2 + 4 H+ 2 e‐ 2 H2O

• Overall:

2H2 + O2 2 H2O

Fuel cell provides a direct current flow of electrons

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Page 5: Fuel Cell Technology - Inside Minesjjechura/EnergyTech/10_Fuel_Cells.pdf · Types of Fuel Cells • Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) Operates at very high temperatures – 700 to 1,000

Types of Fuel Cells

• Alkaline fuel cell (AFC)

One of the oldest designs 

• U.S. space program used them since the 1960s to make power & drinking water

Very susceptible to contamination, requires pure hydrogen & oxygen

Very expensive, unlikely to be commercialized

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http://americanhistory.si.edu/fuelcells/basics.htm

Page 6: Fuel Cell Technology - Inside Minesjjechura/EnergyTech/10_Fuel_Cells.pdf · Types of Fuel Cells • Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) Operates at very high temperatures – 700 to 1,000

Types of Fuel Cells

• Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)

Operates at very high temperatures – 700 to 1,000C

• High temperature makes reliability a problem when cycling on and off repeatedly

• Very stable when in continuous use

High temperature can produce steam to generate more electricity – improves overall efficiency of the system 

Best suited for large‐scale stationary power generators

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http://americanhistory.si.edu/fuelcells/basics.htm

Page 7: Fuel Cell Technology - Inside Minesjjechura/EnergyTech/10_Fuel_Cells.pdf · Types of Fuel Cells • Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) Operates at very high temperatures – 700 to 1,000

Types of Fuel Cells

• Molten‐carbonate fuel cell (MCFC)

Also best suited for large stationary power generators

• Operate at 600C & can generate steam 

Lower operating temperature means they don't need such exotic materials

• Design little less expensive

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http://americanhistory.si.edu/fuelcells/basics.htm

Page 8: Fuel Cell Technology - Inside Minesjjechura/EnergyTech/10_Fuel_Cells.pdf · Types of Fuel Cells • Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) Operates at very high temperatures – 700 to 1,000

Types of Fuel Cells

• Polymer exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)

DOE  focusing on PEMFC as most likely candidate for transportation 

High power density & relatively low operating temperature (60 to 80C)

• Doesn't take long for the fuel cell to warm up & begin generating electricity 

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http://americanhistory.si.edu/fuelcells/basics.htm

Page 9: Fuel Cell Technology - Inside Minesjjechura/EnergyTech/10_Fuel_Cells.pdf · Types of Fuel Cells • Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) Operates at very high temperatures – 700 to 1,000

Types of Fuel Cells

• Phosphoric‐acid fuel cell (PAFC)

Operates at higher temperature than PEMFCs, longer warm‐up time

Potential for use in small stationary power‐generation systems but unsuitable for use in cars

• Direct‐methanol fuel cell (DMFC)

Comparable to PEMFC (operating temperature) but not as efficient

Requires relatively large amount of platinum to act as a catalyst – makes these fuel cells expensive 

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Page 10: Fuel Cell Technology - Inside Minesjjechura/EnergyTech/10_Fuel_Cells.pdf · Types of Fuel Cells • Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) Operates at very high temperatures – 700 to 1,000

PEMFC: Polymer Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell

• Anode Conducts the electrons that are freed from the hydrogen molecules Has channels etched into it that disperse the hydrogen gas equally over the surface of the catalyst

• Cathode Has channels etched into it that distribute the oxygen to the surface of the catalyst Conducts the electrons back from the external circuit to the catalyst – recombine with the hydrogen ions & oxygen to form water

• Electrolyte is proton exchange membrane Only conducts positively charged ions & blocks electrons Membrane must be hydrated in order to function & remain stable

• Limits how low a temperature the fuel cell can operate• Catalyst facilitates reaction of oxygen & hydrogen Usually made of platinum nanoparticles very thinly coated onto carbon paper or cloth

http://auto.howstuffworks.com/fuel‐efficiency/alternative‐fuels/fuel‐cell2.htm

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Page 11: Fuel Cell Technology - Inside Minesjjechura/EnergyTech/10_Fuel_Cells.pdf · Types of Fuel Cells • Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) Operates at very high temperatures – 700 to 1,000

Possible Fuel Cell Vehicle

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http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/fuelcell.shtml

Page 12: Fuel Cell Technology - Inside Minesjjechura/EnergyTech/10_Fuel_Cells.pdf · Types of Fuel Cells • Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) Operates at very high temperatures – 700 to 1,000

Large Scale Hydrogen Production

• Steam Reforming

CH4 + H2O  CO + 3∙H2

Highly endothermic

• Partial Oxidation

2 CH4 + O2 2 CO + 4 H2

Highly exothermic

If solid feedstock, one possible gasification reaction

• Autothermal Reforming

Combines both steam reforming and partial oxidation to achieve an energy‐neutral process

Often uses oxygen rather than air

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Page 13: Fuel Cell Technology - Inside Minesjjechura/EnergyTech/10_Fuel_Cells.pdf · Types of Fuel Cells • Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) Operates at very high temperatures – 700 to 1,000

Real Process – Steam Methane Reforming & Water Shift

Steam

Natural Gas

Reforming Reactor

High Temperature Shift Reactor

Low Temperature Shift Reactor

Hydrogen Purification

Fuel Gas

Flue Gas

Hydrogen

Methanation Reactor

CO2

• Reforming.  Endothermic catalytic reaction, typically 20‐30 atm & 800‐880°C (1470‐1615°F) outlet.

CH4 + H2O  CO + 3 H2

• Shift conversion.  Exothermic fixed‐bed catalytic reaction, possibly in two steps. 

CO + H2O  CO2 + H2

HTS: 345‐370°C (650 – 700F)LTS: 230°C (450F)

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• Gas Purification.  Absorb CO2 (amine) or separate into pure H2 stream (PSA or membrane).

• Methanation.  Convert residual CO & CO2 back to methane. Exothermic fixed‐bed catalytic reactions at 370‐425°C (700 – 800F).

CO + 3 H2  CH4 + H2O

CO2 + 4 H2  CH4 + 2 H2O

Page 14: Fuel Cell Technology - Inside Minesjjechura/EnergyTech/10_Fuel_Cells.pdf · Types of Fuel Cells • Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) Operates at very high temperatures – 700 to 1,000

On‐Board Fuel Reforming

• Liquid fuel would avoid having heavy high‐pressure gas containers

Gasoline, alcohols (methanol, ethanol, …)

• Reforming of fuel produces CO2 emissions

Will not qualify as zero emissions vehicles (ZEVs) under California's emissions laws

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Page 15: Fuel Cell Technology - Inside Minesjjechura/EnergyTech/10_Fuel_Cells.pdf · Types of Fuel Cells • Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) Operates at very high temperatures – 700 to 1,000

Current Problems with Reformers Supplying Fuel Cells

• Reforming reaction takes place at high temperatures – slow to start up & requires costly high temperature materials

• Sulfur compounds in the fuel poison certain catalysts

Research into sulfur‐tolerant catalysts

• Low temperature polymer fuel cell membranes can be poisoned by CO produced by the reactor

PEMFC need complex CO‐removal systems

SOFC & MCFC operate at higher temperatures & do not have this problem

• Efficiency of process 70% ‐ 85% (LHV basis)

• Catalyst in low temperature fuel cells is based on platinum & is very expensive

Typical automotive fuel cell stack (100kW) contains 20‐30 g of platinum metal –currently ~$1700 per troy oz ($60 per g)

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Page 16: Fuel Cell Technology - Inside Minesjjechura/EnergyTech/10_Fuel_Cells.pdf · Types of Fuel Cells • Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) Operates at very high temperatures – 700 to 1,000

Overall Efficiencies

• Gasoline internal combustion – 20 – 25%

• Battery powered vehicle

65% of electricity in

• Batter efficiency – 90% 

• Charging efficiency – 90% 

• Motor/inverter – 80%

Efficiency of power generation?

• Combustion based 40% – 26% overall

• Hydro electric based – “free” electricity?  

• Fuel cells with pure hydrogen

Potentially 80% efficient

Overall efficiency with 80% efficient motor/inverter – 64%

• Fuel cells with reformed fuel

Including reformer efficiency – 45 to 51%

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