Fuel Cells and CapacitorsFatih Dogan

Department of Materials Science and Engineering

Missouri S&T, Rolla, MO 65409

S. Chao, P. Jasinski , I. Kellogg, H-C. Park, V. Petrovsky,

A. Sarikaya, J. Shi, T. Suzuki

H. Anderson, S. Grasman, W. Huebner, M. O’Keefe, U. Koylu, S. Minteer, T. Schuman, J. Sheffield

Missouri Energy SummitColumbia, MO; 23 April 2009

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC)

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.60.4

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Pow

er d

ensi

ty, W

cm-2

Ts = 606 oC

Gas flow rate

900 cc min-1

600 450 300T

erm

inal

vol

tage

, V

Current density, Acm-2

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J. Electrochem. Soc. 2005

Cathode:LaSrCoFeOx

Electrolyte: Y2O3-ZrO2

Anode:Ni 70wt%YSZ 30wt%

Fuel In

Depleted Fuel

Electrolyte

Oxidant In

Depleted Oxidant

Cathode Anodee

O2-

Anode

Cathode

YSZ electrolyte : ~ 15 um

Cathode Functional: ~ 25 um

Anode Functional : ~ 25 um

Anode Support : ~ 0.9 mm

Cathode Current Collector : ~ 25 um

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC)

I-V characteristics Power Density

F. Dogan, CRC Press Taylor & Francis, Chapter 11, p. 203-214, (2006)Suzuki et al. J. Electrochem. Soc., 152 (3), A527-531 (2005)

Early Market ApplicationsHydrogen and Fuel Cell Analysis:

Lessons Learned from Stationary Power Generation(DE-FG36-07GO17107)

Backup Power/UPS

• Advantages Increased

Durability/Reliability Low Maintenance Long Lifetime Remotely Monitored

• Disadvantages High Initial Cost Customer Fears

Current ApplicationsTelecommunication/Radio TowersGrid Sensitive EquipmentSmall Commercial Use

Material Handling Equipment

• Advantages No Degradation of

Power Over Time Reduced Downtime

(Rapid Refueling) Increased Productivity

• Disadvantages Retrain Workers New Fast Charging

Battery Technology

Current ApplicationsForkliftsGatorsAirport TrucksLawnmowers

Grid Independent Power

• Advantages Unaffected by Grid

Downtimes Provides Remote Power Increased Energy Efficiency

• Disadvantages Refuel Hydrogen Containers Higher Initial Costs

Lighthouse

Current ApplicationsCritical LoadsBank Data Centers

Portable Power/Consumer Electronics

• Advantages Much Lighter than Batteries

and Most Generators Low Noise Military Use has Proven to be

a Catalyst for the Consumer Market

• Disadvantages Moderate Lifetime Costly

Cell Phones

Current ApplicationsMilitary RadiosPortable PowerLaptops

High Energy Density Capacitors

Integrated High Energy Density Capacitors (IHEDC) DARPA Solicitation BAA07 -21

Program Manager: Sharon Beermann-Curtin, DARPATechnical Project Officer: Susan Heidger, AFRL/RDHP

High Energy Density Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors Based on Nanostructured Titanium Dioxide Ceramic with Silver Electrodes

PI: Fatih Dogan, H. Anderson and K. Corzine

Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO I. Burn

IBC, Inc., Hockessin, DEA. Devoe

Presidio Components, Inc., San Diego, CA

Related research activities on dielectric materials at Missouri S&T

• NSF Center of Dielectric Studies, an Industry/University Cooperative Research Center (I/UCRC), with Penn State U.

• ONR-MURI on Development of Dielectric Materials for High Energy Density Pulsed Power Capacitors, with Penn State and Northwestern U.

Capacitor DesignCapacitor Design

Nano-Grain TiO2 Dielectric- Linear (k: ~140, BDS: ~200MV/m)- Low specific gravity (ca. 4.0)- Sintering temperature 900 °C

Silver Electrodes

ca. 70 layers of Dielectric - Dielectric layer thickness 10 m - 5 F capacitance

10 Capacitors Stacked Together

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400

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800

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Bre

ak

do

wn

str

en

gth

(k

V/c

m)

Grain Size (m)

Nearly full density TiO2 (in air)

Nearly full density TiO2( in O

2)

Porous TiO2 (in air)

Dielectric Breakdown Strength of TiO2 vs Grain Size

Grain Size: ~250nm

Achieving dense microstructureswith nano-sized grains ~250 nm

20 fully packaged single cell capacitors with the following specifications:

• Energy (J): greater than 100• Energy Density (J/cc): greater than 20• Dielectric Loss (at 1 kHz): less than 0.001• Discharge Time (µsec): less than 10• Voltage (kV) at operating temperature: greater than 1• Charge/Hold (hour): greater than 0.5• Lifetime (at full rating): greater than 1000 cycles• High Temperature Operation (degree C): greater than 200

DARPA “Integrated High Energy Density Capacitors” PHASE I HARDWARE

Campus Challenge Problem Solving CompetitionMNK-BAA-04-0003

Bio-Inspired Power Systems (BIPS)Bio-Inspired Sources for Long-Lasting andHigh Energy Density Power Storage with

Efficient Conversions

A Road Map Final Report Prepared for theAir Force Research Laboratories Munitions Directorate

(AFRL/MN)

Campus Challenge Problem Solving

Competition

6 November 2006, AFRL, Eglin AFB, FL

Electric Organ Discharge (EOD) in Electric Rays

Overall energy stored in both lobes of an adult Torpedo Marmorata: ~135MJ or 38kWh

http://www.sbg.ac.at/ipk/avstudio/pierofun/ray/eod.htm

Electric Ray: Torpedo Marmorata;Total stored energy in EOD: 38 kWhr (135MJ)Power: >105 W

Human metabolism Hummingbird metabolism

Energy and Power Density A Ragone plot comparing relative energy storage delivery performance for the state-of-the-art man-made energy-storage devices, relative to the energy-storage performance achieved by Mother Nature with the hummingbird, the torpedo ray, and with human metabolism. Red lines indicate times for complete discharge of stored energy.

Cathode

Anode Sediment

Liquid

Air

Wiring

Schematic of the biofuel cell assembly showing the electrodes configuration in marine sediment.

Location of marines sediments collected from Gig Harbor near Seattle, WA.

Biofuel Cells

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Current, I [mA]

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]

Dogan et al. “Biofuel Cells”, Encyclopedia Chem. Proces. 2009I-V characteristics & power density

Bio-Inspired Power Systems