Fuel Economy/Consumpti

onTunisian Case study

Center for Environment and Development For The Arab region and Europe.

Fuel Economy/ConsumptionFuel economy (Miles per Gallon)

A measure of maximum distance covered by a vehicle per unit of fuel

Fuel consumption (Liter per/ 100 km)Amount of fuel saved in lower ranges of MPG

higher than those in higher rangesConsumer convenience

Vehicle Energy EfficiencyEngine

Losses (friction &pump)

Aerodynamics & Tires

Transmission Terrain

Balancing shafts

Bore-to-stroke ratio

Weight& Fuel

StandardsEuropean Union

Entire fleet based on mass of a vehicleSliding scale application of standardsTightening regulationsOverlooking technology

USAFirst standards: determined solely by production

levelModified Standards: Size based accounting for

sales levels. Sole reliance on vehicle size

Driving cycleEnforcement agency

Test figures presented by manufacturers Cycle based on local conditions: driving patterns

and behavior , road types and elevations levels, etc.

CAFÉ, NEDC, Japanese and South Korean .

Approach and limitationsGFEi definition of LDVs

Sales of new LDVs in the study years. Data obtained from manufacturers through an automotive markets consultant

Official figures for co2 emissions and fuel economy/consumption are used based on NEDC

Data was not obtained for 1% of new LDVs.

Parallel market sales were not obtained

Total Number of Vehicles on the Road

LDVs sales

LDVs Sales

2009 2012 20130

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

LDV sales Morocco

Num

ber o

f Veh

icles

Tunisian Macro IndicatorsMotorization rates (Vehicles per 1000

inhabitants): 121-124 much higher than Egypt and Moroccan (OICA, 2012)

Urbanization rate: 60-odd %, considerably higher than both Egypt and Morocco

GDP per capita at PPP : more than $9,500 for 2011-2013 (CIA, 2014)

Average GDP growth from 2001 till 2014 is 3.71

Tunisian Trends Explanation

Motorization rate High urbanization rate

+

?

Slight variation in total number of LDVs sales

Total number of vehicles does not show correlation with GDP growth

Higher GDP per capita

Policy EnvironmentTariff barriers are among the highest in the world

reaching up to 200% + 12% VAT + 3% custom normality fee.

Quotas for Shaabiya cars (Trade deficit, arrangements with local manufacturers of components)

Luxury cars subject to high consumption tax rates

Parallel market

Popular dissatisfaction

Fuel economy/Consumption

data

Fuel economy/consumption

data

CO2 Emissions Data

CO2 Emissions data

2005 2008 2010 2012130

135

140

145

150

155

160

Average diesel co2 emissions

Weighted average co2 emissions Average co2 emissionsTotal Weighted average co2 emissionss

g/k

m

TrendsFuel consumption/economy lower than both

OECD and non-OECD averages of 7-8 Liter/100km levels for 2005, 2008 and 2011 levels.

LDVs and CO2 emissions data display similar patterns

Fuel economy/consumption of diesel and petrol LDVs are close despite the use of larger diesel LDVs

TrendsDiesel LDVs comprise luxury cars and 4x4s in

addition to pickups.

For petrol LDVs unweight average curve is consistently higher than weight one.

For diesel LDVS weight average is higher than unweight one.

Explanation Quota system is heavily regulating LDVs sold

Preference for European cars thus capitalizing on growingly stringent European standards

Small engine popular cars

Less sophisticated variants, missing out on opportunities for fuel economy/consumption improvement.

Needs

OpportunitiesEnvironment is set for the implementation of

import restrictions

Traditions of heavy regulation pave the way for the introduction of fuel economy/consumption standards

Increasing democratization, providing venues for a transparent, across-the-board societal dialogue.

Way ForwardDevelopment of a local driving cycle

Development of fuel economy/consumption standards tailored for the local conditions.

Capitalizing on existing enabling conditions for LDVs markets regulation: public & private bus networks; a quota system in place

Creating a win-win situation for consumers by opting for more efficient technologically advanced vehicles

Way ForwardLinking policies to attainable fuel consumption

savings in absolute terms

RecommendationsEstablishment of a multi-stakeholder resident

committee to prepare a roadmap for the introduction of fuel economy standards

Drawing on international expertise in advising the committee on preparation and implementation of standards and import restrictions linked to accruing fuel savings.