Fuel Efficient Stoves Baseline Reportsafefuelandenergy.org/files/FES Baseline Report.pdfFuel...

Fuel Efficient Stoves Baseline Report August 2012

© Relief International August 2012East Africa Regional Office 3rd Floor, Chiromo Court, Chiromo Road, NAIROBI, Kenya. Email: [email protected]

Photographs

CoverCommunity Promoters conducting cooking demonstrations in Majoo camp to introduce the new Fuel-efficient Stove. Mogadishu 2012. © Katherine Holt

Supported by

FuelEfficientStovesBaselineReport

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TableofContents

ListofAcronyms.......................................................................................................................................ExecutiveSummary..................................................................................................................................1.0Introduction .......................................................................................................................................

1.1BackgroundtoRIFESProgram .........................................................................................................1.2ObjectivesoftheFESBaselineSurvey..............................................................................................1.3StudyAreaandSampleCommunities……………………………………………………………………………………..

2.0Methodology......................................................................................................................................2.1Interviews,FocusGroupDiscussionsandCaseStudies..................................................................2.2DataAnalysis ......................................................................................................................................

3.0SurveyFindings ..................................................................................................................................3.1Interviews...........................................................................................................................................3.2FocusGroupDiscussions..……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4.0Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..


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ListofAcronyms

DRC DanishRefugeeCouncilFES FuelEfficientStoveFGD FocusGroupDiscussion

GBV GenderBasedViolenceIDP InternallyDisplacedPeopleRI ReliefInternational

SPSS StatisticalPackagefortheSocialSciencesSSh SomaliShillingsTFG TransitionalFederalGovernment

UNHCR UnitedNationsHighCommissionforRefugeesUNICEF UnitedNationsChildrenFundUSD UnitedStatesDollars


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Acknowledgements

IamimmenselyindebttoCommunityElders’CommitteesinMogadishuandGalkayoIDPcampswho facilitated the participation of their community members in this baseline study.Furthermore, I thank the interviewees for generously taking time to share their personal

experiences on baseline questions. Without their invaluable information, I would not havecompletedthiscriticalassignment.

Furthermore, I thank theRIFES programstaff inKenya,MogadishuandGalkayo,Somalia, fortheir patience and enduring security, logistic and administrative support as well as their

invaluable participation and coordination during field data collections of this baseline study.Special thanks go to Khadra Elmi, RI FES ProgramManager, for theoverall guidance that sheprovidedandherleadership,whichwascrucialforthesuccessofthisendeavour.

Ibelievethefindingsandrecommendationspresentedinthisbaselinereportwillcontributeto

the establishment of quantitative and qualitative starting point data for the RI FES Program.Moreover, thebaselinesurveyfindingshouldstrengthen themanagementoftheFESProgramaswellasachievesustainable results in the reductionof incidentsof violenceagainstwomen

andincreasetheuseoffuel‐efficientstoves.

I take full responsibility for anyomissions,misinterpretations of facts andother errors in thisbaselinestudy.

FouziaMusseConsultant

SomaliaAugust,2012


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ExecutiveSummary

Firewood remains a primary source of energy for the majority of households in Somalia andparticularly InternalDisplacedPeople(IDP)populations.MostoftheIDPandhostcommunitiesuseopenspacetocooktheirfoodwith3stonesbalancingtheircookingpots.Furthermore,itis

mainly women and girls who are responsible for the collection of firewood for householdconsumptionandinsomeinstancesthegenerationofincomefromitssale.

Women often walk long distances in order to collect firewood. During firewood collection,women and girls encounter numerous Gender Based Violence (GBV) violations that includephysical and sexual assaults and threats from unknown perpetrators. In addition to these

challenges, the collection and usage of firewood itself poses health hazards and causesenvironmentaldegradation.ThelattercontributestothetensionbetweentheIDPcommunities,who are in need of firewood to maintain their lives, and host communities, who see the

negative impact of firewood collection on their habitat. Health hazards include a high risk ofrespiratoryailmentsthatresultfromfirewoodsmoke,fireburns,campfires,etc.

Relief International (RI) initiated a pilot project, Fuel Efficient Stoves (FES), that targets threedifferent locations, those being Mogadishu (Banadir region), Galkayo (Mudug region), and

Bardera(Gedoregion)inSomalia,forthedistributionof20,000fuelefficientstoves.Thestovesact both as a simple technological intervention which can reduce fuel consumption and asmitigation against the risks of women and girls suffering GBV while collecting firewood. The

target beneficiariesof thepilotprojectare vulnerablemembersof IDPandhostcommunitiesresidingat5IDPcampsinMogadishu,21IDPcampsinGalkayoand6campsinBardera.

ThemainobjectiveoftheFESproject isto improvetheprotectionofwomenandgirls,reducethe tensionbetween IDPandhostcommunities,andmitigateenvironmentaldegradation.Thefollowingbaselinestudywasundertakenattwoprojectlocations,MogadishuandGalkayo.The

studyaimstocollectstarting‐pointdatafortheFESprojectthat includesbothquantitativeandqualitative data in order to enable FES programmanagers, field staff anddonors to establishbenchmarksfortheprojectmonitoringandevaluation.

The findings of this baseline study are presented in 6 themes that relate to FES, namely:Householddemographics;Cookingstyles;HouseholdEnergySourceSafety;Cookinghabitsand

Firewoodhazards.


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MainBaselineFindings1. HouseholdDemographics:

• Theaveragefamilysizeofthehouseholds interviewedinbothlocationsis7.39personsperfamilywitharangeof2‐15persons.

• Female‐headedhouseholds constitute 30%of the studypopulation inMogadishu and

35%inGalkayo.• Majority(87%)oftheparticipantshave0levelofeducation.• 54%oftheparticipantsinGalkayoand70%inMogadishuarecurrentlyemployed.

2. CookingStyles:

• 57% of Mogadishu households and 34% of those in Galkayo prepare 1 meal a day.

Additionally, boiling is the most common cooking method used across both locations(84%inMogadishuand95%inGalkayo).

3. HouseholdEnergySources:• Themajorityofthehouseholdsrelyontheuseoffirewood(82%inMogadishuand84%

inGalkayo)astheirprimarysourceofenergyforcookingwhilecharcoalisusedbyonly

3%ofparticipantsinMogadishuand11%inGalkayo.• InMogadishu,75%of thehouseholdscollecttheirfirewoodwhile inGalkayoonly44%

collect.• Womenaresaid tobe theprimary firewoodcollectors (85% inMogadishuand76% in

Galkayo)forthehouseholds.

• Most firewoodcollectorsgoonadailybasis–51% inMogadishuand47% inGalkayo.31%of collectors inMogadishu and20% in Galkayo go three times aweek. Formostrespondents,Fridayisarestday.

• 87%ofparticipants inMogadishuand52% inGalkayogo ingroupsof2‐10womentocollectfirewood.54%ofwomeninMogadishuwalk1‐2kmtocollectfirewood,whereasinGalkayo55%walk3‐4km.Thosewhosell firewoodwalk1‐4kmfurther insearchof

decentfirewoodtosell.• Almost allwomen (99% inMogadishu and87% in Galkayo) transport the firewoodby

headand/orbackloads.

4. Safety:

• Morethanhalf(55%)ofwomenfirewoodcollectors inMogadishuandnearlyall (92%)

ofwomeninGalkayoregardrapeasthemajorriskofsafetyduringfirewoodcollection.• Women firewood collectors in Mogadishu (28%) who walk short distances (1‐2

kilometers)away from thecamps feel relatively safer than thosewhowalk3ormore

kilometersfromeitherofthecamps.


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• For 23% of women firewood collectors in Mogadishu men with weapons (GBVperpetrators,militias,governmentforcesandAfricanUniontroops)werethemajorrisk

theyencounterduringfirewoodcollection,andfor15%themajorriskwerethreatsaswellasphysicalandmentalabusesbyhostcommunities.

• Nearlyhalf(46%inMogadishuand43%inGalkayo)ofwomenfirewoodcollectorssaid

that they use collective protection mechanisms that include the use of sticks, axesand/orpangstodetermenfromrapingthem.

• 73%ofwomen firewoodcollectors inMogadishuand42% inGalkayostated that they

don’t report incidents of GBV.Of these, 41% inMogadishu and62% in Galkayodon’tengageinfollow‐ups.72%ofthoseinMogadishuand17%inGalkayowerenotsatisfiedwiththeoutcomesoftheirfollowups/reports.

• Most(70%)womenfirewoodcollectorsinMogadishuthinkthattheTransitionalFederalGovernment has the responsibility to address the safety issues, 39% in Galkayo sharethesameviewstowardsPuntlandandGalmudugregionaladministrations.

• Thirty six percent (36%) of women firewood collectors in Galkayo stated that fuel‐efficientstovescanhelpimprovethesafetyofwomen.

5. CookingHabits:• Majority (89% inMogadishuand82% inGalkayo)of thehouseholdsuse3‐stonesasa

stove.

• 47%ofhouseholdsinMogadishuand55%Galkayosettheirfiretwiceperdaytocook.• Majority (83% inMogadishuand81% inGalkayo)of households interviewedsaid that

theyremovesurplusfuelfromtheirstoveswhencookingpotsboilandtheyextinguishfirewoodafterfoodiscooked.

• Majority(73%inMogadishuand71%inGalkayo)ofthehouseholdsinterviewedstated

that they prepare (clean and cut) their food before setting the fire. 78% of those inGalkayo pre‐prepare food to save energy, while 63% in Mogadishu pre‐prepare forhygienereasons.

6. FirewoodHazards:

• 53%of participants inMogadishu and70% in Galkayo said fire burns are theprimary

healthhazardencountered.19%ofhouseholds inMogadishuand15%inGalkayosaidhotfoodspillsresultingfromtheuseof3stonefiresconstitutetheprimaryhazard.

• Few households (11% in Mogadishu and 6% in Galkayo) regard smoke from the

firewood as a hazard. However, FGD participants voiced more concerns about thehealthhazardsthatfirewoodsmokeposestowomenandchildren.

Recommendations:• Simple technological intervention such as distribution of FES should be considered to

reduceincidentsofGBVaswellascontributetothereductionoffirewoodconsumption.

• Livelihood and income generation activities such as local production and retail of FESshould be considered to build upon the existing stove‐making skills andbusinesses in


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project target areas. Attention should be given to gender and the roles of women instoveproductionandretail.

• Particular attention should be given to the inclusion ofwomen firewood sellers, whomayloseincomeforsubsistencelivingasaresultofFESintervention,asbeneficiariesoftheFESlivelihoodandincomegenerationprograms.


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1. IntroductionOver the past twenty years, Somalia has undergone severe conditions of prolonged and on‐

going conflict thathasdisplacedandcontinues todisplace itspopulationswithinandoutsidethecountry.According toUNCHRBriefingNotesonMay2012,Somaliahasanestimated1.36million InternallyDisplaced People (IDP). These IDPs seek safety in villages, towns and cities,

and often put great stress on resources such as water, food, shelter, fuel, etc. One of thegreatestdemandsfortheIDPsandhostcommunitiesisfirewoodand/orothertypesoffueltocook their food. In Somalia, firewood still remains the primary energy source for rural and

nomadic households’ cooking, whilst in the cities and towns there is a continued use ofcharcoal.

The risks endured, especially bywomen and girls, while collecting scarce firewood resourcesconstitutesomeofthemostchallengingandseriousprotectionconcernsinIDPcampsandhostsettlements where the conflict over resources is high. Since the eruption of the Somali civil

wars,SomaliwomeninIDPandrefugeecampshavebeenraisingconcernsovertheincidencesofphysicalandsexualassaultsduringfirewoodcollection(UNHCR1993).

InthecapitalofSomalia,Mogadishu,whereanestimated184,000IDPscurrentlyresideinmorethanover fifty camps in and around the city, womenand girls report numerous incidents ofGBV.1 In addition to protection challenges during firewood collection, the majority of IDP

households use open spaces to cook their food,with 3 stones used to balance the pot. Thisthereforecreatesfirehazardstochildrenandhomes.Similarly,thesmokefromfirewoodposes

highrisksofrespiratoryailments.1.1BackgroundtoRIFESProgram

RISomaliawithUNICEFfundingpioneeredtointroducesimpletechnologicalinterventionssuchasimprovedfirewoodstovesthatcanbothreducefirewoodconsumptionandimpactpositivelyupon the health hazards associated with smoke exposure. RI’s Fuel Efficient Stoves (FES)

program aims to improve the protection of women and girls, reducing IDP host communitytension, and mitigate environmental degradation. The program goals include the creation ofsocialandbehavioralchangestoattitudestowardscollection,consumptionandconservationof

firewoodinordertoreducetherisksofGBVandreducehazardsoffirewoodtohealthandtheenvironment. Theprogram is divided into 3main components: Distributionof FES to 20,000vulnerable familiesof IDPsandhostcommunities inMogadishu,GalkayoandBardera; Trialof

smallscalevaluechainfortheimportandsalesofFESandlivelihoodsupporttomorethan120vulnerable families; And creation of economically sustainable livelihoods for 400 vulnerablefamilies.ReliefInternationalandUNICEF‐Somaliaarelookingintosmallscalecarbonfinancingto

seeifamoresustainableapproachtofinancingcanbeattained.

1WhiletherearenumerousreportsontheGBVincidencesbybothlocalandinternationalNGOsthatprovideservices,thereisnocumulativeandreliabledataofthenumberofcases.


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1.2ObjectivesoftheFESBaselineSurvey

The baseline objectives are to collect quantitative and qualitative starting‐point data andfeedbacksfortheFESprogram.Thedatawillbeusedtoestablishindicatorsthathelpmeasuretheprogresstowardsthetargets,results,andobjectivesthataresetfortheRIFESprogramas

well as measure achievements and improvements. Feedback data is intended to facilitateprogram improvement and successful implementation of its goals and objectives. The RI FESprogramwillfinallyusethebaselinedatatobuildonmonitoringandevaluationmechanismsfor

regular collectionof data and feedbacks frombeneficiaries aswell as lessons learnt and bestpractices.

1.3 StudyAreaandSampleCommunitiesThebaselinesurveytargetedtwooftheprojectgeographicalareas,namelyMogadishu(Banadirregion)andGalkayo(Mudugregion).Duetosafetyandsecurityreasons,nodatawascollected

fromBardera(Gedoregion),thethirdprojecttargetarea.Anestimated184,000and84,000IDPslive inBanadirandMudugregionrespectively.TheIDPs

are among themost vulnerable people in Somalia. Themajority belong tominority clans andlackprotection.Havinglosttheiraccesstoresourcesforfood,waterandshelter,amongstotherthings, theycomeand live in IDPcamps,whichare inevitablyverycrowded.Theiroftendoor‐

less huts aremadeof plastic sheets, boxes and cloths,materials that are highly inflammable.IDPsalsohaveverylittleaccesstoeducation,employmentandotherbasicservices.

2 MethodologyThebaselinesurveyoftheFESprogramwasbasedonparticipatory,quantitativeandqualitative

datacollectionmethodologies. TheMogadishu teamconsistedof6FESprogramstaffand theGalkayoteamcomprisedof5recruitedandtrainedenumeratorsand5RIFESstaff inGalkayo.Surveyteamsconductedsurveysitevisitsandinterviews;focusgroupdiscussions;casestudies;

observations;anddataanalysisandreports.The quantitative and qualitative methods of the baseline were based on structured

questionnaires, surveys and FGDs, and developed to find answers to questions pertaining tospecificdatacollectionareas forFES.These include:Householddemographics;Energysourcesfor cooking; Types of cooking stoves; Cooking habits; Firewood collection, consumption, and

conservation; Safety during firewood collection; and Safety andhealth hazards from firewoodsmokeandfire.

The questionnaires were designed in English consisting of open and close‐ended questions.They were then translated into Somali, and it was ensured they were simplified in order topreventanyambiguityand/orlossofunderstandingduringtranslation.


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Thehouseholdswereselectedbasedon fixed intervaland/or systematic sampling.Thesurveyteamsselectedhouseholdswhowerepresentat the timeof thesurveyandwhohadat least

one adult present. Community leaders of each camp guided the survey teams to facilitateintroductionstosurveyparticipantsandobtainconsentfortheinterviews.

Thequalitativeaspectofthisbaselinesurveywasbasedoncasestudiesandobservationsmadeduring inception to the endof the survey activities. The case studieswere selectedbasedonthematicareasoftheFESprogram.

2.4Interviews,FocusGroupDiscussions(FGDs)andCaseStudiesThesurveyteamsconductedatotalof325interviewsusingpreparedstructuredquestionnaire

that reflected theobjectivesof thebaselinesurveys.Table1belowshowshowthe interviewswereconducted.

Table1:CampLocationsandNumberofInterviewsConductedNo CampName Location NumberofHouseholds NumberofInterviews

1 Koorsan Mogadishu 3,224 25

2 Badbaado Mogadishu 6,000 26

3 Maajo Mogadishu 6,700 24

4 Baadle Mogadishu 1,400 23

5 Goolweyne Mogadishu 874 27

6 BuloKontrol Galkayo,South/North 620 40

7 Tawakal Galkayo,North 800 27

8 Mergaaga Galkayo,North 1064 29

9 Halabokhad Galkayo,North 473 24

10 Calanley Galkayo,South 950 28

11 BuloNoto Galkayo,South 520 26

12 Hiiraan Galkayo,South 100 26

Total 22,725 325

Inaddition,four(4)focusgroupdiscussions(2inMogadishuand2inGalkayo)wereheld.Atotalof105participantsattendedtheFGDs.

Thesurveyteamscarriedout4casestudies;2inMogadishuand2inGalkayo.Ofthese,three(3)wereindividualcasestudieswhiletheremaining(1)wasagroupcasestudy.Thecasestudies

include:GBVsurvivors;traditionalcookingstovemakersandretailers,andafirewoodseller.

2.8DataAnalysisSPSSwasused to analyze bothqualitative andquantitative data. Theunit of analysis for thequestionnaire surveys was individual households and the target population was 22,725

householdin11IDPscamps.Asampleof325householdinterviewsand105FGDwereselectedfor this survey. The sample represents 1% of the households in Mogadishu and 4 % of thehouseholdsinGalkayo(seeTable1formoredetails).


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3.0BaselineSurveyFindings3.1Interviews:

The results of the interviews are presented below as descriptive statistics based on thepercentageoftheintervieweeswhorepresenthouseholdslivingin12IDPcampsinMogadishu(5)andGalkayo(7)andwhorepliedtoindividualquestionnairequestions.Dataanalysisisbased

on calculation of percentages of the sampling population (n) of 325 households and a totalpopulationof2,417(882personsinMogadishuand1,535personsinGalkayo).

HouseholdDemographics:Ninetysixpercent(96%)ofthebaselinesurveyparticipantswerefromtheIDPcommunityandtherest(4%)werefromthehostcommunity.Thelimitednumberofhostcommunityinterviews

resultedfromthefactthatthemajorityofthosewhoresideatthecampsregardthemselvesasIDPs.Forexample,whenparticipantsintheMogadishusurveywereaskedwhethertheyidentifythemselves as IDPs or members of the host community, all (100%) of them said they regard

themselves as IDPs. However, when asked where they came from, 20% of the participantsstatedthattheycamefromMogadishu(Banadirregion). Table2:GeographicalRegionswhereIDPsandhostcommunitiesoriginallylived

RegionofOrigin Mogadishu Galkayo Total Percent

Banadir 25 58 83 26

LowerShabelle 52 16 68 21

Bay 20 27 47 14

Region5,Ethiopia 0 40 40 12

MiddleShabelle 19 5 24 7

Hiiraan 2 17 19 6

Mudug 0 13 13 4

LowerJubba 2 7 9 3

Bakool 2 6 8 3

Gedo 2 5 7 2

Tog‐dheer 0 3 3 1

Sanaag 0 2 2 0.7

Galgaduud 0 1 1 0.3

HigherJubba 1 0 1 0.3

Total 125 200 325 100

The 325 households inMogadishu andGalkayo represent 2,417 persons. Of these, 1,702 arechildrenunder18yearsofage (609 inMogadishuand1,093 inGalkayo). Inaddition,96%ofintervieweeswerefemalewhiletherest(4%)weremale.Thenumberofpeopleperhouseholdranged between 2‐15 persons with an average size of 7.39 persons at both locations. Thenumber of children per household ranged between 0‐11with an average of 4.8 children perhousehold.Thetotalnumberofchildrenwhogotoschoolis449.


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70% of participants from Mogadishu and 54% from Galkayo responded that they wereemployed,withperiodsofemploymentrangingfrom1‐18yearsinGalkayoandnomorethan2

yearsinMogadishu,witharangeof1‐19months.Theveryshortemploymentperiodsreportedby Mogadishu respondents is most likely attributable to the fact that the majority of themarrivedattheIDPcampsin2011.Thefollowinggraphsdepictthetypesofemploymentengaged

in:

Graph1:

Graph2:


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The range of income for Galkayo is 20,000 –450,000 Somali Shillings (SSH) (0.91‐20.45

USD)2 and forMogadishu it is 20,000‐100,000SSH (0.91‐4.55 USD) per week. The averageweeklyincomeforparticipantsfromGalkayois

234,960 SSH (10.68 USD), whereas inMogadishu it is much lower, at 60,060 SSH(2.73USD).

43% of the participants stated that theirspousesare employed.The incomegenerated

by Mogadishu participants’ spouses rangefrom 10,000‐100,000 SSH (0.45‐4.55 USD)whilethoseofGalkayoparticipantsrangefrom

10,000–80,000SSH(0.45‐3.64USD)perweek.Table3showsthatthemajorityofparticipants

in Mogadishu and Galkayo have no othersource of income beside that earned throughemployment. Nevertheless, other sources of

incomereportedbythehouseholdsincludeaidfrom local and international aid organizations

in terms of monetary assistance and foodrations (most notably 33.5%of participants inGalkayo) in addition to assistance from family

orrelatives(19%inMogadishu).

Table3:OthersourcesofincomebesidesemploymentOtherSourceofIncome Frequency Mogadishu Frequency Galkayo

Nosourceofotherincome 91 73% 118 59%

AidDonations 10 8% 67 33.5%

Family/relatives 24 19% 15 7.5%

Total 125 100% 200 100%

HouseholdEnergySources:Participantswereaskedquestionswiththeintentionofgleaninginformationregardingtheuse

of fuel in households – what is used and how it is obtained – in order to give a greaterunderstandingof the relevanceofFES to theparticipantsandwiderpopulationof the camps.For example, Graphs 3 below highlights how reliant on firewood as a fuel for cooking the

2TheUSDollarrateatthetimeofthesurveywas22,000SomaliShillingper1dollar.

FirewoodSellerinGalkayoMyname isHalimaand I am50 yearsold, divorced,and an IDP from Jowhar, Middle Shabelle region. Ihave 5 children, 4 boys and 1 girl, all of themteenagers, 15 to 19 year old. None of my childrenwent to school. In 1997, I came toGalkayowithmyfamilyafter beingdisplaced fromJowharbythecivilwars. I lived atBuloKontrol IDP camp for almost 10years before I moved to Hiran IDP camp. While inBulo Kontrol, I found thatmy farming skills were ofnouse tome. I thereforebecameacasual laborer. Iearned 1.00 to 2.00 USD per day depending on thedemand ofmy service and thatwas enough for thedailyneedsofmyfamily.Unfortunately this employment became lessobtainable and so I decided to start collectingfirewoodasan incomeformyfamily.At6AMeveryday, except Fridays (a rest day), I go to collectfirewoodwith10to15womenandgirls.Mostofthewomen in the camps go together because they fearthatifoneortwogoalonetheywillbeattacked.Wewalkabout3to4hoursawayfromourcamp.Whenwereachourdestination,weusuallydesignateone or two younger girls to climb a tree and dosurveillance.Ifthegirl(s)seeanythingsuspicioustheyalertus.Wewill thenmoveorrunfromthelocationinorder to avoid risksofGBV.Mostdayswe returnbacktothecampataround1‐2PM.Mydailyincomefromthesalesofthefirewoodisabout1.50USDandIgivecredittosomeofmycustomers.


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participants are. Graph4 and Table 4 build on this, reiterating the importanceof introducingFES.

Table4:Firewoodcollectors

WhoCollectsFirewood Frequency Mogadishu Frequency Galkayo

Womenalone 106 85% 152 76%

Womenandchildren 17 14% 48 24%

Men 2 1% 0% 0%

Total 125 100% 200 100%

Graph3:

Graph4:


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In Mogadishu 75% of participants exclusively collect firewood, in Galkayo this figure is 44%.There are also some participants (14% inMogadishu, 8% Galkayo)who both collect and buy

theirfirewood3.Inaddition,itiswomenwhoarethemajorityfirewoodcollectorsinbothtargetareas. Approximately half of households who collect firewood do this on a daily basis and afurther third in both localities do so three times per week. Given that most households use

firewood for their cooking, that firewood is collectedmostly by women (and occasionally bychildren), and taking into consideration the regularitywithwhich these collections occur, theriskofGBVoccurringduringfirewoodcollectioniscertainlyanunderstandableconcern.

Almostall (99%)oftheparticipantstransportfirewoodloadedontheirheadand/orback,andstated that they walk when collecting firewood. Graphs 5 and 6 detail that the majority ofparticipants(89%inMogadishu,70%inGalkayo)gonofurtherthan4kmfromthecamps,which

ismost likelyareflectionoftheintensenatureofthework;howeveritcouldalsobeindicativeof fears regarding safety, as shown in Graph 7. A similar conclusion can be drawn frominformation thatshows88%ofparticipants inMogadishuand92%inGalkayocollectfirewood

withotherwomen.

3InGalkayo,thehouseholdswhobuyfirewoodspend10,000‐40,000SSH(0.45‐1.82USD)perday.InMogadishu,theaveragemoneyspentperdayonthepurchaseoffirewoodis5,000‐15,000SSH(0.23‐0.68USD).

Graph5:


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The rangeofgroupsize forwomenwhocollect firewood together isbetween2‐10persons in

Mogadishu and 2‐15 persons in Galkayo. Observations made by the baseline survey datacollectorsconfirmthatinMogadishuwomenwhocollectalone(12%)mayremain1‐2Kmnearer

theircampsinordertocollectthefirewood.Safety:

In regards to safety during firewood collection, the baseline survey found that women fromMogadishuwhowalk1‐2kilometers(28%)feelsaferthanthosewhowalk3ormorekilometersinbothlocations.

Graph6:

Graph7:


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Graph8aboveshows thatwhile themajority (55%) ofMogadishuwomen firewoodcollectors

statedthattheirprimaryconcernisrape,15%hadconcernsaboutphysicalandmentalabusesagainstthembythehostcommunitiesbasedatthefirewoodcollectionareas.Furthermore,23%ofparticipantsexplainedthattheyholdafearofmenwithweapons,astheysaiditisnotalways

clearwhomtheyarefacing(localmilitias, Islamicmilitiagovernmentforcesand/orAUtroops).In Galkayo, almost all the women firewood collectors interviewed reported that rape is theprimaryreasonthattheyfeelunsafe.

GBVSurvivorinGalkayoIamZahra,a40‐yearoldwidowandmotherof6children(4girlsand2boys,aged5to14years). IwasbornandgrewupinMogadishu.In1995Imetmynowdeceasedhusband.In2007,myhusbandwaskilledduringanEthiopianraidonBakarahabusinessmarketwherehehadastore.At that time, Iwaspregnantwithmyyoungestandsixthchild.Idecidedtomovetoasaferplace,andinlate2007IarrivedinGalkayolateintomypregnancyandwithmy5otherchildren. I settled inKontrol IDP camp, near theexit/entrance checkpointof SouthGalkayo. Soonafter arriving Ideliveredmyyoungestchild,andaftermaternityrestforabout3months,Idecidedtojoinagroupofwomeninmyneighborhoodwhowerecollecting firewoodbothto sellanduse intheir household. I heardofa few incidentsofphysicalandsexualassaultthatwerehappeningat their firewoodcollectionareaatthetime.Wewereconcernedbutnotdiscouraged.Weagreedtogoingroups.We usuallywent to collect at around6:00AM, and it took about anhour to finish collecting the firewood, afterwhichIwouldtakebreakfast.Iwouldusuallyarrivehomearound1:00PMintheafternoon.Oneday,afterIhadfinishedcollectingthefirewoodandIhadputthefirstbundleonmyback,Iheardotherwomenscreamingandrunning.WhenIturnedtoseewhatwasgoingon,Isawmenwithriflesrunningtowardus.IdroppedmybundleandranbutIandanotherwomanwerecaught.Fourmensurroundedme.Onehadarifleandtheothershadsticks.AtgunpointIwastoldtoliedownandtakemyclothesoff.Irefused.Theystartedbeatingmeup.Ibeganfightingbackandatthesamescreamingforhelp.ThenIlostconsciousness.SincethisincidentIhavebeenunabletowork.Myteenagedaughtershavebeencollectingscrapmetalandsellingittoprovideincomeforthefamily.

Graph8:


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When asked if there are safer areas for women to collect firewood the majority of theparticipants’answeredNo(95%inMogadishuand88%inGalkayo).Thefewwhofeltsafewere

asked to name the places that they go to collect firewood and feel safe. In Mogadishu, theparticipantsstatedthatitissafertocollectfirewoodfromthemainstreetsandnearbyareasattheoutskirtsofthecity.InGalkayo,womenfirewoodcollectorsfromboththesouthandnorth

of the citydeclared that theareas in thenorth controlledby thegovernmentof PuntlandaresaferthansouthGalkayo,whichiscontrolledbythegovernmentofGalmudug.Given the fears of GBV it is no surprise that women engage in some form of protection

technique,asshowinTable5. Table5:Formsofprotectionusedduringfirewoodcollection

Womendotoprotect Frequency Mogadishu Frequency Galkayo

Engageincollectiveprotection 50 46% 46 43%

Useofsticksandaxes 36 33% 39 38%

Run 12 11% 11 11%

Surveillances 11 10% 8 8%

Total 109 100% 104 100%

The graphs on the followingpage give an indication of howwomen respondwhen theyhaveundergoneGBV.73%ofwomen firewoodcollectors inMogadishu IDP campsstated that theydon’treportincidentsofGBVtotheirrespectivedistrictauthorities.ThisisdistinctfromGalkayo

where a majority of womendo report incidents of GBV.Women in Galkayo aremuchmoresatisfiedwiththeoutcomesoftheirfollow‐upsthaninMogadishu.OneconclusionthatcanbedrawnfromthisisthatthelocalauthorityinGalkayofunctionsbetterandthereforecontributes

to the increasednumber of reportedGBV cases.Moreover, thosewho stated that they don’tknow whether they are satisfied with the outcomes may be a result of the custom that themajorityofGBVcasesaresettled through traditionalelders (men)whomayormaynot share

theoutcomeswiththewomeninquestion.Whenaskedwhattheythinkcanbedonetoimprovethesafetyofwomenduringfirewoodcollectionitisnotablethat70%ofparticipantsfromMogadishufeltthegovernmentshould

addresstheconcernsand0%feltfuelefficientstovesweretheanswer,whereasinGalkayotheresponseswereapproximatelyequallyspreadacrossgovernmentresponsibility,usingfuelefficientstoves,and“Don’tknow”.


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Graph9:

Graph10:


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CookingStylesandHabits: Table6:Numberofhouseholdmealspreparedperday

NumberofMealPerDay Frequency Mogadishu Frequency Galkayo

1meal 71 57% 68 34%

2meals 47 38% 116 58%

3andmoremeals 7 5% 16 8%

Total 125 100% 200 100%

Whenaskedtogivethenumberofpeoplewhoeatatleastonemealperday,theparticipants’

responses in Mogadishu showed a 12% decrease (105 persons) from the actual number ofhouseholdmembersanda13%(197persons)decreaseinGalkayo,from1,535.Therearethreeplausibleexplanationsforthesethedecreases.First,casuallaborersandinparticularthosewho

workasmaids,garbagecollectors, etc.may eatand/or sleepat thehouseholdsatwhich theyare employed. Second, the participants may misconstrue the original question (How manypeople live inyourhousehold?)as ‘Howmanypeopleareamemberofyourfamily?’andthus

includeabsenteemembersintheirresponse.Third,theparticipantsmaydeliberatelyinflatethenumberofpeoplelivingintheirhouseholds.

Inbothtargetareashouseholdsgenerallysettheirfireseitheronceortwiceperday(SeeTable7),althoughafewdosoathirdtime. Table7:Numberoftimefireissetperdayforcooking

Numberoftimessetthefire Frequency Mogadishu Frequency Galkayo

Once 45 36% 70 35%

Twice 59 47% 110 55%

Thrice 21 17% 20 10%

Total 125 100% 200 100%

95% of participants in Mogadishu and 98% in Galkayo cover their cooking pots with lids.

However,despite99%ofparticipantsstatingtheywanttosaveenergy,andreducetheamountofwoodtheyburntodoso,only13%inMogadishuand3%inGalkayocovertheirpotstocookfaster.

57%ofhouseholdsinbothlocationsreportedthattheyhavenodesignatedcookingspace.Theytherefore use an open, unshielded fire to prepare their meals. The responses of those who

stated that they have cooking space may result from either the ambiguity of the questionand/or cultural perception on the notion of space4. However, observations made during thebaseline survey found that in Mogadishu IDP camps there are few spaces designated as a

communitycookingplace.4InruralareasandinparticularthepastoralcommunitiesofSomalia,openspacesareusedtocook.


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Table8:Incidents/hazardsencounteredbyparticipantsduringtheuseoffirewoodincooking

Hazardsfromuseoffirewood Frequency Mogadishu Frequency Galkayo

Fireburns 66 53% 140 70%

Foodburns 24 19% 30 15%

Foodspill 21 17% 18 9%

Other(smoke) 14 11% 12 6%

Total 125 100% 200 100%

Table9:Percentageofparticipantswhohadconsideredfuel‐efficientstoves

ConsiderationforFES Frequency Mogadishu Frequency Galkayo

Yes 60 48% 132 66%

No 44 35% 68 34%

Never 21 17% 0 0%

Total 125 100% 200 100%

Whenaskedtoexplaintheirconsiderationforfuel‐efficientstoves,themajorityofparticipants

whoansweredyes(Table9)statedthattheirconsiderationresultedfromtheneedtosavefuel.What isstriking isthatalthoughasizeableproportionofrespondents inbothtargetareashadconsidered fuel‐efficient stoves, therewas still approximately one‐third in each area that had

not–evenafteraccountingforthe17%whowerenotpreviouslyawareoffuel‐efficientstovesinMogadishu.

Graph11:


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3.2FocusGroupDiscussionFindingsTheRIFESbaselineteamconductedfour(4)participatoryFGDs,two(2) inMogadishuandtwo

(2) in Galkayo, using Somali to convey the developed FGD questionnaire on energy sources,collection, sale, and use of energy sources, cooking habits, safety (including health) andlivelihood aspects of their living conditions. Table 10 below gives detailed descriptions on

locations,campsandparticipantsoftheFGDsthatwereheldduringthisbaselinesurvey.Particular attention was given to the FES Baseline Survey and the importance of collectinginformationpertainingtotheircurrentsituationsonfirewoodcollectionanduseattheircamps. Table10:OverviewofparticipantsinvolvedinFGDs

Location Camps Participants Male Female IDP Host

Mogadishu 5 57 24 33 57 0

GalkayoNorth 3 24 2 22 13 11

GalkayoSouth 3 24 8 16 24 0

Total 11 105 34 71 94 11

The participants were encouraged to actively participate in and contribute to the discussionquestions, and the RI FES Baseline Survey team made certain to address the expectationquestionsthattheparticipantsraisedduringtheFGDs.

105 participants (90% IDPs and 10% host communities) attended the four FGDs. Sixty eightpercent (68%)of theparticipantswere femalewhile the rest (32%)weremale.Of these, 18%were18yearsandunderwhile19%wereyouthbetweentheagesof19to25.Therest(63%)of

theparticipantswere26yearsandolder.

BelowisasummaryofthediscussionsandanswersthattookplaceintheFGDs.

Table11:OutlineofFGDquestionsandanswers

FGDQuestions Mogadishu Galkayo

Themostusedenergysource • Firewood • FirewoodWhocollectsthefirewood? • Women&girls

• Men&boys

• Women&girls

• Men&boys

Useoffirewoodsales • Householdconsumptionforcooking

mostly2mealsaday• Salestomostlyneighborsincash,credit

and/orbarter

• Householdconsumptionforcookingmostly

2mealsaday• Salestomostlyneighborsincash,credit

and/orbarter

Typesofcookingstoves • 3‐stones• Sometraditionalstovessuchasclay,metalandsoapstone

• 3‐stones• Fewtraditionalstovessuchasmetalandsoapstone

Dailyuseoffirewoodperhousehold

• Anaverageoftwomealsrequires20,000SSH(0.91centUSD)worthoffirewood

• Anaverageoftwomealsrequiresapproximately30,800SSH(1.40centUSD)worthoffirewood

• Foodpreparedwithsweetwateruseslessfirewood.

Cookinghabits • Majorityprepare1‐2mealsperday. • Majorityprepare1‐2mealsperday.


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• Boilingisthemostcommonmethodusedfollowedbybakingofthetraditional

bread,injera.• Majorityclaimtheypreparethefood

beforestartingthefireandextinguishremainingfirewhenfinishedcookingto

saveenergy.• Majorityknowfoodsoakingmethodsbut

onlyuseforonegrain‐corn.• Majoritycovertheircookingutensilsfor

hygienicandsafetyreasons.• Someunderstandthecorrelation

betweenenergyuseandcoveringtheircookingutensil.

• Boilingisthemostcommonmethodusedfollowedbybakingofthetraditionalbread,

injera.• Majorityclaimtheypreparethefoodbefore

startingthefireandextinguishremainingfirewhenfinishedcookingtosaveenergy.

• Majorityknowfoodsoakingmethodsbutonlyuseforonegrain‐corn.

• Majoritycovertheircookingutensilsforhygienicandsafetyreasons.

• Someunderstandthecorrelationbetweenenergyuseandcoveringtheircooking

utensil

Cookingspace • None • Fewtraditionalmakeshiftstructuresand/ordesignedfirepreventioncookinggadgets.

Safetyconcernsduring

firewoodcollection

• Fearofmenaroundfirewoodcollection

areas• Fearofsexualassaults• Fearofphysicalassaultsandlifethreateninginjuriesand/ordisabilities

• Threatsfromhostcommunitieslivingat

firewoodcollectionareas• Fearoflandmines

• Lossoffirewoodandincome

• Fearofmenaroundfirewoodcollection

areas• Fearofsexualassaults• Fearofphysicalassaultsandlifethreateninginjuriesand/ordisabilities

• Threatsfromhostcommunitieslivingat

firewoodcollectionareas• Fearoflandmines

• Lossoffirewoodandincome• Fearofhyenas

Othersafetymatters • Physicalinjuriessustainedduringcollectionoffirewoodandchopping

• Fireonshelterand/orthecamps

• Burnssustainedbychildrenandadultsfromopenfiresofthe3‐stonestoves

• Hazardsfromspillsofcookingfood

and/orboilingwater• Lossoffood

• Physicalinjuriessustainedduringcollectionoffirewoodandchopping

• Fireonshelterandorthecamps

• Burnssustainedbychildrenandadultsfromopenfiresofthe3‐stonestoves

• Hazardsfromspillsofcookingfoodandor

boilingwater• Lossoffood

Healthmatters • Respiratoryailmentsfromfirewood

smoke• Irritationandburnsofeyes• Backachesandmusclepainsthatresultfromlongdistanceswalkedandheavy

loadscarried

• Respiratoryailmentsfromfirewoodsmoke

• Irritationandburnsofeyes• Backachesandmusclepainsthatresultfrom

longdistanceswalkedandheavyloadscarried

Environmentalprotection

matters

• Majorityunderstandthecorrelation

betweenfirewoodcollection,treecuttingandtheimpactstotheenvironment

• Refrainfromcuttingwettrees• TensionbetweenIDPsandhost

• Hostcommunityunderstandandhavemore

in‐depthknowledgeoftheimpactsoffirewoodcollectionandtreecuttingtothe

environment• Hostcommunityraisedenvironmental


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communities concernsandaregearedtowardsprotectingit

• Refrainfromcuttingwettrees• TensionbetweenIDPsandhostcommunities

Livelihoodandincome

generation

• BothIDPsandhostcommunityhaveskills

inproductionandretailoftraditionalstoves(metalandclay)

• FewofIDPshaveskillsinproductionandretailoftraditionalstoves(metal)

• Noneofhostcommunityhaveskillsin

productionofandretailoftraditionalstoves

Aswithsurveyparticipantsfirewoodisthemostcommonlyusedfuel.Mosthouseholdscook1‐2meals per day, usually breakfast5 and dinner. Participants also stated that regardless of thenumberofmealstheycooked,eachfamilyusuallysetsupacookingfiretwiceaday6.

Themajorityofparticipantssetthefirebeforefoodpreparation7.Duringcooking,theymonitorthefireandcovertheircookingpotswhenboiling.Mostparticipantsestimated1‐2hourswas

spentcookingmeals,exceptwhencookingbeansorcaloley(stomachmeat).Themajorityofthewomensaidthattheyextinguishanyremainingfirewoodaftercookingtoconservethefuel.Themajorityoffirewoodcollectorsarewomen(teenagegirlsandolder).Womenwalkbetween3‐6

hourspertrip(roundtrip)andcover2‐9kmpertriptocollectfirewood8.

Femaleparticipants explained that they encounternumeroussafety issuessuchas sexualandphysical assaults, threats and loss of the collected firewood and income. Perpetrators usuallyappear as an individual or in groups ofmen, sometimes withweapons, and incidents usually

occuraroundnoon,afterthefirewoodcollectionsandwhenwomenarereturninghome,tired,thirsty,andhungry.Womencanonlyassociatethehostcommunity9withsomeoftheincidentsbutnooneknowsspecificdetailsregardingthemajorityofperpetrators,justthattheyaremen.

Womenusuallygo in groups tocollect the firewood.During the collection,1or 2womenare

designated to climb a tree andmakeon‐going surveillance. Even so, incidents still happen. Itvariesastowhethersurvivorsofphysicalandsexualassaultswillreporttheincidenttothelocalauthorities.Amongtheparticipantsaresurvivorswhoclaimthattheyreportedtheincidentsto

thelocalauthorityandnothingwasdoneabouttheircases.

5Familieswhopreparebreakfastincludethosewhoreceivednutritionalmealsforchildrenwhoareunderweight.

6Teaand/ortraditionalcoffeeisoftenpreparedinthemorningevenwhenthehouseholdsdon’thavefoodtoeat.

7Participantsclaimthatfoodforboilingrequiresettingthefire.Moreover,bakingfoodsuchinjerarequireovernightpreparationofthebattertofermentandtobebakedinthemorning.

8Thisisanestimatemadejointlybytheparticipantsandthebaselineteamandneedsfurtherinvestigation.

9Womenclaimthattheycanidentifysomeofthehostcommunitybytheirdialect,encampmenthomesand/ortheirlivestock.


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Howeverwomendouse traditionalwomen’snetworks (i.e.market,neighborhoodand family,friends, etc.) to share what happened and thus alert others about the location and the

perpetrators.Menparticipants inbothFGDsinMogadishuandGalkayoexplainedthattheyareunable toprotectwomenand/ordosurveillanceactivitiesat the firewoodcollectionareas forfearofpersonalsafety,arbitraryarrestbygovernmentsecurityforcesonthegroundsofbeing

spies,orthreatstosafetyfromIslamicmilitia.Theyfeelhopelessaboutthesituationofwomenandthefirewoodcollection.

Participantsinbothlocationsstatedconcernsregardingfiresafetyandtheirchildrenandhomes(madeofplasticsheets,clothesandpaperboxes)whilecookinginopenspaces.Theyexplained

the dangers of campfires that resulted from firewood cooking and burns sustained by theirchildren from the fires.Moreover, the participants give details of health conditions that arisefromfirewoodsmokesuchasbreathingproblems,coughing, irritationoftheeyes,etc.Women

fromboth locations also reportedother healthmatters such as body andback aches,musclepainandanxietiesovertheirreproductivehealth10.

Few participants reported buying fuel for their cooking. Most of them collect firewood forhouseholduseandsomeforretail.Forhouseholdconsumptioncollectionoccurs2to3timesa

week,whereas for sale firewood collectionoccurs 6 to 7 times aweek. Friday isusually theirrestingday.

Hostcommunitymemberswhoparticipated in theFGDexplainedthat tensionarisesbetweenthemselves and IDPs because the IDPs lack understanding of their living environment. They

stated that daily collections of firewood contribute to environmental degradation, impactingnegatively on their lives and the lives of their livestock. They shared their views on the

importanceofdeadtreestothesoilandpreventionoferosionandfloods.

Mostparticipantsconfirmedtheexistenceofskilledtraditionalstovesmakers(clay,metalandsoapstone)andstoveretailersofbothgendersamongtheircommunities.TheysharedthattheyareinterestedinandwillingtoengageincapacitybuildingandincomegenerativeaspectsofFES

programactivities.

Theparticipantswereasked towhat theFGDhadhelped them learn,what ithadmade themfeel, and what they now wanted to do. Most participants had learnt information about fuelefficientstoves;RIprogramactivities;theprospectoflocalproductionoffuelefficientstovesby

localstovesmakers; improved income;andimprovedhealthandsafetyoftheirchildren.Theyfeltthevalueofsharinginformationaboutthefuel‐efficientstovesandFESprogramwiththeirfamiliesandcommunities.Finally,theparticipantsstatedtheywantedtoinvestigatepossibilities

oflocalproductionoffuelefficientstovesinMogadishu,availabilityofthestovematerialsatthelocalmarkets;andproductionandsellingprices,profitmargins,etc.

10Theissueofreproductivehealthinrelationtofirewoodcollectionwasraisedbyyoungerandmaturefemaleparticipantswhohadconcernsofcontractionsofsexualtransmitteddiseases,miscarriageandmenstrualpains.


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4 Conclusion

The outcomes of the baseline survey as well as participatory observations offer a variety ofqualitativeandquantitativeinformationpertainingtotheuseofenergysourcesinIDPandhostcommunityhouseholds,andthechallengestheyface.

For example, IDPs are heavily reliant on firewood as their cooking fuel; furthermore, themajority of these collect the firewood. In addition women and children are the firewoodcollectors,andgiventheregularityofcollections(approximatelyhalfofhouseholdswhocollect

firewood collect on a daily basis and a further third in both localities do so three times perweek),theirexposuretoviolenceishigh.Thisriskishighlightedbywomen’sfearofrapeand/orotherformsofintimidatorybehaviorfromthehostcommunities,andthatmostwomenpartake

incollectiveprotectiontechniques,ofoneformoranother.Participantswerealsoclearthattheyhaveconcernsregardingtheimpactstheircurrentstoveshaveontheirhealth;forexampleburns,hotfoodspillages,andsmokeinhalation.

59%ofparticipantshadconsideredusingfuelefficientstoves,animportantpieceofdatafromthesurveysthatnotonlysuggestsmembersofthecampsareawareoffuel‐efficientstovesandwillingtoacceptthem,butthatworkstillneedstobedoneinintroducingtheFESprogram.

The findings can be used in setting appropriate benchmarks and as baseline data for FESimplementation in the Somali context. In addition, the information will also guide project

monitoringandevaluation‐measuringimpact,whileconsiderationshouldbegiventothenatureoftheprojectimplementationwithinthecomplexSomalicontext.Itwillfurtherbeausefultool

for UNICEF and humanitarian agencies that work with IDP communities in Mogadishu andGalkayo to inform their programming in various crosscutting sectors, such as genderempowerment,educationandtheenvironment.

The findings of this baselinemay lead to the restructuring of the FES program and approachduring implementation and inform future expansion of the program to other locations. For

example, a full environmental study onnatural firewood resources available at project targetareas could lead to understanding the exact rate of reduction in firewood consumptionexpected to result from FES stoves. Currently it is believed the FES will only lead to a 25%

reductionoffirewoodconsumption,andthereisnoknowledgeofwhattypesoftreesavailableinSomaliaaresuitabletofosterthisreduction.Inaddition,afterthedistributionofFESstovesandwiththesupportofanenvironmentalexpert,

theprojectimplementationsmaymovetowardslocalproductionoffuelefficientstovesaswellas briquette manufacturing for retail, which in turn may contribute to a reduction in theincidenceofGBVagainstwomen.

East Africa Regional Office, 3rd Floor Chiromo Court, Chiromo Road

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