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JAMA
Fuel Properties and Vehicle Fuel Properties and Vehicle EmissionsEmissions
YasunoriYasunori TAKEITAKEIFuel & Lubricant committeeFuel & Lubricant committee
Japan Automobile Manufacturers AssociationJapan Automobile Manufacturers Association
AVECC 2004 at Beijing, April 26AVECC 2004 at Beijing, April 26--28, 200428, 2004
JAMA
Automobiles and the EnvironmentAutomobiles and the Environment
Urban EnvironmentUrban EnvironmentGlobal EnvironmentGlobal Environment
EmissionsEmissions
EconomyEconomy
ConvenienceConvenience
Energy Energy SecuritySecurity
Alternative FuelsAlternative Fuels
COCO22
RecycleRecycle
VOC,NOx,PMVOC,NOx,PM
SafetySafety
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JAMA
Relation between Gasoline Properties Relation between Gasoline Properties and Vehicle Performanceand Vehicle Performance
Properties Vehicle Performance
Sulfur
T50
T90
Aromatics
Olefins
Unwashed Gum
RVP / T10
Octane Number
Alcohol
Di-Olefins
FBP
Detergent
Startability
Driveability
Fuel economy
Evaporative emission
Power/Acceleration
Exhaust emission
Material compatibility
Engine Reliability
deposit
Knocking
Catalyst poisoning
Oxidized fuels
Engine oil degradation
Washed Gum
Metals Spark plug fouling
JAMA
Fuel Requirement from Automobile Fuel Requirement from Automobile
Automobile associations in US, Europe and Japan have developed world wide recommendations for “Quality fuels” called World Wide Fuel Charter (WWFC).JAMA strongly recommends WWFC, at least, comply with regulation.
Category 1:Category 1:Markets with no or first level of emission control
Category 2:Category 2:Markets with stringent requirements for emission control or other market demands.
Category 3:Category 3:Markets with advanced requirements for emission control or other market demands.
Category 4:Category 4:Markets with further advanced requirements for emission control, to enable sophisticated NOx and particulate matter after-treatment technologies.
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JAMA
Vehicle:3WAY Catalyst + Feedback↓ :Decreasing, ↑ :Increasing, ~:No tendency ×:Different tendency at each study
Note: Blank is no data
Summary of Existing Data AnalysisSummary of Existing Data Analysis
JCAP Conference, 30th Sept. 1998
↓:when fuel properties decreasing
× ×
Tailpipe Emissions
Fuel Properties
HC
CO
NO
x
Ben
zene
1,3-
But
adie
n
Form
alfe
hyde
Ace
toar
ehyd
e
RVPNo oxygenates blend ~ ↓ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Oxygenates blend ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Dist. T50 Aromatics 20~35v%Olefins 5~25v%
↓T90 ↓ ~ ~ ↓ ↓ ↓
Compos-itions
AromaticsOther propertiesis constant
↓ ↓ ↓ ~ ↑ ↑
Olefins ↑ ~ ↓ ~ ↓ ~ ~
Benzene ↓ ~ ~
Sulfur ditto ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ~ ~MTBE ditto ↑ ↑ ~ ↑ ~
Detergent ditto ↑ ↑ ×
↓
↓
↓
↓
↓
↓
↓
↓
↓
×
↓~ ~ ~ ~↓~
~
JAMA
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
COCO
NOxNOx
HCHC
100
0100
0100
50
0
50%60%
45%5%
59%75%
48%8%
Change test cycle(10 mode→10・15 mode)
8%27%50
50
2.6%
2.6%
1.6%
2005
0.8%
1.3%
1.6%
Trend of Emission Regulation in JapanTrend of Emission Regulation in Japan
Change test cycle(10 mode→10・15 mode)
Change test cycle(10 mode→10・15 mode)
98-99% reduction
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JAMA
Technology Trend for Low EmissionTechnology Trend for Low EmissionKey is to maximize the catalyst performance.
1. Minute air fuel ratio (A/F) control- Intelligent A/F management (high performance ECU etc.)- improving atomization of injected fuel (multi hole injector etc.)- Feedback systems (A/F sensor, 2O2 sensors system etc.)
2. Quick warm-up of catalyst- Small size warm-up catalyst- Insulated exhaust manifold- Sophisticated engine control (Ignition timing, A/F control etc.)
• Improving catalyst performance itself - High cell density catalyst - High loading of precious metals
JAMA
Example of LEV SystemExample of LEV System
Stainless steel long-necked exhaust
Wide range air-fuel sensor
Low temperature volume exhaust pipe (double)
S/C
Joint U/F
Thin U/F catalytic converter
Control• Optimum catalytic conversion
efficiency• Catalytic converter temperature• Catalyst deterioration• Independent injection
Fuel system• Improve atomization of injected
fuel• Improve ports (reduce wetness)• Reduce injection fuel density
Small volume warm-up catalytic converter
O2 Sensor
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JAMA
Relationship between Catalyst Relationship between Catalyst Efficiency and Inlet Gas Temperature Efficiency and Inlet Gas Temperature
Inlet Gas Temperature, deg.C
Con
vers
ion
Rat
e, %
0
20
40
60
80
100
100 200 300 400 500
Fuel sulfur : 30ppmw
HCbetter
worse
JAMA
Cumulative HC Emissions on LA#4 Mode
100
75
50
25
0LA#4 ModeLA#4 Mode
Cum
ulat
ive
HC
Em
issi
on (%
)
Aged Catalyst
1.3 litter Close-CoupledCatalyst System
SAE960797
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JAMA
Effect of Small Volume Warm up Catalyst Effect of Small Volume Warm up Catalyst
SAE960797
600
400
200
00 40 80 120 160Time (sec)B
ed T
empe
ratu
re (d
eg.C
)1.3 liter
0.5 liter
System B0.7 liter
1.1 liter
System A
Main
Warm-up
MainMainWarm-upWarm-up
JAMA
Main
0.7 liter 1.3 liter
0.5 liter
System B
1.1 liter
System AWarm-up
HC NOx2.0
1.0
0
1.5
0.5
SystemBA
2.0
1.0
0
SystemBA
1.5
0.5
Effect of WarmEffect of Warm--up Catalyst Volume on up Catalyst Volume on HC and HC and NOxNOx EmissionsEmissions
Nor
mal
ized
Em
issi
on
Nor
mal
ized
Em
issi
on
SAE960797
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JAMA
Conversion Characteristic of Conversion Characteristic of the 3 Way Catalystthe 3 Way Catalyst
0
20
40
60
80
100
12 13 14 15 16 17
window
A/F
Con
vers
ion
ratio
(%
)
NOxNOx
HCHC
COCO
better
worse
JAMA
A/F Sub-FeedbackA/F Main Feedback
Fuel Injector
Catalytic Converter
Front O2Sensor
Rear O2Sensor
ECU
Precise Air-Fuel Ratio Control
OEM Homepage
NOxNOx
COCO
HCHC
StoichiometricStoichiometric
AirAir--Fuel RatioFuel Ratio
Conv
ersio
n Ra
te %
Conv
ersio
n Ra
te %
100100
5050
Rich Rich Lean Lean
1-O2 Sensor System
2-O2 Sensor System
Image of A/F Control Window
Minute Air Fuel Ratio ControlMinute Air Fuel Ratio Control22--OO22 Sensors SystemSensors System
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JAMA
Comparison of Air/Fuel ManagementComparison of Air/Fuel Managementbetween Current and ULEV Technologybetween Current and ULEV Technology
Honda data of CRC Auto/Oil Symposium, Sept. ‘97
1.00.94 1.06
Honda ULEV84.9%Current
48.9%
Target±0.2 A/F
AIR-EXCESS FACTOR λ
‘97 sulfur symposium
JAMA
Effects of increasing Cell Density ofEffects of increasing Cell Density ofCatalyst on Emission ReductionCatalyst on Emission Reduction
SAE 2003-01-0817(Re-arrange)
4mil400cpsi*1)
2mil600cpsi
2mil800cpsi
2mil900cpsi
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Col
d B
ag N
MH
C, g
/mile
Cell Density
Catalyst Capacity: 0.9L
Aging Condition : 50k-mile equivalent quick aged on engine dyno.
1mil=25um
2 (or 4) mil is Thickness
Cell Density is Cell number per 1 inch2
(current)
*1) Estimation from the figure in the paper
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JAMA
Fuel Quality for Low EmissionsFuel Quality for Low EmissionsFuel quality to maximize the catalyst performance;
•For air fuel ratio controlDistillation propertiesDetergent (preventing deposits)
•For quicker warm up of catalystLowering sulfurMetal Free
•For keeping higher conversion efficiencyLowering sulfurMetal Free
JAMA
Effects of Fuel Sulfur Content onEffects of Fuel Sulfur Content onCatalyst EfficiencyCatalyst Efficiency
Inlet Gas Temperature, deg.C
Con
vers
ion
Rat
e, %
0
20
40
60
80
100
100 200 300 400 500
30ppmw
300ppmw
SAE922179
better
worse
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JAMA
Rel
ativ
e TH
C
150
-50
0
100
50
0 100 200 300 400 500 600Sulfur (ppmw)
LEV1-LEVLEV1-LEVLEV2 ULEVSULEV
SULEV
LEV,ULEV Rel
ativ
e N
Ox
150
-50
0
100
50
LEV1-LEVLEV1-LEVLEV2 ULEVSULEV
0 100 200 300 400 500 600Sulfur (ppmw)
SULEV
LEV,ULEV
Effects of Sulfur in Gasoline on Effects of Sulfur in Gasoline on Exhaust EmissionsExhaust Emissions
SULEV : Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle, ULEV : Ultra Low Emission Vehicle, LEV : Low Emission Vehicle
SAE 2000-01-2019SAE 2000-01-2019
JAMASAE2000-01-2019
Effects of Distillation TemperatureEffects of Distillation Temperatureon Exhaust Emissionson Exhaust Emissions
-20
0
20
40
60
60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130-20
0
20
40
60
130 140 150 160 170 180
LEV
ULEV
50% Distillation Temperature (deg.C)
base
base
Rel
ativ
e H
C e
mis
sion
s (%
)
90% Distillation Temperature (deg.C)
Rel
ativ
e H
C e
mis
sion
s (%
)
LEV
ULEV
ULEV
LEV
ULEV : Ultra Low Emission Vehicle, LEV : Low Emission Vehicle
SAE 2000-01-2019 (Re-arranged)
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JAMA
Effects of IVD on EmissionsEffects of IVD on Emissions
Rating '9 - 10'
050
100
050
100
050
100
149
101
127100
100
100HC
CO
NOx
Rating '6'Removal
ofIVD
Rel
ativ
e Ex
haus
t Em
issi
ons
(dirty) (Clean)
(*IVD=Intake Valve Deposit)
OEM data
JAMA
0.000.020.040.060.080.100.12
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000Miles
NM
OG
-g/
mi
Reference LDV 100K Std
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000Miles
NO
x -g
/mi
0.000.200.400.600.801.001.201.401.60
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000Miles
CO
-g/
mi
Miles
20
21
22
23
24
25
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000
mpg
ClearMMT
Alliance of Automobile Manufactures (2002)
Effects of Metal (Effects of Metal (MnMn) on Ex. Emissions) on Ex. Emissions
Alliance of Automobile Manufactures (2002)
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JAMA
(Manganese)Experience in the MarketExperience in the Market
OEM data
JAMA
Red deposit is Oxides of Fe
(Ferrocene)Experience in the MarketExperience in the Market
OEM Data
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JAMA
(Ferrocene)Experience in the MarketExperience in the Market
OEM Data
Entrance
Exit
Melting
Expansion
JAMA
Fuel Issues to be discussed in ChinaFuel Issues to be discussed in ChinaSummary of GasolineSummary of Gasoline
WWFC
Cat.2 Cat.3Market
(’02 Summer) Properties
Aromatics , vol%
Olefins , vol%
MetalsMetals , ppm
9.3 33.6~
18.3 38.0~
0.1 13.913.9~
40.0 max
20.0 max
N.D
SulfurSulfur , ppmw 69 719719~ 200 max 30 max
35.0 max
10.0 max
N.D
T50T50 , deg.C
T90 , deg.C
73.8 115.8115.8~
144.2 167.6~
77 100~
130 175~
RVP , kPa 32.3 67.3~ 55 70~
Oxygen , wt% 0.1 34.0~ 2.7 max
(Mn)
vol% MTBE (15 v% MTBE)
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JAMA
ConclusionsConclusions
1. To achieve stringent emission regulations, minute air fuel ratio management, quick warm-up of catalyst after cold starting, and improvement of the catalyst are key technologies for automobiles.
2. In order that these technologies demonstrate their performance, lowering sulfur, adequate range of T50 and T90, detergent to keep intake systems clean and metal free will be very important.
3. As considering introduction plan of stringent emission regulation and current fuel quality in China, fuel regulation for these properties should be discussed.
JAMA
Thank you!謝謝