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Fulflling the Promise oConcentrating Solar PowerLow-Cost Incentives Can Spur Innovation in the Solar Market
By Sean Pool and John Dos Passos Coggin June 2013
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Fulflling the Promise oConcentrating Solar PowerLow-Cost Incentives Can Spur
Innovation in the Solar Market
By Sean Pool and John Dos Passos Coggin May 2013
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1 Introduction and summary
3 6 reasons to support concentrating solar power
5 Concentrating solar power is a proven zero-carbon
technology with high growth potential
6 Concentrating solar power can be used for baseload power
7 Concentrating solar power has few impacts on natural resources
8 Concentrating solar power creates jobs
Concentrating solar power is low-cost electricity
9 Concentrating solar power is carbon-free electricity on a budget
11 Market and regulatory challenges to innovation
and deployment o CSP technology
13 Low-cost policy solutions to reduce risk, promote
investment, and drive innovation
14 Existing policy framework
15 Policy reforms to reduce risk and the cost of capital
17 Establish an independent clean energy deployment bank
18 Implement CLEAN contracts or feed-in tariffsReinstate the Depar tment of Energys Loan Guarantee Program
19 Price carbon
Policy reforms to streamline regulation and tax treatment
20 Tax reform for capital-intensive clean energy technologies
Guarantee transmission-grid connection for solar projects
21 Stabilize and monetize existing tax incentives
22 Further streamline regulatory approval by creating
an interagency one-stop shop for solar power
23 Regulatory transparency
24 Conclusion
26 About the authors
27 Endnotes
Contents
http://www.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/planet-2/report/2009/5/concentrating-solar-power-2009.pdfhttp://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2013/05/ivanpah-solar-project-is-more-than-92-complete/http://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2012/07/worlds-largest-concentrated-solar-plant/http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/02/13/solar-power-and-geopolitics-in-the-mediterranean/http://greeninc.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/06/03/bigger-role-for-concentrating-solar-power/http://www.csptoday.com/usa/pdf/USAtimeline.pdfhttp://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/partner/first-conferences/news/article/2011/06/us-concentrated-solar-power-industry-receives-its-biggest-boost-yet-by-american-doehttp://social.csptoday.com/tracker/projects/tablehttp://social.csptoday.com/tracker/projects/tablehttp://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/partner/first-conferences/news/article/2011/06/us-concentrated-solar-power-industry-receives-its-biggest-boost-yet-by-american-doehttp://www.csptoday.com/usa/pdf/USAtimeline.pdfhttp://greeninc.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/06/03/bigger-role-for-concentrating-solar-power/http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/02/13/solar-power-and-geopolitics-in-the-mediterranean/http://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2012/07/worlds-largest-concentrated-solar-plant/http://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2013/05/ivanpah-solar-project-is-more-than-92-complete/http://www.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/planet-2/report/2009/5/concentrating-solar-power-2009.pdf8/22/2019 Fulfilling the Promise of Concentrating Solar Power
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1 Center or American Progress | Fulilling the Promise o Concentrating Solar Power
Introduction and summary
Concenraing solar poweralso known as concenraed solar power, concen-
raed solar hermal, and CSPis a cos-eecive way o produce elecriciy while
reducing our dependence on oreign oil, improving domesic energy-price sabil-
iy, reducing carbon emissions, cleaning our air, promoing economic growh,
and creaing jobs. One physicis has even oued i as he echnology ha will
save humaniy.1
Grandiose claims aside, concenraing solar power has recenly garnered heatenion o he U.S. Deparmen o Energy. Te agency has creaed he SunSho
Iniiaive o lead research ino he echnologywork ha aims o increase e-
ciency, lower coss, and deliver more reliable perormance rom concenraing
solar power. Addiionally, high-prole U.S.-based companies such as IBM have
invesed in CSP research. Increasingly, privae and public sakeholders believe
ha he echnology holds he greaes poenial o harness he power o he sun o
mee naional susainabiliy goals.2
As he Whie House prepares a climae-change-reorm agenda ha embodies he
bold spiri o his years Sae o he Union address, in which Presiden Barack
Obama emphasized execuive auhoriy o regulae greenhouse gases, Congress
has begun debaing he naions new energy uure. Concenraing solar power
should be a key componen o his dialogue.
Some are concerned ha clean echnologies are oo immaure and unreliable o
produce he vas sores o aordable baseload energy needed o power he 21s
cenury American economy. Ohers are worried ha he naion canno swich o
carbon-ree elecriciy wihou ruining he economy. CSP echnology, however,
presens a compelling response o each o hese concerns.
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2 Center or American Progress | Fulilling the Promise o Concentrating Solar Power
In his repor we deail why he Unied Saes should inves in concenraing solar
power and delineae he marke and regulaory challenges o he innovaion and
deploymen o CSP echnology. We also oer he ollowing low-cos policy solu-
ions ha can reduce risk, promoe invesmen, and drive innovaion in he CSP
indusry:
Reducing risk and cos o capial or clean solar energy
Esablish an independen clean energy deploymen bank. Implemen CLEAN conracs or concenraing solar power. Reinsae he Deparmen o Energy Loan Guaranee Program. Pu a naional price on carbon.
Sreamlining regulaion and ax reamen o CSP
Reorm he ax code o pu capial-inensive clean echnologies on equal oo-ing wih ossil uels.
Guaranee ransmissions grid connecion or concenraing solar power and
oher solar projecs. Sabilize and moneize exising ax incenives. Sreamline he regulaory approval process by creaing an ineragency one-
sop shop or concenraing solar power and oher clean energy power-gener-
aion aciliies. Ensure long-erm regulaory ransparency.
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3 Center or American Progress | Fulilling the Promise o Concentrating Solar Power
6 reasons to support
concentrating solar power
A proven energy echnology wih a 30-year rack record, concenraing solar
power is a promising clean elecriciy source ripe or developmen in he
Unied Saes.
Concenraing solar power is a simple echnology in principle: I requires reec-
ing very large amouns o sunligh ono a very small area, creaing hea ha can be
convered ino elecriciy. Indeed, hose who ook survival-raining class, wheher
in he boy scous or elsewhere, may remember learning how a simple magniyingglass can be used o concenrae he suns rays o sar a re. In ancien Greece,
hisorical accouns hold ha he Greek army, under insrucion rom Archimedes,
used large oblong mirrors o reec he suns rays o se ablaze invading Roman sea
vessels in 212 B.C.3
Te rs commercial-scale applicaion o his echnology was he Solar Energy
Generaing Sysem, or SEGS, which was buil in Caliornia in he 1980s. SEGS
coninues o operae under new ownership, and oday conains more han 900,000
parabolic rough-syle mirrors a nine separae sies in Souhern Caliornia and
accouns or 310 megawats, or MW, o insalled generaing capaciyenough o
power nearly a quarer o a million homes a peak producion.4
Concenraing solar power, unlike sandard solar phoovolaic echnology, sores
hea raher han elecriciy, making sorage using CSP echnology poenially
much cheaper and more eecive han solar phoovolaic, or PV, echnology. Tis
sorage capaciy allows CSP power plans o generae baseload power, which is
he minimum power ha a uiliy mus supply o is cusomers o mee demand
a a given ime.5 Since concenraing solar power can suppor he naions elecric-
iy grid during all hours o he day, i is able o compee on par wih naural gasand oher radiional ossil-uel sources o energy, wihou he need or expensive
batery sysems. Many oher orms o clean energy producion do no have his
capabiliy, making he elecriciy generaed less valuable and harder o uilize or
grid operaors.6
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4 Center or American Progress | Fulilling the Promise o Concentrating Solar Power
Addiionally, concenraing solar power uses relaively cheap, pleniul building
maerials; creaes more jobs per megawat han any convenional ossil-uel based
echnology; and already delivers low-cos elecriciy o homes across he world.7
Concenraing solar power is experiencing a resurgence domesically. Te Solana
CSP plan in Arizona and he Ivanpah CSP aciliies in Souhern Caliornia, whencompleed his year, will be wo o he larges CSP aciliies in he world.8 Tey
will provide more han 500 megawats o power, or enough o power more han
150,000 homes. Tese aciliies uncion by using he suns concenraed rays o
hea uid o more han 700 degrees Fahrenhei and exploiing ha sored hea o
power seam urbines.9 ogeher, hese wo plans will provide more han 4,000
union consrucion jobs and more han 160 permanen operaion and maine-
nance jobs in Arizona and Caliornia.10
Developers in he European Union are already looking o build 20 gigawats, or
GW, o concenraing solar power in Norh Arica by 2020.11 o realize he samekind o innovaion and growh in he Unied Saes, however, he Whie Houses
2013 energy agenda will have o address many regulaory and marke-based
obsacles ha are holding concenraing solar power back rom is ull poenial.
We will describe hese obsacles in more deail in he nex secion.
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5 Center or American Progress | Fulilling the Promise o Concentrating Solar Power
Concentrating solar power is a proven zero-carbon
technology with high growth potential
Concenraing solar power is no a new or experimenal echnology. Te rs CSP
plans were buil in Caliornia in he 1980s and coninue o produce elecriciy
oday.13
Te American Recovery and Reinvesmen Ac o 2009 provided a bundle o
incenives ha simulaed he U.S. solar indusry and excied is business leaders.
In ac, Te Economistand Te New York imes boh published aricles or repors
on solar echnologys revival in he summer o 2009.14 Also ha year, Sopogy, a
Hawaiian solar-hermal echnology supplier, buil Holaniku, a 2 MW CSP dem-onsraion projec, a he Naional Energy Laboraory o Hawaii, and a Caliornia-
based CSP rm called eSolar began operaion o he Sierra Sun ower, a 5 MW
waer- and seam-ower demonsraion plan.15
Existing, planned, and under-construction CSP plants worldwide
2 5
1
1
32
1
1
5
210
2
12
22
1
2
310
24
42
1
1
3
1
6
1
498
1
3
1
2
1817
Operational
Planned
Source: CSP World, CASP World Map, available at http://www.csp-world.com/cspworldmap(last accessed May 2013).
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6 Center or American Progress | Fulilling the Promise o Concentrating Solar Power
In 2010 U.S. cumulaive CSP capaciy rom is 17 operaing CSP plans reached
507 MW.16 In 2011 he Deparmen o Energy announced $3.35 billion in loan
guaranees or our dieren projecs, adding more simulus o he U.S. CSP
indusry.17
Te oal worldwide watage produced by CSP has reached 2.5 GW.18
Plans cur-renly under consrucion will generae an addiional 2 GW, and all plans ha are
currenly in he pipeline a any sage o developmen will add beween 10 GW and
16 GWhe equivalen o more han 30 ypical 500 MW gas-red power plans
when complee in he nex ew years.19
Measured by insalled capaciy, Spain coninues o lead he world CSP marke; is
insalled CSP-generaing capaciy oaled 1,042 MW in 2012, compared o 509
MW in he Unied Saes ha year. Bu Spain recenly suspended all o is renew-
able-energy incenives by royal decree in an eor o cu governmen coss.20
Meanwhile, he U.S. CSP indusry coninues o grow.21 In Arizona alone, more
han 1 GW o CSP is eiher operaing, under consrucion, or planned.22
In his years Sae o he Union address, Presiden Obama challenged he counry
o double he deploymen o renewable-energy echnologies by 2020.23 Because
concenraing solar power lacks supply-chain botlenecks and doesn require
expensive maerial inpussee belowi has he poenial o grow exponenially
in he worlds sunny regions over he coming decades.24 Condiions are ripe or
he Unied Saes o ake he lead in he already-global and growing CSP marke.
Concentrating solar power can be used for baseload power
Concenraing solar power has many advanages over oher clean energy ech-
nologies because i can generae elecriciy around he clock. By soring excess
hea energy during he day and releasing i overnigh or during periods o cloudy
weaher, concenraing solar power can generae sable baseload power 24 hours a
day. Soring hea energy is 20 o 100 imes more cos-eecive han batery sorage
o elecriciy, wih energy-conversion eciencies already exceeding 90 percen.25
Signican advances have recenly been made in hea-sorage echnology, which
could make CSP energy-producion levels even more sable. New ernary molen
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7 Center or American Progress | Fulilling the Promise o Concentrating Solar Power
sals using poassium calcium nirae, or CN-K, have a lower meling poin and pro-
vide a larger emperaure range, beter sorage capabiliy, and enhanced saey.26
Finally, concenraing solar power can be paired wih small naural gas-red
plans o urher increase eciency and sabiliy. In 2010 Florida Power &
Ligh Co. compleed consrucion o he Marin Nex Generaion Solar EnergyCener, a 75 MW gas-and-CSP hybrid aciliy near Indianown, Florida.27
Whenever sunligh alls below he necessary level o run he aciliy, he on-sie
naural-gas urbine can come online and, wihin a ew minues, accoun or he
dierence, ensuring ha he plan can operae wih marke-expeced levels o
reliabiliy in any weaher condiion.
Concentrating solar power has few impacts on natural resources
Unlike solar phoovolaics, which require large amouns o scarce maerials suchas silicon, copper indium selenide, or cadmium elluride, CSP plans are made
rom low-cos and durable maerials such as seel and glass. In 2005, or example, a
global scarciy o silicon caused supply-chain botlenecks in solar-cell manuacure
and drove up he prices o panels considerably.28 CSP plans, however, when buil
a scale, are inexpensive and less suscepible o supply chain botlenecks han are
rare earh mineral-dependen phoovolaic power cells.29
Furhermore, concenraing solar power uses less land per megawat han any
oher orm o renewable energy,30 generaing 1.5 o 3 imes more power per
acre han solar phoovolaic echnology.31 According o a repor by he Naional
Renewable Energy Laboraory, CSP plans acually use abou he same amoun o
land as ossil-uel-based generaion because ossil uel plans use addiional land
or mining and exploraion as well as road building o reach he mines.32
Addiionally, CSP plan componens such as ernary molen sals, receivers, and
collecors coninue o make eciency gains, which decrease he capial and oper-
aing expendiures or uiliy-scale projecs. Te ederal governmens SunSho
CSP Research and Developmen program33 recenly announced a $55 million
invesmen in 21 projecs o kicksar more breakhroughs in eciency.34
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8 Center or American Progress | Fulilling the Promise o Concentrating Solar Power
Concentrating solar power creates jobs
CSP plans are more capial inensive han radiional ossil-uel plans; heir
insallaion is quick bu expensive. Once online, however, CSP plan operaing
coss are exremely low since sunshine is ree. Invesmens in CSP plans hereore
produce higher economic benes in erms o jobs creaed per uni o buil capac-iy han convenional elecriciy-generaion echnologies.35
A repor by he Naional Renewable Energy Laboraory esimaes ha invesmen
in 100 MW o concenraing solar power in 2015 will generae 4,000 job years, 94
permanen jobs, and $628 million o economic oupu. (A job year is he equiva-
len o one ull-ime job susained or one year.) Invesmen in a 100 MW radi-
ional naural gas-ueled power plan, by comparison, would creae jus 330 job
years, 13 permanen jobs, and $47 million o economic oupu.36 Tis means ha
CSP invesmen creaes more han 10 imes more wealh and employmen per
megawat han invesmens in he same amoun o ossil-uel power.
Concentrating solar power is low-cost electricity
Sudies show ha concenraing solar power is already cheaper han coal wih
carbon capure and sorage, or CCS. I is also in many places cheaper han naural-
gas-red generaion wihou
any carbon capure a peak
imes o he day.37
In Caliornia, or example,
he levelized energy cos, or
LEC, o concenraing solar
power is already as low as
12 cens per kilowat-hour,
compared o 19 cens per
kilowat-hour or elecriciy
generaed in he region by a
simple-cycle naural gas-redplan.38 Concenraing solar
power has he poenial o
mee demand while lowering
energy bills.
The cost o CSP has allen dramatically and is set to all even urther
The cost per kilowatt of existing and proposed CSP facilities has decreased as th
cumulative number of built facilities has incerased globally. This mirrors the clas
experience curve identified by technology experts.
Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Assessment of Parabolic Trough and Power Tower Solar Technology Cost and
Performance Forecasts (2003). These are forward projections created by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
200 400 600 800 1000 1200
2010USD/kW
Cumulative Capacity (MW)
Solar Thermal Cost
Experience Curve
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9 Center or American Progress | Fulilling the Promise o Concentrating Solar Power
New ederal research and
developmen iniiaives are
aiming o drive he cos o
concenraing solar power
down o 6 cens per kilo-
wat-hour.39
Te NaionalRenewable Energy Laboraory
concludes ha or every 1
percen improvemen in
he eciency o elecriciy
generaion rom sunligh, CSP
coss will all by a whopping
7 percen.40 Te gure below
shows he laboraorys predic-
ions or he price pah o
delivered elecriciy over henex decade.
I curren rends coninue, he
price o concenraing solar power will plumme in he coming decade.
Meanwhile, he cos o building and operaing a convenional ossil-uel-based
power plan has more han doubled over he pas 10 years and is projeced o
rise even urher, as increasing global demand drives up he price o he limied
supplies o ossil uels.42 Tis is one reason why invesmens in concenraing solar
power are already oupacing invesmens in carbon-capure echnology.43
Concentrating solar power is carbon-free electricity on a budget
McKinsey & Company deermined ha concenraing solar power will be a much
more cos-eecive way o generae carbon-ree elecriciy han coal wih capure
and sorage. Using very conservaive assumpions, McKinsey predics ha by
2015 i will be 3 imes more expensive o sequeser 1 meric on o carbon rom a
coal plan han o avoid he emission o he same meric on o carbon by genera-ing elecriciy wih concenraing solar power.44
Where uture cost reductions will come rom
Breakdown of reductions in levelized cost of electricity (or LCOE) for CSP plants
projected by 2025.
Source: A.T. Kearney and ESTELA, 2010 via in International Renewable Energy Agency, Renewable Energy Technologies: Cost AnSeries, page 35. (See endnote 41.)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
18-22%
10-15%
21-33%
45-60%
40-55%reduction
1st large-scale
plants
Capital cost
reduction
Efficiency
improvements
Economies
of scale
LCOE
in 2025
28-37%points
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10 Center or American Progress | Fulilling the Promise o Concentrating Solar Power
Even by 2030, when many hope ha he marke or carbon
capure and sorage echnology will have become widespread, i
will sill be roughly wice as expensive per meric on o carbon
avoided han concenraing solar power. Tis means ha as we
begin o inernalize he coss o carbon polluion, CSP plans
will emerge as more proable and less expensive han coal wihCCS echnology. According o he Global CSP Oulook 2009,
concenraing solar power could mee up o 7 percen o he
worlds projeced elecriciy needs in 2030, rising o 25 percen
by 2050.45
Cost o reducing 1 metric ton o CO2
Concentrating solar power becomes profita
a much lower carbon price than coal with c
capture and storage
Source: McKinsey & Company, Pathways to a Low-Carbon Economy2 of the Global Greenhouse Gas Abatement Cost Curve (2009). Curre
converted using Translatum, The Textor Currency Converter, availabhttp://www.translatum.gr/converter/currency.htm?texaccept=site++accepts+conditions+at+http percent3A percent2F percent2Fccon
com&val1=26&cur1=1.000000&cur2=0.724461 (last accessed May 20
$0
$20
$40
$60
$80
$100
Coal with CCS
Concentrated solar powe
$96
$36$41
$1
2015 2030
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11 Center or American Progress | Fulilling the Promise o Concentrating Solar Power
Market and regulatory challenges
to innovation and deployment of
CSP technology
Invesing in concenraing solar power is a cos-eecive way o reduce our depen-
dence on oreign oil, improve domesic energy-price sabiliy, miigae carbon
emissions, clean our air, promoe economic growh, and creae jobs. Bu a cenury
o subsidies and special ax loopholes or convenional ossil-uel echnologies,47
as well as he markes inabiliy o inernalize he real cos o rising carbon emis-
sions, have kep he incumben ossil-uel-based echnologies locked in while
keeping innovaive carbon-ree energy sources such as concenraing solar power
locked ou o our energy sysem.
CSP projec developers and he invesors who und hem ace boh marke-based
and regulaory barriers prevening heir echnology rom achieving he scale o
mainsream energy echnologies, including:
1. Higher cost of financing: Because concenraing solar power is misakenly
perceived as a new and risky echnology, nancing or i is more expensive han
nancing or ossil uels. Risk premiums drive up ineres raes on loans.
2. Unnecessary risk exposure: Alhough CSP plans do no use ossil uels o gen-
erae elecriciy, hey are sill subjec o price volailiy since convenional-uel
coss shape many regulaed regional elecriciy markes.
3. No market value of environmental benefits: Despie he success o he
Regional Greenhouse Gas Iniiaive in he Norheas and Caliornias new cap-
and-rade sysem, here is sill no naionwide price or carbon polluion, despie
he very real economic harms i is known o cause. Tis removes a major com-
peiive advanage ha concenraing solar power would oherwise enjoy over
ossil-uel-based generaion. In odays marke, naural gas is cheap.
4. Capital intensive compared to fossil fuels: CSP plans have zero lieime uel
coss, bu because concenraing solar power requires a grea proporion o
capial upron raher han over he lie o he plan in he orm o uel coss,
nancing he plans is more dicul.
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12 Center or American Progress | Fulilling the Promise o Concentrating Solar Power
5. Regulatory uncertainty and high transaction costs: Obaining regulaory
approval or siing, generaion, ransmission, and environmenal auhorizaion
is risky, burdensome, and ime-consuming because o he messy pachwork o
local, sae, and ederal regulaory auhoriies.
6. Lack of sufficient transmission planning: While ossil-uel plans are reeo locae wherever sucien ransmission and ransporaion inrasruc-
ure is presen, CSP plans have an addiional locaion consrain: he sun.
Unorunaely, here is ofen insucien ransmission inrasrucure o suppor
concenraing solar power in he places where i works bes, and here are ew
eecive ederal policies o assis in siing new ransmission.48
For he Unied Saes o ake advanage o he economic opporuniies oered by
rapid CSP echnology innovaion and deploymen, Congress mus work ogeher
wih ederal agencies o address hese marke and regulaory barriers wih a com-
prehensive and long-erm approach.
Conrary o he assumpions o many, indusry leaders are increasingly conden
ha overcoming barriers o CSP echnology innovaion and deploymen does no
require an expensive governmen-led R&D push.49 Insead, a ew simple, low-cos
policy reorms and indirec incenives50 can harness he power o Americas inno-
vaors and invesors o reduce coss, leverage privae capial, creae jobs, and drive
economic growhwihou increasing he size o governmen or he deci.51
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13 Center or American Progress | Fulilling the Promise o Concentrating Solar Power
Low-cost policy solutions to
reduce risk, promote investment,
and drive innovation
As Congress and he Whie House develop separae approaches o combaing he
deleerious eecs o global climae change hrough energy-policy reorm, hey
should boh aim or a ew elegan, long-erm incenives ha will simulae he CSP
indusrys nex phase o growh.
In a 2008 CAP repor iled, A New Sraegy o Spur Energy Innovaion, auhors
Peer Ogden, John Podesa, and John Deuch oulined in broad srokes he neces-
siy o a marke-driven approach o energy-innovaion policy:
Energy innovation, however, requires a market-driven rather than technology-
driven approach to R&D, because new energy technologies are only useul
insoar as they are adopted and deployed by private industry. Tis requires that
the government work closely with the private sector and environmental regula-
tors to develop and demonstrate technologies that can be protable given existing
and anticipated market conditions and environmental standards. Tis also has
the important benet o creating some real assets, such as production acilities
and intellectual property that could enable the government to recoup a portion
o its outlay.52
Tis kind o approach, hey concluded, was more cos eecive in erms o value
added per axpayer dollar spen and more eecive overall a meeing he goal o
increasing marke paricipaion by privae-secor acors. Building upon his oun-
daion, a marke-driven policy ramework or CSP innovaion should be guided
by hree principles:
Policies mus be ransparen and inclusive o all public and privae-secor
sakeholders.
Policies mus esablish and build upon he commercial easibiliy o he
echnology.
Policies mus be low cos and scally responsible.
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Given he poliical realiies o odays economic recession and he rising ederal
deci, policies need o be designed o harness he laen innovaion poenial o
he privae secor, raher han increase direc ederal oulays. As Ogden, Podesa,
and Deuch poin ou:
the ederal government does not make adequate use o indirect innovationincentives such as guaranteed purchase, loan guarantees, and tax credits. ... By
relying on direct cost reimbursement, the ederal government increases the risk
that it will end up underwriting the development and demonstration o technolo-
gies that are not commercially viable, as was the case with the U.S. Synthetic
Fuels program.53
In any economic ime, smar incenives or high-ech should be easy o adminiser
and should creae more socioeconomic benes han he coss hey impose on
axpayers. Te incenives oulined here or CSP echnology mee his sandard. An
analysis by he Naional Renewable Energy Laboraory showed ha invesmenin CSP resuled in 10 imes more economic oupu and 4 imes more governmen
revenue han did similar invesmens in gas-red generaion.54
Existing policy framework
Progressives in Congress and in ederal agencies have already creaed a number
o policy ools ha can help address some o he challenges described above and
accelerae CSP innovaion and deploymen, including:
Loan guarantees: Te embatled ile XVII Loan Guaranee Program grans he
Deparmen o Energy he auhoriy o guaranee loans ha suppor early com-
mercial use o advanced echnologies, including concenraing solar power.55
Regulatory fast tracking: Former Secreary o he Inerior Ken Salazar
announced ha he Deparmen o he Inerior would se aside 285,000 acres
o public lands in he sunny Souhwes or solar research and expedied envi-
ronmenal approval under a program called solar energy zones.56 Te zones
have already helped spur a boom in solar-power building, wih 27 projecsannounced since 2008.57
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Research, development, and demonstration: Te Naional Solar Termal es
Faciliy is an R&D parnership among several naional labs aimed a providing a
es bed and plaorm where various indusry players can come ogeher o col-
laborae around innovaion.58
Manufacturing innovation: Te 48C ederal manuacuring ax credi providesa 30 percen ax credi o manuacurers who build CSP componen pars. Te
program unding is limied, however, so no all companies are able o access he
ax credi each year.59 Te unds delivered in jus he rs round o credis under
Secion 48 are esimaed o have creaed nearly 60,000 manuacuring jobs.60
Investment tax credits: Te Business Energy Invesmen ax Credi, or IC,
provides up o a 30 percen ax cu o companies developing CSP generaion
aciliies.61 Addiionally, he credi was made more useul o small companies
hrough Secion 1603 o he American Recovery and Reinvesmen Ac, which
allows companies ha are no ye proableand hereore don ye have anyax liabiliyo ake cash grans in lieu o ax credis.62 Many U.S. solar rms
have exploied his bene.
State policies: Several sae incenives lower he insallaion coss or CSP
developers, including sae renewable energy porolio sandards, producion ax
credis, and ne meering provisions.63
Despie his poen array o policies, many o hese measures are emporary and
narrowly ailored. Innovaion and cos reducion in capial-inensive indusries
such as elecriciy generaion require long lead imes and sable policy environ-
mens wihin which companies can compee. Te exising cluser o ederal and
sae incenives is sill oo unpredicable o atrac mos mainsream invesors.
Policy reforms to reduce risk and the cost of capital
Eighy percen o he coss o a CSP plan come rom consrucion and associaed
deb, while only 20 percen o he coss come rom operaion and mainenance
over is lieime.64
On he one hand, his relaively high upron capial cos meansha once he loans are repaid afer 25 or 30 years, he coss o generaed elecriciy
becomes exremely lowaround 3 cens per kilowat-hour.65 On he oher hand,
he upron capial inensiy makes securing low-cos nancing one o he mos
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criical botlenecks in he developmen o new CSP projecs, according o Tomas
Mancini, program manager or CSP a Sandia Naional Lab. 66
Tis is because CSP plan developers mus ake ou larger loans a he ouse o a
projec, and mus pay higher raes o ineres on hose loans due o he invesors
increased risks when nancing new echnologies compared o enrenched, saus-quo echnologies. Te resul is ha simply he cos o nancing, or even obaining
loans, represens a signican porion o he nal cos o elecriciy or concen-
raing solar powermore so han any energy echnology oher han nuclear.67
Indeed, an analysis by he Inernaional Renewable Energy Agency, or IRENA,
ound ha o 30 dieren cos ceners in he consrucion o an average CSP plan,
he cos o nancing made up he ourh-larges source o he cos, accouning or
6 percen.68
CSP developers ace a broad se o risks when nancing a projec, saring wih he
mispercepion ha he echnology is new and hereore rie wih uncerainy. Willhe coss and imeline o consrucion be predicable? Will he siing auhoriza-
ion or environmenal risk assessmen creae unexpeced delays? Will appraisers
accuraely value he projec? Will he projec have access o he ransmission grid
and power markes? Will he regulaory or poliical incenives change suddenly?
Will here be a price on carbon or a credi or carbon-ree elecriciy?
Each o hese quesions increases he overall risk perceived by invesors, and
each drives up he cos o nancingand hereore he cos o elecriciyby a
small bu signican amoun. As a resul, promoing cerainy in CSP markes is a
powerul way o reduce he overall cos and increase he availabiliy o echnology
in he Unied Saes.
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Te able below, aken rom an NREL analysis, shows ha or every 1 percen
reducion in he inernal rae o reurn demanded by invesors, he nal delivered
cos o a kilowat-hour o CSP elecriciy drops by hal a cen per kilowat-hour.69
Table 1
Risk premium and cost o capitalThe cost of capital has a large influence on the final levelized cost
of electricity for concentrating solar thermal
Cost o capital
(internal rate o return)
Projected levelized cost o delivered
electricity in 2020
Percent dierence
13% $0.051 per kWh -7.1%
14% $0.055 per kWh Base case
15% $0.059 per kWh +7.6%
Note: A 1 percent increase in the cost of capital leads to a 7.6 percent increase in the projected levelized cost of delivered electricity.
Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Assessment of Parabolic Trough and Power Tower Solar Technology Cost and PerformanceForecasts.70
Below are some o he numerous policy opions ha exis o miigae he risk el
by invesors, hereby reducing he cos o capial o projec developers and he
cos o nal delivered elecriciy.
Establish an independent clean energy deployment bank
One o he mos powerul proposals or increasing privae capial ows and reduc-
ing cos is o creae a clean energy deploymen bank wih he auhoriy o back
privae loans or CSP and oher carbon-ree energy projecs.71
An independen green bank capialized a $10 billion could use a variey o nan-
cial insrumens o simulae $100 billion or more in privae invesmen oward
CSP projecs and componen manuacure.72 In heir issue brie iled, A Green
Bank Is he Righ ool or Jobs, CAP expers Richard W. Caperon and Bracken
Hendricks laid ou a comprehensive se o principles or how such an insiu-ion should uncion. Included are recommendaions ha he bank be governed
independenly o he Deparmen o Energy; have exibiliy o use a wide range o
nancial insrumens; and ocus on innovaion, manuacure, and deploymen.73
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Te increased availabiliy o privae-capial invesmen would encourage com-
panies o compee o produce he bes echnologies a he lowes cosa major
prerequisie or successul innovaion in CSP echnology.
Implement CLEAN contracts or feed-in tariffs
Since concenraing solar power does no require any uel, i should heorei-
cally experience no uel-price volailiy whasoever. Since many uiliies across
he naion are required o use avoided-cos pricing, however, hey ulimaely ie
he cos o clean energy o he price o oher ossil uels. Tis means ha many
regulaed uiliies se he price o elecriciy rom nonradiional sources based
on he esimaed cos hey would have had o spend on he same elecriciy rom
radiional sourcesno he acual cos o solar. Tis creaes he poenial or siu-
aions in which he price o elecriciy generaed rom CSP would be priced based
on he cos o ossil uels, unairly exposing raepayers and invesors o he risko long-erm ossil-uel price increases. Exposing clean-ech invesors o his risk
unairly robs raepayers and projec developers o he price-sabiliy benes ha
predicable solar energy should provide.74
CLEANwhich sands or Clean Local Energy Available Nowconracs, also
known as eed-in aris, help power-plan developers reduce heir risk exposure
by creaing a guaraneed price or clean elecriciy o a se period o ime. Moving
regulaed uiliies oward a price guaranee or carbon-ree elecriciy would elimi-
nae unnecessary risk exposure and reduce he cos o nancing concenraing
solar power, ulimaely lowering he cos. Since uiliies are regulaed mosly a he
sae level, such an eor would require a pachwork o sae policies.75
Reinstate the Department of Energys Loan Guarantee Program
Since 2011 he Deparmen o Energy has awarded a oal o $4.235 billion in loan
guaranees o ve CSP projecs accouning or 1.312 GW o oupu.76 Lae las
year, however, he Loan Guaranee Program was erminaed because Congress
misundersood is purpose.77
Congress should, however, revive he program; sincei leverages privae capial, his approach coss axpayers nohing unless projec
developers deaul. Simply pu, under his policy, he governmen helps ake on
some o he risk oherwise borne by he projec developers and invesors, hus
signaling condence in he CSP indusry and reducing he cos o nancing.
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Price carbon
One o he mos powerul hings he ederal governmen can do o incenivize
clean energy echnologies such as concenraing solar power is make polluers pay
or heir amospheric carbon emissions. Te carbon-ree naure o concenraing
solar power should be a major compeiive advanage over incumben ossil-uelechnologies, bu because ossil-uel companies can emi carbon polluion a
no cos in mos pars o his counryCaliornia and mos Norheasern saes
exceped78concenraing solar power is robbed o ha inheren srucural
advanage. Tis is why a robus and equiable cap-and-rade sysem or carbon ax
needs o be a criical cenerpiece o energy legislaion in he 113h Congress.
Policy reforms to streamline regulation and tax treatment
In addiion o xing he marke ailures lised above, here are many areas whereregulaory ailures also add o he coss o CSP projecs and sall he echnol-
ogys progress.
CSP developers ace a genuine labyrinh o regulaory obsacles. Tey mus seek
regulaory approval or siing, grid connecion, power producion, and environ-
menal perormance. Tis burden can add millions o dollars in legal ees, unex-
peced delays, and shor-erm nancing coss o a projecs budge. In paricular,
he siing o new ransmission lines, which ofen involves overlapping jurisdicions
and many local, sae, and ederal agencies, creaes a major regulaory uncerainy
or projec developers.
Furher, sae and ederal ax reamen o capial disproporionaely aecs
capial-inensive invesmens such as concenraing solar power, compared o
expense-inensive convenional coal or gas-red generaion. Tis is because CSP
plans mus nance more o heir capial coss upron han convenional power
plans. According o he Naional Renewable Energy Labs analysis:
i a conventional ossil power plant were required to purchase all o its uel
upont and the uel were treated as a capital investment om a tax and nanc-ing standpoint, the cost of power would be more than double. I this upont
capital investment penalty could be eliminated, [concentrated solar] power could
compete directly with the most advanced and ecient ossil uel technologies.79
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While acceleraed depreciaion, implemened under he Energy Policy Ac o
2005 and improved under he American Recovery and Reinvesmen Ac, has
helped miigae his burden somewha,80 he exising policies are no sucienly
long erm or predicable o oser invesor condence, especially higher up on he
supply chain. Acceleraed depreciaion allows he owners o power plans o book
he lieime cos o depreciaion o heir inrasrucure in a shorer period o ime;or example, wo or ve years insead o 10 or 20.
Below are some o he simple regulaory and ax changes on he ederal level ha
can eecively miigae he unnecessary risks and nancial burdens ha currenly
inhibi invesmen and innovaion around CSP echnology.
Tax reform for capital-intensive clean energy technologies
As CAPs Richard Caperon and Sima Gandhi showed in heir 2010 repor iled,Americas Hidden Power Bill, U.S. ax policy heavily avors ossil-uel compa-
nies, giving hem an unair advanage in energy markes.81 Giving ax breaks o
CSP projecs o he same magniude as hose ha have radiionally been given o
ossil-uel plans would be a powerul move oward leveling he playing eld or
his echnology.
Leveling he axaion environmen in his way would cos he ederal governmen
a airly small amoun o money bu would have large impacs on driving down he
nal cos o elecriciy and increasing scalabiliy by driving more privae capial
and reducing he cos o nancing. Te experience o he Solar Energy Generaing
Sysems, or SEGS, aciliy in Caliornia showed ha a 1 percen reducion in he
propery-ax rae on he value o he solar propery corresponded wih a decrease
o approximaely 10 percen in he nal cos o he delivered energy.82
Guarantee transmission-grid connection for solar projects
In June 2010 he Deparmen o he Ineriors Bureau o Land Managemen, or
BLM, released a renal schedule or solar energy righ-o-way auhorizaions onpublic landsessenially a se o guidelines explaining when and under wha
circumsances grid connecion could be expeced or solar projecs.83 Tis mea-
sure has provided much-needed cerainy abou he cos o siing CSP projecs
on public lands.
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o be ruly eecive, however, his schedule mus be coupled wih a guaranee
or CSP grid connecion. While he deparmen is currenly engaged in ongoing
ransmission planning eors,84 Congress needs o empower he Deparmen o
he Inerior and he Federal Elecriciy Regulaory Commission o ake a more
acive role in sreamlining permiting and ransmission issues or clean echnolo-
gies such as concenraing solar power.
Many counries ha have eed-in-ari laws also require grid operaors and uiliy
companies o guaranee grid connecion o renewable-energy projecs ha mee
basic crieria. In he Unied Saes, access o he ransmission grid is one o he
hardes seps in he projec developmen process. Tis complicaion increases
he cos o capial and he nal cos o elecriciy. When energy enrepreneur .
Boone Pickens bough 667 wind urbines in 2009 wih plans o insall hem in his
home sae o exas,85 or example, his company proved unable o obain approval
or grid connecion a his sie o choice. Financial problems resuled or his rm,
ulimaely orcing him o abandon he projec alogeher.
o avoid his uncerainy, he seven souhwesern saes ha have he bes CSP
developmen poenial should ocus on coordinaing aciviies a a regional level
o ensure land wih high CSP poenial is well served by necessary ransmission-
line developmen planning.86
Going one sep urher, implemening a guaraneed grid-connecion policy in
he Unied Saes, as was done in Europe wih wind energy, would be a powerul
acceleraor o CSP developmen.87 Such policy is dicul given he dissociaed
srucure o local, sae, and ederal auhoriies, bu Congress his year has he
opporuniy o x his broken aspec o energy policy. o do so would remove
one o he larges quesion marks in he projec-developmen process, reducing
boh risk and cos.
Stabilize and monetize existing tax incentives
Tanks o he Energy Policy Ac o 2005 and he American Recovery and
Reinvesmen Ac, a number o ax credis already exis (see he lis on page 14).Many o he incenives currenly in place, however, such as he 48C manuacur-
ing ax credi and he invesmen ax credi, are eiher emporary, limied in supply,
or subjec o requen reauhorizaion. Tis uncerainy ruins he planning process
or CSP developers.
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A CSP pars manuacurer considering plan consrucion in he Unied Saes,
or example, will wan o know ha here will be demand or hose pars 10 or 15
years in he uure. U.S. energy policy should ocus on srenghening he sabiliy
o incenives or manuacurers, projec developers, and power buyers so hey can
rely on hese policies in he conex o long-erm business planning.
Furhermore, he level o unding or he 48C program o dae has only been su-
cien o cover abou one-hird o he demand rom advanced energy-echnology
manuacurers.88 Congress should ully und he 48C manuacuring ax credi
and remove he cap, as was proposed in Sen. Sherrod Browns (D-OH) Securiy in
Energy and Manuacuring, or SEAM, Ac o 2012.89
Congress should also reauhorize he U.S. Deparmen o reasury 1603 cash
grans or renewable energy in lieu o ax credis or 10 years and add addiional
language o expand he 1603 program so i can be applied o 48C ax credis in
addiion o he invesmen ax credi. Te 1603 gran has become he cener-piece o many solar business plans; CSP rms need assurance ha ederal budge
sequesraion will no dilue he payou o approved grans.90
Finally, Congress should heed he message o Presidens Obamas 2013 Sae o
he Union address and make he renewable energy producion ax credi perma-
nen, reundable, and applicable o concenraing solar power or 10 years.91
Further streamline regulatory approval by creating
an interagency one-stop shop for solar power
Te coss o obaining regulaory approval are subsanial and can add millions o
dollars o he cos o CSP projec developmen. Projec developers mus obain
regulaory approval rom agencies as diverse as he Environmenal Proecion
Agency, he Deparmen o he Inerior, he Deparmen o Energy, and he
Federal Energy Regulaory Commission. Depending on locaion, hey mus also
seek cericaion rom various municipal, couny, and sae auhoriies. In some
cases hese approval processes can slow projecs down by monhs or even years.
Congress should expand upon he curren BLM solar zones as-racking processo creae a rue one-sop shop ineragency approval process o cu coss, reduce
regulaory risks, and increase he ow o privae capial.
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Regulatory transparency
Uncerainy abou he regulaory environmen and availabiliy o incenives
caused a lo o problems or he rs CSP projec in Caliornia in he 1980s.92
Arbirary resricions on he allowed size o CSP plans and he imerame or
consrucion were writen ino he legislaion. Tis dramaically increased hecos o nancing by prevening economies o scale and acceleraing consrucion
schedules beyond he cos-ecien speed.93 Incenives in he 113h Congresss cli-
mae and energy bill should have a long-erm approach ha esablishes cerainy
in CSP markes.
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Conclusion
Concenraing solar power promises o become a keysone echnology in
Americas renewable-energy porolio. CSP enjoys rapidly alling coss, ew botle-
necked supply chains, relaively low land and waer requiremens, and a rapidly
growing inernaional marke. I presens a grea opporuniy or U.S. energy and
manuacuring indusries.
Amid such exciemen, we mus sill ake care o avoid picking winners and losers
in he naional energy marke; concenraing solar power is jus one o a menu oclean energy opions. Low-Carbon Innovaion, a Cener or American Progress
repor rom 2010, discussed he nuanced role o governmen invesing in new
echnologies wihou picking winners and losers:94
America is unique among industrialized nations in or our disdain or the term
industrial policy. For many Americans, the very term conjures up an image
o managed and centrally planned economies that cuts against the grain o our
political and economic culture. In act, the term is mostly used in other countries
as shorthand or a comprehensive competitiveness and jobs strategy, rather than
as an indication o central planning or a desire to pick winners and losers.
Even in a policy environment shaped by diferentiated state policies and diverg-
ing political interests, it should nonetheless be possible to develop a common
amework or clean-tech expansion, grounded within deep ederalist traditions
o economic development, to help speed the growth o a truly national market or
advanced low-carbon energy technologies.
In keeping wih his philosophy, he reorms in his paper are all designed o pu
concenraing solar power on even ooing wih oher renewable-energy echnolo-gies and enrenched ossil-uel compeiors. Nearly all o he recommendaions pre-
sened hererom pricing carbon o esablishing a ederal clean energy invesmen
und and addressing ransmission and cos-o-capial issueswould bene he
enire renewable-energy indusry and urher he cause o a clean energy economy.
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While his repor is ocused on bringing some much-deserved atenion o con-
cenraing solar power, i is imporan o reierae ha no single echnology will be
he sole soluion o climae change. Concenraing solar power is jus one o many
ools ha we mus develop and explore as humaniy grapples wih he exisenial,
environmenal, and economic hrea o anhropogenic climae change.
Te reorms proposed here are designed o promoe ercer and healhier compei-
ion among clean energy echnologies and companies, while ensuring ha all o
hese nascen indusries can engage in air compeiion wih he ossil-uel indusry.
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About the authors
Sean Pool is a Policy Analys and Managing Edior o Science Progress, he Cener
or American Progresss online science and echnology policy journal. Previously,
Sean suppored CAPs energy eam, ocusing on regional and sae-level climae-
change policies, clean energy innovaion neworks, and enhancing U.S. indusrial
compeiiveness hrough research, commercializaion, and deploymen o new
echnology. Beore coming o American Progress, Sean researched inernaional
volunary and policy-driven carbon markes a he Yale Cener or Environmenal
Law and Policy, a he Yale Oce o Susainabiliy, and a he Ausralia NaionalUniversiy Green Oce in Canberra. Sean holds a bachelors degree in environ-
menal engineering and inernaional sudies rom Yale Universiy.
John Dos Passos Coggin is a reelance wrier and environmenal analys. A
graduae o Yale Universiy, he holds a masers degree in public policy rom he
Universiy o Maryland. He has worked in he solar indusry as an incenives spe-
cialis and worked a several environmenal nonpros over he pas decade. His
rs book, an auhorized biography o legendary Florida poliician Lawon Chiles,
iled Walkin Lawton, was published las year. His second book is in developmen.
Acknowledgements
Te auhors would like o hank Daniel J. Weiss, who accidenally launched his
repor hinking i would be a shor column, as well as Kae Gordon and Jonahan
Moreno or heir paience, Richard Caperon and Darryl Banks or heir exper
guidance.
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1 Joseph Romm, The Technology That Will Save Human-ity, Salon.com, April 14, 2008, available at http://www.salon.com/news/eature/2008/04/14/solar_electric_thermal/index1.html.
2 Shane McGlaun, IBM scientists research concentrated
solar radiation power source, SlashGear, April 22, 2013,available at http://www.slashgear.com/ibm-scientists-research-concentrated-solar-radiation-power-source-22278702/.
3 UnMuseum, Archimedes and the Burning Mirror, avail-able at http://www.unmuseum.org/burning_mirror.htm (last accessed April 2013).
4 Nextera Energy Resources, Fact Sheet: Solar ElectricGenerating Systems, available at http://www.nexter-aenergyresources.com/pd_redesign/segs.pd(lastaccessed May 2013); Nextera Energy Resources, SolarElectric Generating Systems, available at http://www.nexteraenergyresources.com/content/where/portolio/pd/segs.pd(last accessed May 2013).
5 Britt Childs Staley and others, Juice rom Concentrate:Reducing Emissions with Concentrating Solar Thermal
(Washington: World Resources Institute, 2009).
6 Dr. Christoph Richter, Sven Teske, and Rebecca Short,Concentrating Solar Power: Global Outlook 09(Washington: Greenpeace, 2009), available at http://www.greenpeace.org/international/Global/interna-tional/planet-2/report/2009/5/concentrating-solar-power-2009.pd.
7 Ibid.
8 Kathleen Zipp, Ivanpah Solar Project is More than 92%Complete, Solar Power World, May 22, 2013, availableat http://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2013/05/ivanpah-solar-project-is-more-than-92-complete/.
9 Kathleen Zipp, Worlds Largest Concentrated SolarPlant, Solar Power World, July 17, 2012, available athttp://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2012/07/
worlds-largest-concentrated-solar-plant/.
10 Andrew Proteus, Green Jobs & Solar Power At Night:Abengoas 280 MW Solana CSP Plant Nearly Ready,December 1, 2012, available at http://cleantechnica.com/2012/12/01/green-jobs-solar-power-at-night-abengoas-280-mw-solana-csp-plant-nearly-ready/#91ybui7OmJbAo3zD.99;BrightSource Ivanpah,available at http://ivanpahsolar.com/(employmentgures summed).
11 James Kanter, Solar Power and Geopolitics in theMediterranean, The New York Times, February13, 2009, available at http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/02/13/solar-power-and-geopolitics-in-the-mediterranean/.
12 CSP World, CSP World Map, available at http://www.csp-world.com/cspworldmap(last accessed May 2013).
13 NextEra Energy Resources PortolioFuel Type,available at http://www.nexteraenergyresources.com/pd_redesign/portolio_by_uel.pd(last accessed May2013).
14 The Economist, Social-thermal technology: Theother kind o solar power, June 4, 2009, available athttp://www.economist.com/science/tq/displaystory.cm?story_id=13725855; James Kanter, Bigger Roleo Concentrating Solar Power?, The New York Times,June 3, 2009, available at http://greeninc.blogs.nytimes.
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15 The Economist, Social-thermal technology: Theother kind o solar power, June 4, 2009, available athttp://www.economist.com/science/tq/displaystory.cm?story_id=13725855; James Kanter, Bigger Roleo Concentrating Solar Power?, The New York Times,June 3, 2009, available at http://greeninc.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/06/03/bigger-role-or-concentrating-solar-power/.
16 Beln Gallego and others, The history o American CSP:A timeline (Last Vegas: CSP Today, 2012), available atwww.csptoday.com/usa/pd/USAtimeline.pd.
17 CSP Today, US Concentrated Solar Power Industryreceives its biggest boost yet by American DoE, Pressrelease, June 17, 2011, available at http://www.renew-
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18 CSP World, CSP World Map.
19 Projects Tracker Overview, available at http://social.csptoday.com/tracker/projects/table.
20 Oliver Ristau, Spain suspends FITs, PV Magazine,January 28, 2012, available at http://www.pv-magazine.com/news/details/beitrag/spain-suspends-ts_100005605/#axzz2RJiCNQ6c.
21 Gallego and others, The history o American CSP.
22 Beatriz Gonzalez, Arizona Corporation Commissionto talk uture growth at CSP Today USA, CSP Today,February 18, 2013, available at http://social.csptoday.
com/technology/arizona-corporation-commission-talk-uture-growth-csp-today-usa.
23 Daniel J. Weiss, State o the Union; More Investmentsin Clean Energy, Less Carbon Pollution, Center orAmerican Progress, February 13, 2013, available athttp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/green/news/2013/02/13/53267/state-o-the-union-more-investments-in-clean-energy-less-carbon-pollution/.
24 Richter, Teske, and Short, Concentrating Solar Power:Global Outlook 09.
25 Joe Romm, Solar baseload outshines clean coaland it always will, Climate Progress blog, Novem-ber 21, 2008, available at http://climateprogress.org/2008/11/21/solar-baseload-outshines-clean-coal-and-it-always-will/; NREL, Assessment o Parabolic
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Fulfilling the Promise of Concentrating Solar Power
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28 Center or American Progress | Fulilling the Promise o Concentrating Solar Power
26 Emilio Iglesias Sola, Concentrated Solar Power: Next-Generation Technologies Poised to Ramp up Utility-Scale Production, Renewable Energy World, January 3,2013, available at http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/01/concentrated-solar-power-next-generation-technologies-poised-to-ramp-up-utility-scale-production.
27 Gallego and others, The history o American CSP.
28 John Gartner, Silicon Shortage Stalls Solar, Wired,March 28, 2005, available at http://www.wired.com/
science/planetearth/news/2005/03/67013.
29 Sun Rays Are Free, Conventional Solar Cell Materials,April 18, 2009, available at http://sunraysareree.com/articles/2009/04/18/conventional-solar-cell-materials.
30 Peter Viebahn and others, Final report on technicaldata, costs, and lie cycle inventories o solar thermalpower plants (DLR and CIEMAT, 2008).
31 For comparison, see Bernadette Del Chiaro, SarahPayne, and Tony Dutzik, On the Rise: Solar ThermalPower and the Fight Against Global Warming (Boston:Environment America, 2008), available at http://www.environmentamerica.org/reports/ame/rise-solar-ther-mal-power-and-ght-against-global-warming; David R.Mills and Robert G. Morgan, Solar Thermal Electricity asthe Primary Replacement or Coal and Oil in U.S. Gen-eration and Transportation, September 2009, available
at http://www.wired.com/images_blogs/wiredscience/les/MillsMorganUSGridSupplyCorrected.pd
32 NREL, Concentrating Solar Power: Energy From Mirrors(2001), available at http://www.nrel.gov/docs/y01o-sti/28751.pd.
33 U.S. Department o Energy, SunShot ConcentratingSolar Power Research and Development, available athttp://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/sunshot/nancial_opps_detail.html?sol_id=452 (last accessed May 2013).
34 Sola, Concentrated Solar Power: Next-Generation Tech-nologies Poised to Ramp up U tility-Scale Production.
35 L. Stoddard, J. Abiecunas, and R. OConnell, Economic,Energy, and Environmental Benets o ConcentratingSolar Power in Caliornia (Washington: NREL, 2006),available at http://www.nrel.gov/Fdocs/Fy06osti/
F39291.pd.
36 Ibid.
37 Ibid; McKinsey & Company, Pathways to a Low-CarbonEconomy: Version 2 o the Global Greenhouse GasAbatement Cost Curve (2009).
38 Stoddard, Abiecunas, and OConnell, Economic,Energy, and Environmental Benets o ConcentratingSolar Power in Caliornia.
39 Sola, Concentrated Solar Power: Next-Generation Tech-nologies Poised to Ramp up U tility-Scale Production.
40 NREL, Assessment o Parabolic Trough and PowerTower Solar Technology Cost and Perormance Fore-casts.
41 Ibid; International Renewable Energy Agency, Renew-able Energy Technologies: Cost Analysis Series (2012),available at http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/RE_Technologies_Cost_Analysis-CSP.pd.
42 Joe Romm, Power Plants Cost Double Since2000Eciency Anyone?, Climate Progress blog,February 29, 2008, available at http://climateprogress.org/2008/02/29/power-plants-costs-double-since-2000-eciency-anyone/.
43 Romm, Solar baseload outshines clean coaland italways will.
44 McKinsey & Company, Pathways to a Low-CarbonEconomy; Translatum, The Textor Currency Converter,available at http://www.translatum.gr/converter/cur-rency.htm?texaccept=site+operator+accepts+conditions+at+http percent3A percent2F percent2Fcconv.textor.com&val1=26&cur1=1.000000&cur2=0.724461(last accessed May 2013).
45 Richter, Teske, and Short, Concentrating Solar Power:
Global Outlook 09.
46 McKinsey & Company, Pathways to a Low-CarbonEconomy; Translatum, The Textor Currency Converter.
47 Rebecca Leber, Happy 100th Birthday, Big OilTax Breaks, Climate Progress blog, March 1,2013, available at http://thinkprogress.org/cli-mate/2013/03/01/1654501/oil-subsidies-century/.
48 Solar Feeds, BLM restrictions cause solar thermal toseek private land, available at http://www.solareeds.com/blm-restrictions-cause-solar-thermal-to-seek-private-land/ (last accessed May 2013).
49 Michael Lotker, Barriers to Commercialization o Large-Scale Solar Electricity: Lessons Learned rom the LUZExperience (Washington: Sandia National Laboratories,1991); Peter Ogden, John Podesta, and John Deutch, A
New Strategy to Spur Energy Innovation (Washington:Center or American Progress, 2008); Joe Romm, DoWe Need a Massive Government Program to GenerateBreakthroughs to Make Solar Energy Cost-Compet-itive?, Climate Progress, April 10, 2008, available athttp://climateprogress.org/2008/04/10/do-we-need-a-massive-government-program-to-generate-break-throughs-to-make-solar-energy-cost-competitive/.
50 Ogden, Podesta, and Deutch, A New Strategy to SpurEnergy Innovation.
51 Lotker, Barriers to Commercialization o Large-ScaleSolar Electricity; Romm, Do We Need a Massive Gov-ernment Program to Generate Breakthroughs to M akeSolar Energy Cost-Competitive?
52 Ogden, Podesta, and Deutch, A New Strategy to SpurEnergy Innovation.
53 Ibid.
54 Stoddard, Abiecunas, and OConnell, Economic,Energy, and Environmental Benets o ConcentratingSolar Power in Caliornia.
55 Solar Energy Industries Association, Loan GuaranteeProgram, available at http://www.seia.org/policy/nance-tax/loan-guarantee-program (last accessedMay 2013).
56 Solar Energy Development Programmatic EIS, SolarEnergy Zones, available at http://solareis.anl.gov/sez/index.cm (last accessed May 2013).
57 Susan Kraemer, Obama Drives Clean Energy Boom OnPublic Lands, Earth Techling blog, January 10, 2012,available at http://www.earthtechling.com/2012/01/
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29 Center or American Progress | Fulilling the Promise o Concentrating Solar Power
58 Sandia National Laboratories, ConcentratingSolar Power (CSP), available at http://energy.sandia.gov/?page_id=2445 (last accessed May 2013).
59 Database o State Incentives or Renewables &Eciency, Qualiying Advanced Energy Manuac-turing Investment Tax Credit, available at http://dsireusa.org/incentives/incentive.cm?Incentive_Code=US52F&re=1&ee=1 (last accessed May 2013).
60 Sherrod Brown Senator or Ohio, Sen. BrownIntroduces Legislation to Expand Manuacturing Tax
Credit, Press release, May 6, 2010, available at http://www.brown.senate.gov/newsroom/press/release/sen-brown-introduces-legislation-to-expand-manuactur-ing-tax-credit.
61 Richard W. Caperton, Good Government Investmentsin Renewable Energy (Washington: Center or Ameri-can Progress, 2012), available at http://www.american-progress.org/issues/green/report/2012/01/10/10956/good-government-investments-in-renewable-energy/.
62 Solar Energy Industries Association, Issues & Policies:Solar Manuacturing Incentives, available at http://www.seia.org/policy/manuacturing-trade/solar-manu-acturing-incentives (last accessed May 2013).
63 Database o State Incentives or Renewables & E-ciency, Home page, available at http://dsireusa.org/(last accessed May 2013).
64 Richter, Teske, and Short, Concentrating Solar Power:Global Outlook 09.
65 Ibid.
66 The Economist, Social-thermal technology: The otherkind o solar power.
67 Institute or Energy Research, Electric GeneratingCosts: A Primer, August 22, 2012, available at http://www.instituteorenergyresearch.org/2012/08/22/electric-generating-costs-a-primer/.
68 International Renewable Energy Agency, Re