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Title :- A project on Description of Solar Cell, Solar Lantern & their mechanism. Topics :- What is Solar Cell? Working Mechanism. Why we use Solar Cell? P-V System. Describe different types of Solar Cell & efficiency. What is Solar Lantern? How Solar Lantern Works? Description of various components of Solar Lantern with diagram. What is Solar Cell::--
Transcript

Title:- A project on Description of Solar Cell, Solar

Lantern & their mechanism.

Topics:-

• What is Solar Cell?

• Working Mechanism.

• Why we use Solar Cell?

• P-V System.

• Describe different types of Solar Cell & efficiency.

• What is Solar Lantern?

• How Solar Lantern Works?

• Description of various components of Solar Lantern

with diagram.

What is Solar Cell::--

• A structure that converts solar energy directly to DC

electric energy.

• It is like a battery as it supplies DC power.

• It is different from a battery in the sense that the

voltage supplied by the sell changes with changes in

the resistance of the load.

What is Solar Panel or Solar Array or Solar Module::--

The Solar Panel or Solar Array is the interconnection of a

number of solar module to get efficient power. A Solar

Module consists of number of interconnected Solar Cells.

These interconnected cells embedded between two glass

plates to protect from the bad weather.

Why we use Solar Cell::--

Low maintenance, long lusting sources of energy.

• Non polluting and silent sources of electricity.

• Convenient and flexible source of small amounts of

power.

• Renewable and sustainable power.

• Reduces global warming.

How Solar works on System::--

Working Mechanism ::--

When light hits the cell::--

What is P-V System::--

Classifications of P-V System::--

.

Descriptions of Different kinds of Classifictions::--

There are 2 technologies – a. Silicon crystalline

Technology..b. Thin Film Technology.

a) Silicon Crystalline Technology::--

It is very stable with module efficiencies 10% to

20%.

There are another Two parts of Silicon crystalline

Technology. 1.Mono Crystalline 2. Multicrystalline.

The parts are explained below::

1. Mono crystalline::--

a) It is formed by single cylinder if Si.

b) Operating efficiency up to 15%.

2. Multicrystalline P-V Cells::--

a) It is formed by caste ingot of melted and

recrystallised silicon.

b) Cell efficiency=12%.

c)Thin Film Technology::--

– Silicon deposited in a continuous on a base

material such as glass polymer etc.

– It consists of layers about 10 micro meter .

Now there are another Two parts of Thin Film

Technology. Those are—1) Amorphous Silicon P-V Cells

2) Polycrystalline P-V Cells. The descriptions are given

below—

1) Amorphous Silicon P-V Cells::--

• The most advanced of thin film technologies.

• Operating efficiency—6%.

• Mature manufacturing technologies are available.

• Initial 20%-40% loss in efficiency.

2) Polycrystalline P-V cells::--

• It is non-silicon based technology.

• This cell consists of Cadmium Telluride (CdTe).

• 6%-9% module efficiency.

• 16% laboratory efficiency.

Efficiency::--

• The amount of power available from a P-V device is

determined by

a) Type & area of the material

b) The intensity of the sunlight.

c) The wavelength of the sunlight.

• Single crystalline cell—25% efficiency.

• Polycrystalline silicon solar cell—less than 20%.

• Amorphous silicon olar cell—less than 10%.

Description of the Curve::--

The Shockley-Queisser limit for the theoretical maximum

efficiency of a solar cell. Semiconductors with band gap

between 1 and 1.5eV, or near-infrared light, have the

greatest potential to form an efficient single-junction cell.

Manufacturer of Solar Cell::--

Due to heavy government investment, China has become

the dominant force in solar cell manufacturing. Chinese

companies produced solar cells/modules with a capacity of

~23 GW in 2013 (60% of global production).

Uses of Solar Cells::--

a) Toys , watches , calculators

b) Electric Fences.

c) Remote lightning systems.

d) Water Pumping.

e) Water treatment.

f) Emergency power.

g) Satellites.

h) Railway Signalling

i) Solar Lanterns

j) Power pack

k) Telecommunications

Solar Lantern::--First of all we have to know What is

Solar Lantern.

What is Solar Lantern::--

A solar lantern is well-known example portable stand

alone solar electric system. It consists of all necessary

components required for a standalone solar electric system

in a single casing except the solar PV module.(SPV).

SPV Module::--

After knowing What is Solar Lantern we have to know

What is SPV Module. The SPV Module converts the sun’s

light energy into electrical energy that is stored in the

battery housed inside the lantern.

The basic building block of the SPV Module is the

cell. This is made of Crystalline Silicon. A number of cells

are interconnected to form the required capacity. This is

encapsulated under vacuum conditions with tough material

and glass panel of high transitivity. A terminal box is fitted

at the rear side of the module from where the electrical

output of the module is taken out.A 5 meter long cable is

used to connect the module on the top of the house to the

lantern inside the house.

6.How Solar Lantern Works::--

The main operations of the Solar Lantern are explained

below:

1. Daily during day time the lantern should be put on

charge. The 2 pin connector at the end of the cable

from the SPV Module should be connected to the

socket at the rear of the lantern. Ensure green LED

glows. It is advisable to keep the light switch in the off

position during charge. If the light is switched on

during charging, all the charging current from the spv

module will be diverted to the lamp and the battery

will remain uncharged.

2. During night time when the lantern is needed, the

connector from spv module is to be unplugged and the

lantern can be carried to the place where it is needed.

The lamp can be switched ON using the switch

provided. When lamp switches off and red lamp

glows, the light switch should be put off. Do not

repeatedly switch on the lamp even after the Low

Voltage disconnected as this will reduce the life of the

lamp as well as the battery . The lantern can be used

only after sufficient recharging.

Different Parts of a Solar Lantern::--

These all are different parts of a Solar Lantern.

It is consists mainly a lamp, a battery and an electronic

control circuit in a single casing. The solar module is a

separated past of the lantern. This PV module has to be

connected with lantern’s battery terminals for charging

purpose. Now days solar lantern are very popularly used

for both indoor and outdoor purposes. Casing of a solar

lantern may be mode of either metal, plastic or fibber

glass. Battery, charging and control circuit are placed

inside the casing with proper memer, so that inside space

of the casing can be properly used. On the top of the casing

there is a lamp holder mounted at centre. One CFL of

required rating is attached with this holder.

The lamp is covered from all sides by transparent glass or

fiberglass. This cover is transparent from all sides, hence

solar lantern can emit light in all directions i.e. 360o of

light illumination. The top of the transparent hollow

cylindrical lamp cover, there is one top cover which is not

transparent and generally made of some material by which

casing of solar lantern is made. Hanger of the lantern is

filled with the top cover. There is a plug point and

charging discharging (ON) indications on casing. For

changing purpose, wire with socket comes from solar

module which placed under sunlight is plugged to the plug

point on the casing. There are different models of solar

lantern, but normally battery capacity of a solar lantern is

12 V 7 Ah.

The Electronic Circuit of Solar Lantern::--

Description of the different components of Solar

Lantern::-

1.Solar Module or PV Module:--

Generally solar module used for charging a single solar

lantern has rating of 8, 10 or 12 Watts (Wp). The module is

normally kept on rooftop at most tilt angle for which the

module gets maximum intensity of sunlight, for maximum

duration. The lanterns are connected to module through

wire socket which is kept in room or other places. But

sometimes users do not install solar module at roof top

instead they like to keep the module in sunlight in daily

basis.

2.Battery::--

Normally maintenance free sealed dry type lead acid

battery of tabular shaped with 12 V 7 Ah capacity is used

for solar lantern. The battery of the solar lantern stores the

energy that is supplied by the SPV Module during day time

& releases it during night time when the light is required.

The battery is housed in the main body of the system. This

battery being a sealed, enables the system to be totally

portable and maintenance free.

3.Electronics::--

The electronics is the heart of the whole lantern system.

This section performs the following functions:

a) Controls the charging of the battery during daytime.

b) Protects the battery from overcharge or deep

discharge conditions.

c) Inverts the D.C energy supplied by the battery to AC

suitable to light the CFL.

4.CFL::--

The lamp used in the solar lantern is 7W Compact

Florescent Lamp. This lamp is a highly efficient

component that provides light equal to the light given by a

40W incandescent lamp. Normally cool white type lamps

are supplied.

5.Plastic Housing::--

Solar Lanterns come in an elegant looking plastic housing.

This also reduces the weight of the system making it light

and portable. As the housing is of plastic , there is no

problem of corrosion in coastal and highly humid areas.


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