UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA KAMPUS PERLISFACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES

PHYSICS LABORATORY (INSTRUMENTATION AND APPLICATION)

PHY360

MINI PROJECT PROPOSAL

AS120 TITLE: MINI SOLAR CAR

PART A:RESEARCHER BACKGROUND

i. PROJECT LEADER/ MATRIC NO. /CONTACT NO.:

ALYANI NATASHA BINTI AMIN/2010669696/017-4160647

ii. PROJECT MEMBERS:

NO.NAMEMATRIC NUMBERCONTACT NUMBER

1NUR MAHFUZAH BINTI MOHAMAD2010426222019- 4304623

2FATIN FARHANA BINTI SOPOMO2010622544012-4844349

3NORZALENA BINTI ABDUL HAMID2010414288017-4062406

4NURUL NASUHA BINTI MANSOR2010814302013-4345176

iii. PROJECT SUPERVISOR:

ROSYAINI BINTI AFINDI ZAMAN

iv. CO-SUPERVISOR

v. LECTURER (Lecture/Laboratory)

ROSYAINI BINTI AFINDI ZAMAN

PART B: MINI PROJECT REPORT

i) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillah, I would like to express my thankfulness to Allah s.w.t to giving me all the strength in fulfilling and completely this final year project. All the praise and blessing be upon Prophet Muhammad S.A.W. I would like to thank to those who had been involved whether directly or in directly in helping to complete our final year project. It could not have been written and produced without the help of many people.Firstly, we are very grateful to thank our supervisor of this project Madam Rosyaini binti Afindi Zaman, for the valuable guidance an advice. She inspired us greatly to work in this project. Her willingness to motivate us contributed tremendously to our project. We also would like to thank her for showing us some example that related to the topic of our project.Besides that, we would like to thank the authority of Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM) Arau to providing us with a good environment and facilities to complete this project. Then, we would like to express our thanks to Assistance of laboratory Physics, En Zainal and En Haris because give our group to borrow all the materials, substances that used in our project.Finally, honourable mention goes to our families and friends for their understanding and support on us in completing this project in this semester. Without helps of the particular that mentioned above, we would face many difficulties while doing this project.

ii) ABSTRACT/ABSTRAK

ABSTRACT

In this globalization era, suppliers of natural resources such as fuels, coal and etc face the difficulties to meet the growing needs of the market. To solve this problem, a new exploration of natural resources of energy and power is necessary. Sunlight is considered as the source of energy in daily life. Solar energy has been used to generate electricity through sunlight. With the help of new invention of technology, we intend to produce mini cars that powered by solar energy. In this project, a key component to build solar car is solar panel which converts light energy from the sun into electrical power that is passed through the wires to the motor. Thus, the motor will use the energy to move the drive pulley causing the wheels to spin. At the beginning, the objective of this project is to implement the ideas about mini solar car and it is possible with the help of this prototype, we can expand this idea to realize the real car construction using solar car.

ABSTRAK

Dalam era globalisasi ini, pembekal bahan semulajadi seperti bahan pembakar, arang dan lain-lain mengalami kesukaran untuk memenuhi kehendak pasaran yang meningkat. Bagi menyelesaikan hal ini, eksplorasi baru terhadap bahan semulajadi untuk tenaga dan kuasa adalah diperlukan. Cahaya matahari dianggap sebagai punca tenaga yang digunakan dalam kegunaan harian. Tenaga solar telah digunakan untuk menghasilkan tenaga elektrik melalui cahaya matahari. Dengan bantuan teknologi, kami berhasrat untuk menghasilkan kereta mini yang menggunakan tenaga solar. Dalam projek ini, komponen utama untuk membina kereta solar adalah panel solar yang menukar tenaga cahaya daripada matahari kepada kuasa elektrik yang dialirkan melalui wayar kepada motor. Seterusnya, motor akan menggunakan tenaga tersebut untuk menggerakkan takal penggerak yang menyebabkan roda untuk berputar. Pada permulaan, objektif projek ini adalah untuk melaksanakan idea tentang kereta solar mini dan tidak mustahil dengan bantuan prototaip ini, kami dapat mengembangkan lagi idea ini untuk merealisasikan pembinaan kereta sebenar yang menggunakan tenaga solar.

iii) INTRODUCTION

There must be some limitations that prevent the ability of the earth to yield energy for growing population. Fortunately, population models suggest that the world's population will probably level out at about two to three times the present numbers over the next hundred years. The question is whether the earth's resources are sufficient to accommodate the population at a high standard of living for all. When talking about this, the key issue is energy.

Energy in earth can be divided to major categories that are non-renewable and renewable energy. Renewable energy is natural resources that can be re-made or re-grown and will never run out. There are some examples of renewable energy such as solar energy, wind energy, hydropower, bio energy, geothermal energy and ocean energy. Renewable energy brings significance benefits to humans and other organisms. The benefits are environmental benefit, energy for future generations, jobs and the economy and energy security.Lately, dealers of natural resources like fuel and coal are facing an obstacle to keep pace with the increasing demand. Now, there are many motor vehicles that dominate the transport medium while these cars are being controlled by the fuel at the same time. As a consequence, the fuel as a limited resource is continually being produced by the dealers to satisfy world consumers which are leading us to an unpredictable future with having the insufficient source of fuel and minerals. These phenomena shows that the present energy consumption especially fuel cannot be use much longer. With the condition of earth nowadays that faces a global warming, the continuous consumption of these resources will bring negative role. Under this situation, it is compulsory for is to discover a new resource of energy and power. But is it necessary for us to explore it even the resource is in front of our eyes. With greatly improved energy efficiency, a transition to this energy based economy capable of sustaining the anticipated growth in the world economy, is possible. This effective source is Solar Energy.

In this project, we focused on research on solar energy. Solar energy is energy that comes directly from the sun. Every day the sun radiates, or sends out, an enormous amount of energy. The sun is constant natural source of heat and light, and its radiation can be converted to electricity. The energy produced in the interior of the solar sphere at temperatures of many millions of degrees must be transferred out to the surface and then be radiated into space. Only a very small fraction of the total radiation produced reaches the Earth. The radiation that does reach the Earth is the indirect source of nearly every type of energy used today. Much of the world's required energy can be supplied directly by solar power. More still can be provided indirectly. Due to the nature of solar energy, two components are required to have a functional solar energy generator. These two components are a collector and a storage unit. The collector simply collects the radiation that falls on it and converts a fraction of it to other forms of energy (either electricity and heat or heat alone). The storage unit is required because of the non-constant nature of solar energy; at certain times only a very small amount of radiation will be received. Methods of collecting and storing solar energy vary depending on the uses planned for the solar generator. In general, there are three types of collectors and many forms of storage units. The three types of collectors are flat-plate collectors, focusing collectors, and passive collectors.Besides being used for heating and cooling, solar energy can be directly converted to electricity. The energy of light is transmitted by photons; small packets or quantum of light. Electrical energy is stored in electromagnetic fields, which in turn can make a current of electrons flow. Thus a solar cell converts light; a flow of photons, to electric current; a flow of electrons.When photons are absorbed by matter in the solar cell, their energy excites electrons higher energy states where the electrons can move more freely. The perhaps most well-known example of this is the photoelectric effect, where photons give electrons in a metal enough energy to escape the surface. In an ordinary material, if the electrons are not given enough energy to escape, they would soon relax back to their ground states. In a solar cell however, the way it is put together prevents this from happening. The electrons are instead forced to one side of the solar cell, where the build-up of negative charge makes a current flow through an external circuit. The current ends up at the other side (orterminal) of the solar cell, where the electrons once again enter the ground state, as they have lost energy in the external circuit.

OBJECTIVES

To study the alternative energy that can replace existing energy sources such as fuel. To determine the time taken for the solar car to reach the end point. To determine if the angle of the sun at different time affects the power generated by solar panels. To plot the graph of velocity (m/s) versus hours.

SIGNIFICANCE OF MINI PROJECT

Build an innovation that can prevent noise pollution. In this case, solar energy work silently and dont add to noise pollution already on the road. The car provides a perfect illustration of the application and use of the energy from re-useable sources and can be used as a starting point for further investigation or comparison such as of transport modes. As economical purposes, the energy used to run these cars comes directly from the sun, so the necessities toward gasoline or other types of fuel can be reduce.

iv) THEORY/BACKGROUND

Solar energy refers primarily to the use of solar radiation for practical ends. However, all renewable energies, other than geothermal and tidal, derive their energy from the sun. Solar technologies are widely characterized as either passive or active depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight. Active solar techniques use photovoltaic panels, pumps, and fans to convert sunlight into useful outputs. Passive solar techniques include selecting materials with favourable thermal properties, designing spaces that naturally circulate air, and referencing the position of a building to the Sun. Active solar technologies increase the supply of energy and are considered supply side technologies, while passive solar technologies reduce the need for alternate resources and are generally considered demand side technologies.

Thetheory of solar cellsexplains the physical processes by which light is converted into electrical current when striking a suitable semiconductor device. The theoretical studies are of practical use because they predict the fundamental limits ofsolar cellperformance, and give guidance on the phenomena that contribute to losses andsolar cell efficiency.

v) LITERATURE REVIEW

Solar energy has been acknowledged as a free and infinite source of energy and provides an alternative energy where there is no pollution of the environment and its use will decreases the rate of depletion of energy reserves (A. M. Sharan, 2008). As one of renewable energy, solar energy represents a massive energy potential greatly.Solar energy refers to the conversion of the suns rays into useful forms of energy, such as electricity or heat. The amount of solar radiation a location receives depends on a variety of factors including geographic location, time of day, season, local landscape, and local weather. With the rising cost of fossil fuels, alternative energy sources are becoming more and more necessary. Malaysia lies in the tropical region between 1oN and 7oN, and 100oE and 119oE (Kamaruddin et al, 2002). Its weather condition in Malaysia is very suitable for photovoltaic implementation, this is because the weather condition is almost predictable and the availability of sunlight for more than ten hours daily with almost six hours of direct sunlight with irradiation of between 800 W/m2 and 1000 W/m2 (N. Amin et al,2009).Asolar cellalso called aphotovoltaic cell is an electrical device that converts the energy oflightdirectly intoelectricityby thephotovoltaic effect. Solar cells take the energy from the sun and convert it directly to electricity. Article from The Star stated that, Malaysia could become the third largest producer of solar cells after China and Germany once related projects were completed next year. The countrys aspiration is to increase its market share to 17% of world production and reach number two position behind China by 2020. Under the Economic Transformation Programme (ETP), Malaysia will use its current capabilities in producing semiconductors advantage to go to into the solar industry.

Based on Deo Prasad and Mark Snow (2005), photovoltaic are solid-state devices that simply make electricity out of sunlight, silently and with little to no maintenance, no pollution and no significant depletion of material resources. According to T. Markvart, (1994), the design of the photovoltaic system relies on the input of measured data close to the site of the installation which is the regular daily and yearly variation due to the apparent motion of the sun, irregular variations are caused by the climate condition (cloud cover), as well as by general composition of the atmosphere. Besides that, different materials and different structures of photovoltaic panels provide different efficiency in term of power conversion.

Asolar vehicleis anelectric vehiclepowered completely or significantly by directsolar energy. Usually,photovoltaic(PV) cells contained insolar panelsconvert thesun's energy directly intoelectric energy. The term "solar vehicle" usually implies that solar energy is used to power all or part of a vehicle'spropulsion.Solar powermay be also used to provide power for communications or controls or other auxiliary functions.

In a research article by Ranjeet Singh (2012), solar car are efficient in our daily life because it can reduce pollution and fuel rate that having by petrol cars. It also can reduce global warming and environment problem. A solar car is driven by solar energy obtained from panels on the surface of the car. Sun energy is converted into electrical energy by photovoltaic cells. Solar cars combine technology usually used in the bicycle, four wheeler and automotive industries.

Based on Michael Boxwell (2012), all power on earth comes from the sun, directly or indirectly. The power of the sun is immense - every square meter of sunlight to fall on the earth provides the equivalent of 1kW of power. This solar power can be harnessed in several ways, with varying amounts of efficiency. The most common way to harness this power is through solar hot water heating, solar electricity generation, solar power car and ground source heat. In order to use this solar power, we need a site with a lot of direct sunlight and location with little and no shade.

UniversitiesRelated studies

Group T UniversityRacing with the sun on Vesalius Campus, GROUP TMake stuff work is the main theme of the Engineering Experiences in the second program stage. Each of the projects is taken up in such a way that each of the teams of student designs and makes an original and tangible product that effectively works. Moreover, each team is also expected to investigate whether there could be potential customers for the product.

Prince Muhammed UniversitySolar car (to design an intermediate speed solar car that can be manufactured and assembled locally in Saudi awareness about renewable energy systems)

Bochum UniversitySolar car (the ability and suitability for daily use of vehicles with lightweight design and high energy efficiency under real conditions. The entirely autarkic driven by two seater with usual automobile dimensions should arouse further interest in renewable energies and their potential. The Solar Car team considers itself as an ambassador for sustainable mobility, developed and built by young future engineers from North Rhine Westphalia, who are presenting The trademark German Engineering on an entirely new manner

vi) MINI PROJECT METHOD

METHODOLOGY

A. Construct the Body1. The foam board was cut into a piece measuring (17.5 cm x 7cm) and two basal sticks measuring (7 cm x 1 cm x 1 cm).2. The two balsa sticks was glue to the foam board.3. The positions of the screw eyes were marked on the two balsa sticks.4. The screw eyes were turned into the foam board piece and balsa sticks.5. An axle was slip through the screw eyes to check their alignment.

B. Mount the Wheels1. Four tires were set in the position that attach to the axles. 2. The rear axle was assembled. Do this by slipping the axle through the screw eyes, then adding the spacers followed by the drive pulley (the third small wheel) and wheels.3. The front axle was added with its wheels and spacers.

C. Mount the Motor1. The small black pulley was pushed onto the shaft of the motor.2. The elastic band was stretched over the rear wheel and it was placed on the axle-mounted drive pulley.3. The location was marked on the foam board once the motor is located at the right place. The motor was stick on the foam board in the position that has been marked using self-adhesive tape.

D. Prepare the Solar Panels

1. The alligator clip was cut leads into two pieces of equal length. Strip about 1 cm of insulation from the two cut ends.2. The positive and negative terminal was determined on the back of the solar panel.3. To attach the alligator clip with the solar panel the soldering technique was used.

E. Mount the Panels1. A small slot was cut in the large foam board section.

2. The panel was arranged and its support so that it sits at an angle (45) on the body of solar car. Use a small piece of clear tape to fasten the lower end of the panel assembly to the foam board.3. The alligator clip was used to connect the wires to the terminals on the electric motor.

F. Test the solar car1. The car was tested by placing it under the bright sunlight.2. The race track was marked off on a smooth flat side walk that is at list 1 metre. Mark both the start and finish line with a piece of tape.3. The solar car was run on the hours, starting at 8 am, and continuing until noon. ( the time point is 8.00, 9.00, 10.00, 11.00, 12.00 ).4. The angle of the sun was measured right before each test.a) A string was tied to a meter stick. The stick was held straight up on the side walk.b) The string was pulled tight until it reaches the end of the stick shadow.c) The protractor was used to measure the angle of the string from the surface of the ground.d) The angle of the sun was recorded at each time point of the experiment.

5. At each time point, the stopwatch was used to determine the time it taken for the car to travel the distance of the track. The car was tested for three days continuously at the same time.6. The result was collected in the tabulated data.

LIST OF EQUIPMENTS/FACILITIES

1. 1 solar panels, with contacts2. 2 axles3. 4 screw eyes4. 4 wheels5. 1 elastic bands6. 1 motor shaft pulley7. 1 alligator clip test lead8. 1 electric hobby motor9. 1 self-adhesive tape10. 1 piece of foam board ( 17.5 cm x 7 cm)11. Hot glue gun with glue sticks12. Stopwatch13. Stick and string

vii) RESULT AND DISCUSSION

RESULT

TestHourAngleTime taken (s) to reach end point( A to B )Velocity (m/s)

12Average

108.0025101110.50.10

209.0040 988.50.12

310.0055655.50.18

411.00705550.20

512.0083544.50.22

613.0080565.50.18

714.00656660.17

815.0047877.50.13

Table 1: Velocity of solar car from 1800 to 1500 (Day 1)

Test Time Angle Time taken (s) to reach end point ( A to B ) Velocity (m/s)

1 2 Average

1 08.00 27 9 10 9.5 0.11

2 09.00 39 5 6 5.5 0.18

3 10.00 54 5 5 5 0.20

4 11.00 71 5 4 4.5 0.22

5 12.00 81 4 4 4 0.25

6 13.00 79 5 5 5 0.20

7 14.00 64 5 6 5.5 0.18

8 15.00 46 7 6 6.5 0.15

Table 2: Velocity of solar car from 0800 to 1500 (Day 2)

Test Time Angle Time taken (s) to reach end point ( A to B ) Velocity (m/s)

1 2 Average

1 08.00 26 11 12 11.5 0.09

2 09.00 40 9 10 9.5 0.10

3 10.00 56 5 6 5.5 0.18

4 11.00 70 5 5 5 0.20

5 12.00 79 4 5 4.5 0.22

6 13.00 78 5 5 5 0.20

7 14.00 66 6 6 6 0.17

8 15.00 47 7 8 7.5 0.13

Table 3: Velocity of solar car from 0800 to 1500 (Day 3)

DISCUSSION

The research is conducted to study the alternative energy that can replace existing energy sources, to determine the time taken for the solar car to reach the end point and the angle of the sun at different time affects the power generated by solar panels. The results of the experiment were very close to our expectation after the experiment was conducted for three days. From the results, we can prove that the power generated by solar panels is optimum at angle of 83 for Day 1, 81 for Day 2 and 79 for Day 3.

Figure 1: Velocity of solar car from 0800 to 1500 (Day 1)

The figure 1 above shows our results for day 1. We start this experiment at 0800 to 1500. The velocity of the solar car increases rapidly from 0800 to 1200 and decrease slightly from 1300 to 1500. From the graph, we can see that the peak time that the solar car obtained higher velocity is at 1200. This is because the position of the sun is at 80 with velocity of 0.22 m/s. Meanwhile, the lowest velocity that we calculated is 0.10 m/s at 0800. The angle that we measure is 25.

Figure 2: Velocity of solar car from 0800 to 1500 (Day 2)

Figure 2 shows the output velocity for day 2. The angle that we measured for day 2 is slightly different compared to day 1. The highest velocity that we obtained is 0.25 m/s with the peak time is 1200. We also had measure the angle is 81. On the other hand, the lowest velocity that we get is 0.11 m/s at 0800 with 27.

Figure 3: Velocity of solar car from 0800 to 1500 (Day 3)

The same trend also occurs in day 3 regarding the output velocity. Figure 3 show the highest output velocity is 0.22 m/s with position of the sun at 79. The peak time for this output velocity is at 1200. Meanwhile, the lowest output velocity that we calculated is 0.09 m/s at 0800 with measured angle at 26.

Figure 4: Velocity of solar car from 0800 to 1500 (Day 1,2 and 3)

Figure 4 show the comparison of velocity at the peak time we can see that the average velocity between 3 days show the peak time approximately the same from 1200 to 1300. The highest output velocity is 0.25 m/s. On day 2, compare to the day 1 and day 2 that obtained only 0.22 m/s. All three days have the same peak time at 1200. This is because at 1200 light intensity increases, colour temperature changes (light becomes whiter). At 1200, there will be more contrast and light will be more intense compared to 0800-1100. In the morning and afternoon, the sun is still under the horizon. The light in the afternoon will have more or less, the same characteristic as light we see in the morning. The difference is that in the afternoon, as time goes by, contrast and light intensity decrease. From our observation, the average temperature at noon for three days is 35.

In order to ensure that the experimental procedure going smoothly, we determine the weather first for the three days by searching the weather forecast through the Malaysian Meteorological Department.

There are several considerations that we must focus on before building the car. These include chassis weight and stiffness, wheels selection, axels, solar power and transmission. For weight and stiffness, obvious consideration is the car must have minimum weight as it is easier the motor to push the light car than a big, heavy car. In solar car, we need to save the energy and stiffness is very important. We used foam board and balsa stick, a commonly chosen material as it has a light weight. Wheel selection also very important as wheel support the chassis and allow the car to roll forward. Instead using rubber tire, we use plastic tire that is lighter than rubber. The disadvantage of using rubber tire is weight in tires is more difficult to move than weight in chasing. The heavier the wheel, the more energy it takes to get the wheel turning. The axle must be stiff, narrow and round. We decide to use brass rod with screw eyes to support the axle. To produce current, more electrons need to produce more current. To produce current, more electrons need to be forced to move inside the panel. In our experiment, we tilt the solar panel towards the sun. The more of the suns rays hit the panel, the more current will flow and more power produced. A cars transmissions transfer the power from the motor to the wheel. In this experiment, we used belt drive. In order to reduce the quantity of light reflected off the base, we suspend the solar panel in the middle of the column instead of close to the base.This is how solar cell worked. Firstly, when sunlight shines on the cell, photons (light particles) bombard the upper surface. Then, the photons carry their energy down through the cell and the photon gives up their energy to electrons (in the lower, p-type layer). Next, the electrons use this energy to jump across the barrier into the upper n-type layer and escape out into the circuit. Flowing around the circuit, the electrons make the solar car move.

viii) CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

CONCLUSION

We can conclude that solar energy is one of the alternative energy that can be replaced existing energy sources such as fuel. In addition, the highest output velocity that we calculated for day 1 is 0.22 m/s same as the result for day 3. For day 2 the result is slightly different. It increases to 0.25 m/s. For these three days we get constant peak time that is at 1200. The highest angle for day 1, 2 and 3 are 83, 81 and 79. Among these three days, the highest angle is 83 that is day 1. Hence, we can said that the greater the angle, the shorter the time taken for the solar car to reach the end point. FUTURE STUDY

Since the solar panel and the other devices are working and giving the required output to drive the handmade car, it is quite expected that it is going to work when the circuit will be implemented on the actual car. We just need to make sure that we get the appropriate solar panel take the voltage-current-power rating accurately make the proper connection with the proper chip (IC) and others circuitry.In fine it can be said that to manage up with the increasing demand of fuel, it is necessary to change out demand into the solar energy. This is because the solar energy is reasonable, efficient, supplied by an endless source of energy- that is sun. The sun is free and environmental friendly sources. Finally, we hope that this type of energy can be adapted by our country. Perhaps, this technology will increase our economy growth and at the same time reduce pollution when a great percentage of Malaysians turn their car into or get their own Environment Friendly Solar Car.

ix) REFERENCES

1. Anand, M. Sharan. (2009). Efficiency enhancement of stationary solar energy based power conversion system in Canada. Applied Energy, 86(9), 1405-1409. http://dx.doi.10.1016/j.apenergy.2008.11.0322. Boxwell, M. (2012). Solar electricity handbook (6thed). United Kingdom: Green stream publishing.3. Build your own solar car. (2009). Retrieved December 24, 2012, from http://curriculumhub.com/twiki/pub/Main/SolarPowerAsARenewableResource/Solar_Powered_Car_Construction_Instructions_Pemina_Institute.pdf4. Deo Prasad,& Mark Snow. (2005). Designing with Solar Power: A Source Book for Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BiPV). London: Earth scan, pp. 23.5. Harley, P. (1999). Model solar car racing. Sydney: University of New South Wales Faculty of Engineering Department.6. Kamaruddin, R., B. J. Bailey, & J. I. Montero. (2002). A naturally ventilation Greenhouse for temperate vegetable production in the tropics. Acta Horticulture, pp.578.7. Singh, R.., & Gaur, M.K., & Malvi, C.S. (2012). Study of solar energy operated hybrid mild cars: a review. Retrieved from http://ijset.com/ijset/publication/v1s4/p%20139148%20manoj%20published%20paper.pdf8. Solar Speedway. (2012). Retrieved December 25, 2012, from http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project_ideas/Energy_p013.shtml9. TPT. (2006). Solar car by Isaac and Anjali, Twin cities Public Television. Retrieved December 25, 2012, from http://pbskids.org/dragonflytv/show/solarcar.html

x) APPENDIX

Figure 5: The equipments used in this projects Figure 6: The track was marked off on a smooth flat side walk that at least 1 meter

Figure 8: The position of the screw eyes were marked on the two balsa sticksFigure 7: The plastic tires attached to the axle

Figure 9: The string was pulled tight until it reaches the end of the sticks shadowFigure 10: The protractor was used to measure the angle of the string from the surface of the ground

Figure 12: Four tires were set in the position that attach to the axlesFigure 11: The two balsa sticks was glue to the foam board

Figure 14: a complete solar carFigure 13: The elastic band was stretched over the rear wheel and it was placed on the axle-mounted drive pulley

xi) DECLARATION AND SIGNATURE

We are hereby declaring that the mini project is based on our original work except for quotations and citations which have been duly acknowledge. We are conducting our investigations with honesty and integrity

SIGNATURE OF MINI PROJECT LEADER: ________________________ (ALYANI NATASHA BINT AMIN )

SIGNATURE OF MINI PROJECT MEMBER:

1. NUR MAHFUZAH BINTI MOHAMAD :

2. FATIN FARHANA BINTI SOPOMO :

3. NORZALENA ABDUL HAMID :

4. NURUL NASUHA BINTI MANSOR :

Signature of Supervisor: _________________________________

Received date: ____________________________

Returned date: ____________________________