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BAKING AND PASTRY
TITLE : THE FUNCTION OF BASIC INGREDIENTS IN BAKING AND
PASTRY
RULES AND REGULATIONS RELATED TO PERSONAL HYGIENE , FOOD SAFETY AND SANITATION.
FAT, in the form of solid
shortening, margarine or butter,or in the liquid form of oil contributes tenderness, moistness, and a smooth mouthfeel to baked goods.
FAT
Shortening : . • The flakiness of pastry comes from solid fat such as
shortening or lard rolled in layers with flour. • In some recipes for cookies or cake, shortening is creamed
with sugar to trap air. A lighter product will result. • Margarine
Butter :• Butter is made from cream • Butter imparts a good flavor without a greasy mouth feel to
baked goods because it melts at body temperature.Oil :• Oil is used in some muffin, bread and cake recipes.
TYPES OF FAT
Add moistness and richness
Increase quality
Add flavor
Assist in leavening to give flakiness
FUNCTION OF FAT
Sugar derived from sugarcane and beets Sugar is simple made up of fructose,and glucose. This two simple sugar join to create sucrose Have different sweetness
Example :i. Lactose is much less sweet than regular table sugar (sucrose)ii. Fructose (or fruit sugar,one of the sugars is honey) much
sweeter than sucrose.
SUGAR
Add
sweeteness and flavor
Create tenderness and
fineness
As creaming agent with fat and foaming agent with egg
Retaining moistureProvide food for yeast
Give crust colour
FUNCTION OF SUGAR
Granulated sugar (table sugar) Divided by 3 types of sugar : i. Very fine or ultrafine sugarsii. Sanding sugarsiii. Pearl sugarsBrown sugar• Give good flavor and cream well not unlike caramel to tasteIcing sugar• Provide excellent smoothness and spreadabilityNon nutritive sweetness• Sugar free and no sugar added claims
TYPE OF SUGAR
White granulated sugar that has been dissolved in water
before it is used. Liquid sugar is darker in colour and can be used in foods
where brown colour is desired. Example of syrups :i. Molassesii. Glucose corn syrupsiii. Honeyiv. Malt syrups
SYRUPS
Baking Soda• Produces gas for leavening when combined with an acidic
ingredient such as vinegar, lemon juice, or molasses. • Reducing the amount of baking soda without replacing it with
another leavening agent will reduce the volume and lightness of the finished product.
Baking Powder• Baking powder contains baking soda and the right amount of acid
to react with it. Batters made with double acting baking powder rise twice; once when dry and moist ingredients are mixed together, and again when the product is baked.
Yeast• Yeast is a living microorganism until it is destroyed by heat. • Using less yeast than specified in a recipe causes the dough to
take longer to reach the desired volume in the rising stages.
LEAVENING AGENT
Patent Flour Flour from interior endosperm,extracted during first stream of
milling,considered highest grades of flour.Clear flour Portion of endosperm left after the patent flour is removed.Extraction Refer to the amount of flour miled from given amount of grainStraight flour Combining all streams of the milling process or from the
entire endosperm.
FLOUR GRADES
Bread flour High-gluten flour Cake flour Pastry flour European flour types
TYPES OF PATERN FLOUR
Wheat Flouro provides the structure in baked goods. o The protein content of a flour affects the strength of a dough.All Purpose Flouro can be used for all baking purposes. Durum flouro Used to make spaghetti and other dried pasta.Whole wheat flouro It contains gluten-forming proteins ,so can be used alone in
bread making.Cracked wheato Give texture and flavor to some specialty breads
OTHERS WHEAT FLOUR
• Function of eggsi. Add tasteii. Emulsioniii. Improve the textureiv. Colourv. Food valuevi. Leavening agentsvii. Moisture
EGG
The best grade (AA) has firm white and yolk that stand up
high when broken onto a flat surface.
Maintaining quality Do not spread over a large area. Proper storage is essential for maintaining quality. Eggs keep for a weeks if held at 36 F ( 2 C)
GRADE AND QUALITY
Hygieneo To prevent cross contamination of food it is essential to wash your
hands frequently. Examples include: before starting work before handling food between handling raw and ready to eat foods after going to the toilet after handling raw foods after handling waste after eating, drinking or smoking, coughing, sneezing or touching
your face after taking a break after handling chemicals after handling money
RULES AND REGULATION
In addition, it is important that staff maintain a high degree of personal hygiene with regard their personal habits. For example:
no smoking in food areas no coughing, sneezing, spitting over food no strong smelling perfumes should be worn when handling
foods no nail varnish should be worn when handling food no jewellery other than a plain wedding band or sleeper
earrings should be worn All cuts, wounds, sores should be covered with a waterproof
dressing. Over-clothing should be clean and present no risk of
contamination to food. Hair should be tidy and covered where necessary to prevent
the risk of it falling into food.
o A system called HACCP – Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point consists
of seven important steps to ensure food safety.
o The 7 steps of HACCP are as follows :
1. Assess hazards and potential risks.2. Identify critical control points including cross contamination, cooking,
cooling, hygiene.3. Set up procedures to make sure safety is maintained at all critical
control points.4. Monitor critical control points and use the correct signs, tools, and
training materials to ensure this.5. Take corrective actions as soon as a critical control point is in jeopardy
or when any violations are pointed out by the Health Department.6. Set up a record-keeping system to log all of your flowcharts and
temperature checks7. Keep up with the system to make sure it is working.
FOOD SAFETY
Put all wastes into bins that are not used for anything
else. Empty the bins periodically during the day away from the processing site.
Prevent all animals from entering the processing area or storerooms.
Visitors should only enter the processing room wearing protective clothing and under supervision.
Keep food covered wherever possible. Keep all food, tools and equipment off the floor. Store ingredients in sealed containers. Do not use broken or dirty equipment. Report any signs of insects, rodents or birds to the
manager.
SANITATION