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Functional Fuel for Advanced Vehicle Technology
SIMEA Conference Sao Paulo, BrazilSeptember, 2016
OECDDeveloping Markets
EvolvingRegulatory & Emissions Standards
Advances in Hardware Technology
Fuels Quality Dynamics
Retail Landscape Evolution
KEY GLOBAL TRENDS
Fuel Market Trends and Insights
Sustained Shift in Miles Driven
in Mature Markets
BioFuel Variability = Performance Challenges
Expanding Product
Performance range /
Increased Differentiation demand from
Branded Marketers
Acceleration of DIG Market Penetration
Fuel Quality Marketing Claims
Local Solutions
required in Developing
Markets
Expanded adoption of CO2 / FEstandards
Addition of Gasoline PM requirements
Next Gen System
Developments Underway
Increased Octane
Demand = PUL Demand
Geographic Shift Regulatory Hardware Technology
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Worldwide Passenger Car CO2 Emissions Expectations
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Relentless Drive Towards Lower CO2 EmissionsDriving New Powertrain Designs
Conventional Designs
New Designs
Naturally Aspirated
Turbocharged
Port Fuel Injection Direct Injection
Large Bulky V6, V8 Downsized,3 or 4 Cylinders
More stringent requirementsare driving new designs
Source: The International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT)
5 and 6 speed auto transmissions
8-10 speed AT and CVT
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Big Picture on Light-Duty Gasoline Engine: PFI vs. DIG
Fuel/Air mixing Fuel evaporation Mixture
homogeneity
PFIBefore entering the cylinder
Before enteringthe cylinder Good
DIG Inside cylinder
During intake and compression Not good
Dramatic market shift from PFI technology to DIG for fuel economy improvement
PM/PN emission is a big concern
PFI
DIG
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Technology Drivers in Fuels Markets
Stringent CO2/ FE Standards
Gasoline PM/PN
Requirements
Evolving Regulatory & Emissions Standards
Turbo, DIG, Downsizing
New Exhaust Aftertreatment
GPF’s
Advances in Hardware Technology
Fuel Economy
Particle Emissions & GPFs
LSPI
Turbo DIG
Opportunities and Challenges
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New Engine Designs Present New Challenges
New downsized engine designs deliver superior performance
Direct injection exposes injectors to more severe operating conditions
Hetergeneous/stratified air-fuel mixtures produce higher particulate emissions
New engine designs are prone to LSPIat low-speed,high-load conditions
New challenges also present new opportunities for fuel additives
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Gasoline Direct Injection – New Opportunities
LTFT
9876543210
0 2000
4000Miles
6000DU
8000CU
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1 0 2000 4000 6000Miles
8000
DU
CU
Plugged Holes Clean Holes
Additive
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chemistry
Gasoline injector deposits and flow loss (DIG)
Flow loss without additive
Flow restoration by additive
Dirty Clean
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High Octane Gasoline Enables IncreasedCompression Ratio For Improved Fuel Efficiency
Higher octane fuel enables engine to operate at optimal conditionsfor improved efficiency
0
5
10
15
20
6 1611Compression Ratio
Thermal and Mechanical Loss
Theoretical Thermal Efficiency
Fuel Economy
Source: JCAP
Higher compression ratio improves fuel efficiency and fuel economy High compression can lead to detonation Detonation can result in catastrophic engine changeDetonation can be controlled Change engine settings, non- optimal operation Improve the fuel’s resistance to
detonation – increase octane
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Real World Cycle Testing Will Change Landscapefor Fuel Economy and Emission Claims
Real world driving will have significant impact on vehicle,fuel, lubricant, emission and fuel economy claims.Particulate numbers increase as injector deposits form
https://www.transportenvironment.org/press/psa-et-te-rendent-publiques-les-consommations-de-carburant-en-conditions-r%C3%A9elles-dutilisation
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Combustion: Much More Than Octane
Chemistry foundation & Product differentiation are key elements of development
SOOT & PARTICULATES
CAVITATION
COMBUSTION CHAMBER DEPOSITS
SPRAY & ATOMIZATION
FLAME SPEED MODIFIERS
CYCLE-TO-CYCLE VARIABILITY
DIFFUSION FLAMES & ULTRAFINES
LOW SPEED PRE-IGNITION
INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION
AUTO-IGNITION
INJECTOR DEPOSITS
NOX, UHC, SECONDARY AEROSOLS
Fuel Economy Power Emissions NVH Drivability
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Multi-faceted Problem, Here to Stay
DIGTurbo
Charged
Engine Durability
Reduced Fuel
Economy
Higher Emissions
Real World Performance
Engine Cleanliness
and Efficiency
Drivability
To achieve further CO2 reductions, OEMs will retain boosting/turbocharging in future engine designs.
Effects on Engine Performance
A multi-faceted hurdle to engine performance. Expected to worsen with even higher output engines
No drivers to revert back from turbocharging to naturally aspirated engines.
Functional Fuel essential with this approach.
OEMs continue development of further downsized, higher output engines.
Performance parameters may further increase in severity and frequency in further downsized engines.
®
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d in any media without the express written permission of Afton Chemical Corporation
Fuel Additives Are Enabling An Evolution in Fuel
and Vehicle TechnologyEmission control and energy conservation policies are drivers for change Particle emissions remains a challengeVehicle technology and test cycles have significant impact on particulateemissionClean Fuel solutions are complicated and are exemplified by biofuelsFuel additives enable the safe and efficient production, transport and utilizationof fuelFuel additives maintain optimal vehicle performanceFuel additives offer potential for fuel efficiency and emissions improvementFuel additives provide means to effectively and efficiently modify fuel properties Maintain optimal engine performance and reduce emissions Higher additive treat rates may be necessary for optimal vehicle performance
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Thank You!
Developing Markets
Evolving Regulatory & Emissions Standards
Advanced Hardware & Technology
Fuel QualityDynamics
Competitive Landscape
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