FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR ANALYSIS OF CLAUSE COMPLEXES IN
THE JOURNAL ARTICLES WRITTEN BY NATIVE SPEAKERS AND
NON-NATIVE SPEAKERS
By
YULIA CHARISMA
NIM 200832034
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY
MURIA KUDUS UNIVERSITY
2013
FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR ANALYSIS OF CLAUSE COMPLEXES IN
THE JOURNAL ARTICLES WRITTEN BY NATIVE SPEAKERS AND
NON-NATIVE SPEAKERS
SKRIPSI
Presented to the University of Muria Kudus
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Completing the Sarjana Program
in English Education
By
YULIA CHARISMA
NIM 200832034
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY
MURIA KUDUS UNIVERSITY
2013
MOTTO AND DEDICATION
MOTTO:
Actually after the difficulty will arrive the easily, so do your business
seriously and you just hope to Allah. (QS. Asy-Syarah)
Live is to dedicate the best that has full meaning for the world and the
hereafter. (AA Gym)
DEDICATION:
o Allah who always give his full of rohmah and
blessing
o My beloved parents who always give spirit
and as my inspiration (my father Musfahroni
and my mother Siti Aminah)
o My beloved brother Suyono Hermawan
o My beloved best friends (ST, Kak Opix, Cha,
Put, Me, Zida, and all of therapists in Al-
Achsaniyyah)
o My beloved someone who always
accompanies, supports, and guide me.
o Myself. It is new term of my life.
ADVISORS’ APPROVAL
This is to certify that the Sarjana Skripsi of Yulia Charisma (2008-32-034)
has been approved by the skripsi advisors for further approval by the Examining
Committee.
Kudus, January 2013
Advisor I
Dr. Slamet Utomo, M.Pd
NIP. 19621219 198703 1 001
Advisor II
Atik Rokhayani, S.Pd, M.Pd
NIS. 0610701000001207
Acknowledged by
The Faculty of Teacher Training and Education
Dean,
Drs. Susilo Rahardjo, M.Pd
NIP. 19560619-198503-1-002
EXAMINERS’ APPROVAL
This is to clarify that the skripsi of Yulia Charisma (NIM: 2008-32-034) has
been approved by the Examining Committee as a requirement for the Sarjana
Degree in the Teaching of English as a Foreign Language.
Kudus, February 2013
Skripsi Examining Committee:
Dr. Slamet Utomo, M.Pd , Chairperson
NIP. 19621219-198703-1-001
Atik Rokhayani, S.Pd, M.Pd , Member
NIS. 0610701000001207
Acknowledged by
The Faculty of Teacher Training and Education
Dean,
Drs. Susilo Rahardjo, M.Pd
NIP. 19560619-198503-1-002
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I would like to extend gratitude to the Almighty Allah
SWT, the Lord of the universe, for blessing every time, so this final project can be
finished.
In this occasion I would like to deliver sincerest gratitude to the following
people:
1. My beloved parents who always give love, pray, and support.
2. Susilo Rahardjo, M. Pd. as the Dean of Teacher Training and Education
Faculty who has given the smooth way to finish and compile this study.
3. Fitri Budi Suryani, SS, M. Pd. as the head of English Education
Department.
4. Dr. Slamet Utomo, M.Pd. as my first advisor who has already approved this
research and given a lot of guidance and suggestion in the completion of
this study.
5. Atik Rokhayani, S.Pd, M.Pd as my second advisor who has patiently and
kindly given valuable and continuous guidance, advice, as well as
encouragement in making and completing this Skripsi.
6. All lecturers of Department of English Education Faculty of Teacher
Training and Education University of Muria Kudus.
7. All of families (father, mother, and brother) who always support and lead
me.
8. My beloved best friends and someone who always give loves and support.
I conscious that in compiling this skripsi belongs to much insuffiency, I
hopes some criticism and suggestion which means develop to the perfect research.
Finally, in the name of Allah the Most Gracious the Most Merciful and by the
deeper thanks to our God, I hope that May our God always bless and guide us to the
best way of our life in the world and hereafter especially to all who have already
helped in compilation of this skripsi.
Kudus, January 2013
Yulia Charisma
ABSTRACT
Charisma, Yulia. 2012. Functional Grammar Analysis of Clause Complexes in the
Journal Articles Written by Native Speaker and Non-Native Speaker.
Skripsi : English Education Department, Teacher Training and Education
Faculty, Muria Kudus University. Advisors : (1) Dr. Slamet Utomo, M.Pd.,
(2) Atik Rokhayani, S.Pd, M.Pd
Key word: Clause, clause complex, Journal Articles, Native and Non Native
Speaker
Clause complex is the Grammar’s way of showing “that” and “how” the
process going together in a sequence that relates to each other. When we read an
English article, we often get difficulties in understanding of how the information
that is read going together in a sequence that related to each other so that theory of
clause complex is used to make clear how the clauses are linked one another so it
shows the relation between the clauses. I choose to analyze clause complex in the
journal articles written by native speakers and non-native speakers because I
assume that there are many clause complexes which can be analyzed. In order to
give new information about clause complex and to give knowledge in
understanding clause complex used in the journal articles written by native speakers
and non-native speakers, I am motivated to analyze the clause complex used in the
journal articles written by native speakers and non-native speakers in The Internet
TESL Journal 2010.
The purpose of this research is to find out the kinds of taxis and logico-
semantic relation that are used in the journal articles written by native speakers and
non-native speakers, and to find out how the clause complex is used in the journal
articles written by native speakers and non-native speakers.
The data and data source of this research is two journal articles written by
native speakers and two journal articles written by non-native speakers that are
downloaded from The Internet TESL Journal 2010. I used descriptive qualitative as
the research design.
Based on the analyzing the data, it was found that the kinds of taxis in the
journal article written by native speakers and non-native speakers are paratactic and
hypotactic. In the first journal article written by native speaker, there are 40
paratactic clauses and 45 hypotactic clauses. While, in the second journal written by
native speaker, there are 26 paratactic clauses and 35 hypotactic clauses. Whereas,
in the first journal article written by non-native speaker there are 28 paratactic
clauses and 35 hypotactic clauses. And the last, in the second journal written by
non-native speaker there are 18 paratactic clauses and 44 hypotactic clauses.
Meanwhile the kinds of Logico-semantic relation which are used in the journal
article written by native speakers and non-native speakers are expansion and
projection. Expansion can be classified into elaboration, extension and
enhancement. Whereas projection can be classified into locution and idea. In the
first journal article written by native speaker, there are 31 elaboration clauses, 32
extension clauses, 31 enhancement clauses, 1 locution clause and 7 idea clauses.
Then, in the second journal article written by native speaker, there are 23
elaboration clauses, 23 extension clauses, 18 enhancement clauses and 6 idea
clauses. Whereas, in the first journal article written by non-native speaker, there are
25 elaboration clauses, 21 extension clauses, 19 enhancement clauses, 1 locution
clause and 8 idea clauses. And the last, in the second journal article written by non-
native speaker, there are 32 elaboration clauses, 14 extension clauses, 18
enhancement clauses and 9 idea clauses. The way clause complex is used in the
journal article written by native speakers and non-native speakers are “often” to be
used because their percentages around 45%-72%. The result of the calculation is
72.03% for the first article written by native speaker, 70,11% for the second article
written by native speaker, 66,32% for the first article written by non-native speaker
and 68, 89% for the second article written by non-native speaker. From that journal
articles, the journal article written by native speakers has higher percentage than the
journal article written by non-native speakers.
Therefore, I suggest that the reader can add their knowledge and get new
information about theory of clause complex that is used in the journal articles
written by native speakers and non-native speakers. Moreover the English students
can enrich their knowledge about clause complex through the journal articles
written by native speakers and non-native speakers. Meanwhile the lectures of
English Education Department Teacher Training Faculty Muria Kudus University
can give knowledge about clause complex clearly and easily to be comprehended
by students through the journal articles written by native speakers and non-native
speakers. And the last I would like to give suggestion to further researchers, the
next researchers can apply the journal article as the data source to analyze clause
complex that is already known that there are many clause complexes are used there.
ABSTRAKSI
Charisma, Yulia. 2012. Functional Grammar Analisis Klausa Kompleks di Artikel
Jurnal yang Ditulis oleh Penutur Asli dan Bukan Penutur Asli. Skripsi :
Pendidikian Bahasa Inggris, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan.
Pembimbing : (1)Dr. Slamet Utomo, M.Pd., (2) Atik Rokhayani, S.Pd,
M.Pd
Kata kunci: Klausa, Klausa Kompleks, Artikel Jurnal, Penutur Asli dan Bukan
Penutur Asli
Klausa kompleks merupakan cara tata bahasa yang menunjukkan “bahwa”
dan “bagaimana” sebuah proses yang ada secara bersamaan dalam suatu rangkaian
yang menghubungkan satu sama lain. Saat kita membaca artikel dalam bahasa
Inggris, kita sering mengalami kesulitan dalam memahami bagaimana informasi
yang dibaca dalam suatu rangkaian yang saling menghubungkan satu sama lain,
oleh karena ituteori klausa kompleks digunakan untuk memperjelas bagaiman
kalusa-klausa tersebut dihubungkan satu sama lain sehingga ini menunjukkan
hubungan antar kalusa-klausanya. Saya memilih untuk menganalisa klausa
kompleks pada artikel jurnal yang ditulis oleh penutur asli dan bukan penutur asli
karena saya berasumsi bahwa ada banyak klausa kompleks yang bias dianalisis
untuk memberi informasi baru tentang klausa kompleks dan untuk memberikan
pengetahuan dalam memahami klausa kompleks yang digunakan pada artikel jurnal
yang ditulis oleh penutur asli dan bukan penutur asli, saya termotivasi untuk
menganalisa klausa kompleks yang digunakan pada artikel jurnal yang ditulis oleh
penutur asli dan bukan penutur asli.
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan jenis-jenis taxis dan
logico-semantic relation yang ditemukan pada artikel jurnal yang ditulis oleh
penutur asli dan bukan penutur asli dan juga untuk menemukan bagaiman klausa
kompleks yang digunakan pada artikel jurnal yang ditulis oleh penutur asli dan
bukan penutur asli.
Data dan sumber data dari penelitian ini adalah dua artikel jurnal yang
ditulis oleh penutur asli dan dua artikel jurnal yang ditulis oleh bukan penutur asli
yang diunduh dari The Internet TESL Journal 2010. Saya menggunakan deskriptif
kualitatif sebagai desain penelitian.
Berdasarkan analisis data, ditemukan bahwa jenis-jenis taxis pada artikel
jurnal yang ditulis oleh penutur asli dan bukan penutur asli adalah paratactic dan
hypotactic. Pada artikel jurnal pertama yang ditulis penutur asli, ada 40 klausa
paratactic dan 45 klausa hypotactic. Sementara itu, pada artikel jurnal kedua yang
ditulis penutur asli, ada 26 klausa paratactic dan 35 klausa hypotactic. Sedangkan,
pada artikel jurnal pertama yang ditulis oleh bukan penutur asli ada 28 klausa
paratactic dan 35 klausa hypotactic. Dan yang terakhir, pada artikel jurnal kedua
yang ditulis oleh bukan penutur asli ada 18 klausa paratactic dan 44 klausa
hypotactic. Sedangkan jenis-jenis logico-semantic relation yang ditemukan pada
artikel jurnal yang ditulis oleh penutur asli dan bukan penutur asli adalah expansion
dan projection. Expansion dibagi menjadi elaboration, extension, dan enhancement.
Dan projection dibagi menjadi locution dan idea. Pada artikel jurnal pertama yang
ditulis penutur asli, ada 31 elaboration, 32 extension, 31 enhancement, 1 locution
dan 7 idea. Lalu, pada artikel jurnal kedua yang ditulis penutur asli, ada 23
elaboration, 23 extension, 18 enhancement, dan 6 idea. Sedangkan, pada artikel
jurnal pertama yang ditulis oleh bukan penutur asli ada 25 elaboration, 21 extension
19 enhancement, 1 locution clause and 8 idea clauses. Dan yang terakhir, pada
artikel jurnal kedua yang ditulis oleh bukan penutur asli ada 32 elaboration, 14
extension, 18 enhancement, dan 9 idea. Bagaimana klausa kompleks itu digunakan
pada keempat artikel jurnal adalah “sering” digunakan karena persentase
keempatnya berkisar antara 45%-72%. Hasil dari perhitungannya adalah 72.03%
untuk artikel jurnal pertama yang ditulis oleh penutur asli, 70,11% untuk artikel
jurnal kedua yang ditulis oleh penutur asli, 66,32% untuk artikel jurnal pertama
yang ditulis oleh bukan penutur asli and 68, 89% untuk artikel jurnal kedua yang
ditulis oleh bukan penutur asli. Dari artikel jurnal tersebut, artikel jurnal yang
ditulis oleh penutur asli memiliki penggunaan klausa kompleks yang lebih tinggi
dibandingkan dengan article jurnal yang ditulis oleh bukan penutur asli.
Oleh karena itu saya menyarankan agar para pembaca dapat menambah
pengetahuan mereka dan mendapatkan informasi tentang klausa kompleks melalui
artikel jurnal yang ditulis oleh penutur asli dan bukan penutur asli. Terlebih lagi
bagi mahasiswa Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris dapat memperkaya pengetahuan mereka
tentang klausa kompleks melalui artikel jurnal yang ditulis oleh penutur asli dan
bukan penutur asli. Sedangkan para dosen program studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris
Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Universitas Muria Kudus dapat
memberikan pengetahuan kepada mahasiswanya tentang klausa kompleks melalui
artikel jurnal yang ditulis oleh penutur asli dan bukan penutur asli. Dan yang
terakhir saya ingin memberikan saran kepada peneliti yang lain, peneliti selanjutnya
dapat menggunakan artikel jurnal sebagai sumber data untuk menganalisis klausa
kompleks yang telah diketahui bahwa banyak klausa kompleks yang digunakan
disana.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER .................................................................................................................. i
LOGO ..................................................................................................................... ii
TITLE .................................................................................................................... iii
MOTTO AND DEDICATION ............................................................................. iv
ADVISORS’ APPROVAL ................................................................................... v
EXAMINERS’ APPROVAL ................................................................................ vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................... vii
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... ix
ABSTRAKSI .......................................................................................................... xi
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................... xiii
LIST OF TABLE .................................................................................................. xvi
LIST OF APPENDICES ...................................................................................... xvii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Research ................................................................ 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem ..................................................................... 3
1.3 Objective of the Research .................................................................... 3
1.4 Significance of the Research ................................................................ 3
1.5 Limitation of the Research ................................................................... 4
1.6 Operational Definition.......................................................................... 5
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND HYPOTHESIS
2.1 Clause .................................................................................................. 6
2.1.1 Clause and Sentence Based on Conventional and Functional
Grammar Side………………………………………………………. 6
2.2 Clause Complex ................................................................................... 11
2.2.1 Definition of Clause Complex.............................................................. 11
2.2.2 Type of Relation Between Clause ....................................................... 12
2.2.2.1 Taxis ..................................................................................................... 12
2.2.2.1.1 Hypotactic ............................................................................................ 12
2.2.2.1.2 Paratactic ............................................................................................. 13
2.2.2.2 Logico-Semantic Relation .................................................................... 15
2.2.2.2.1 Expansion ............................................................................................. 15
2.2.2.2.1.1 Elaboration ........................................................................................... 16
2.2.2.2.1.2 Extension .............................................................................................. 18
2.2.2.2.1.3 Enhancement ........................................................................................ 20
2.2.2.2.2 Projection ............................................................................................. 21
2.3 The Journal Articles Written by Native Speakers and Non-Native
Speakers ............................................................................................... 24
2.4 Clause Complex in the Journal Articles Written by Native Speakers
and Non-Native Speakers……………………………………………. 25
2.5 Review of the Previous Research ......................................................... 26
CHAPTER III METHOD OF THE RESEARCH
3.1. Design of the Research ......................................................................... 27
3.2. Data and Data Source ........................................................................... 27
3.3. Data Collection ..................................................................................... 28
3.4. Data Analysis ....................................................................................... 29
CHAPTER IV FINDING OF THE RESEARCH
4.1. Finding ................................................................................................. 32
4.1.1 The Kinds of Taxis Used in the Journal Articles Written by Native
Speakers and Non-Native Speakers .................................................... 32
4.1.2 The Kinds of Logico-Semantic Relation Used in the Journal Articles
Written by Native Speakers and Non-Native Speakers ...................... 57
4.1.3 The Way Clause Complex is Used in the Journal Articles Written by
Native Speakers and Non-Native Speakers ......................................... 87
CHAPTER V DISCUSSION
5.1 The Kinds of Taxis Used in the Journal Articles Written by Native
Speakers and Non Native Speakers ...................................................... 89
5.1.1 Paratactic ............................................................................................. 89
5.1.2 Hypotactic ........................................................................................... 94
5.2 The Kinds of Logico-Semantic Relation Used in the Journal Articles
Written by Native Speakers and Non-Native Speakers ……………... 97
5.2.1 Elaboration ........................................................................................... 98
5.2.2 Extension ............................................................................................. 102
5.2.3 Enhancement ....................................................................................... 105
5.2.4 Locution .............................................................................................. 107
5.2.5 Idea ...................................................................................................... 108
5.3 The Way Clause Complex is Used in the Journal Articles Written by
Native Speakers and Non-Native Speakers …………………………. 110
CHAPER VI CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
6.1. Conclusion ............................................................................................ 111
6.2. Suggestion ............................................................................................ 113
BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................. 145
APPENDICES ....................................................................................................... 147
CURRICULUM VITAE ....................................................................................... 204
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE
4.1.1 The Kinds of Taxis Used in the Journal Articles Written
by Native Speakers and Non-native Speakers............................... 33
4.1.2 The Kinds of Logico-semantic Relation in the Journal
Articles written by native speakers and non-native
speakers ......................................................................................... 58
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX PAGE
1 Journal Article Written by Native Speaker: “The Benefits of
Using Drama in the ESL/EFL Classroom” ......................................... 118
2 Journal Article Written by Native Speaker: “Re-envisioning
Reading Comprehension for English Language Learners” ................ 124
3 Journal Article Written by Non-Native Speaker:
“Advantages and Disadvantages of ESL Course Books” .................... 131
4 Journal Article Written by Non-Native Speakers: “A Teacher
Friendly for Evaluating and Selecting ESL/EFL
Coursebooks” ....................................................................................... 136
5 The analysis of Clause Complex .......................................................... 143
