FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMANT AND DISABILIT

FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMANT AND DISABILITY

FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENTImpairment was define as any loss or abnormality of psychological , physiological or anatomical structure or function.

FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENT is a health condition in which the normal function of a part of the body is less then the full capacity.

The type of impairment that may be sustained rang from mild situation that involve only a slight loss in function to total impairment that is often considered a full DISABILITY.

The sign of functional impairment typically include manifestation of some sort of decrease in ability that is noticeable to do others.

It usually the result of diseases , illness or injury.

One of the define characteristics of functional impairment is that the reduction in physical or mental capacity is sufficient to interfere with managing day to day task.

Ex. If an individual experiences a severe nervous illness that in turn leads to the development of AGORAPHOBIA that individual ability to work outside the home or participate in activities may be significant diminish. *Agoraphobia: it is a type of anxiety disorder in which people fear and often avoid places or situation that might cause people panic, helpless or embarressed.

Functional impairment is a neutral one encompassing all body functions, activities and involvement in life situation.

DISABILITYThe term disability broadly describes an impairment in a persons ability to function ,caused by changes in various systems of the body or to mental health.

Disability is consequence of impairment that may be physical, cognitive, mental, sensory, emotional, developmental and some combination of these.

A disability present from birth , or occur during a persons lifetime.

Disability is an umbrella term, covering impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions. Disability is a complex phenomenon , reflecting an interaction between features of a persons body and features of the society in which he or she lives.

An individual may also qualify as disable if they have had an impairment in the past or is seen as disabled based on a personal or group STANDARD or NORM.

Such disability may include physical, sensory, cognitive or developmental.

Mental disorder (psychiatric or psychosocial disability) and various type of chronic disease may also qualify as disability.

Conditions causing disability are classified by the medical community as:Inherited (genetically transmitted)

Congenital, meaning caused by a mothers infection or other disease during pregnancy , embryonic or fetal development irregularities , or by injury during or soon after birth.

Acquired such as condition caused by illness or injury.

Or unknown origin.

Type of DisabilityPhysical disabilitySensory disabilityIntellectual disabilityMental health and emotional disabilityDevelopmental disabilityNon visible disabilityPsychiatric disability

PHYSICAL DISABILITYAny impairment which limits the physical function of limbs , fine bones or gross motor ability is a physical impairment , not necessarily a physical disability.

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SENSORY DISABILITYIt is an impairment of one of the senses. The term is used primarily to refer to vision and hearing impairment but other sense can be impaired.VISION IMPAIRMENT: is vision loss to such a degree as to qualify as an additional support need through a significant limitation of visual capability resulting from either disease trauma or congenital or degenerating condition that cant be corrected by conventional means, such as medication or surgery.

HEARING IMPAIRMENT: hard of hearing or deafness refers to condition in which individuals are fully or partially unable to detect or perceive at least some frequencies of sound which can typically be heard by most people. Mild hearing loss my sometime not be considered a disability.

(C) OLFACTORY AND GUSTATORY IMPAIRMENT: sense of smell and taste are commonly associated with aging but can also occur in younger people due to a wide variety of causes. Olfactory disorder:

(i) Anosmia: inability to smell (ii) Dyosmia: things do not smell as they should (iii) Hyperosmia: an abnormal acute sense of smell (iv) Hyposmia: reduce ability to smell (v) olfactory reference syndrome: psychological disorder which causes patients to imagine they have strong body odor (vi) Parosmia: things smell worse then they should

(D) SOMATOSENSORY IMPAIRMENT: insensitivity to stimuli such as touch , heat, cold, and pain are often an adjunct to a more general physical impairment involving neural pathway and is very commonly associated with paralysis.

(E) BALANCE DISORDER : is a disturbance that causes an individual to feel unsteady , for ex: when standing or working.

INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY formerly known as mental retardation .these deficiencies can be assessed by various intelligence quotient tests(IQ). It can be defined by an IQ below 69. but this tool does not distinguish more specific impairment of cognitive function : language disorder or other. MENTAL HEALTH AND EMOTIONAL DISABILITYMental disability or mental illness is a psychological or behavioral pattern generally associated with subjective distress or disability.

DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITYIs any disability that result in problems with growth and development. Developmental disability in certain areas of life, especially in language, mobility , learning, self-help. NON VISIBLE DISABILITYLike diabetes, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, epilepsy and some sleep disorder, brain injury, mental health, learning disability.

Psychiatric disabilityThese disorder concern mainly social relationship , communication and behavior such as autism and childhood psychosis.

LEARNING DISABILITYWhat is learning disability?

Neurologically based information processing difficulties.Occur in individuals with average to above intelligenceWhile learning disability, learning disorder and learning difficulty are often used interchangeably ,they differ in many ways.It refers to significant learning problem in academic area.When the term learning disorder is used , it described a group of disorders characterized by inadequate development of specific academic, language , and speech skills.Types learning disability include READING (dyslexia),MATHEMATICS (dyscalculia), WRITING (dysgraphia).

Characteristics of Individuals with Learning DisabilitiesHyperactivityPerceptual-motor impairmentsEmotional liabilityCoordination problemsAttention disorders (ADHD)ImpulsivityMemory disordersAcademic difficultiesSocial skills deficitsInformation processing difficultiesLack of cognitive strategies for success (metacognition)Language (reading, writing, speaking) and math deficits

TYPELearning disability can be categorized by either the type of information processing affected by the disability or by the specific difficulties caused by a processing deficit. By stage of information processing learning disabilities fall into broad categories based on four stages of processing used in learning : INPUT , INTEGRATION , STORAGE AND OUTPUT . * INPUT: information perceived through senses, such as visual and auditory perception. Difficulties with visual perception can cause problem with recognized shape, position, or size of items. There can be problems in sequence. Some children appear to be unable to process tactile input. For ex: they may seem insensitive to pain or dislike being touched.

INTEGRATION: this is the stage during which perceived input is interpreted , categorized, placed in a sequence, or related to previous learning. Students with problem in these area may be unable to tell a story in the correct sequence, unable to memorize sequences of information such as the days of the week.A poor vocabulary may contribute to problems with comprehension.

STORAGE: problem with memory can occur with short-term or working memory ,or with long-term memory.Difficulties with visual memory can impede learning to spell. OUTPUT: information come out of the brain either through words, that is , language output , or through muscle activity, such as gesturing, writing, or drawing. It also create problem with spoken language. They may also have trouble running, climbing, or learning to ride a bicycle.

By function impaired:

Deficits in any area of information processing can manifest in a variety of specific learning disability. READING DISORDER: most common LD. Of all students with specific learning disabilities, 70-80% have deficits in reading.developmental dyslexia is often used as a synonym for reading disabilities. It can affect any part of the reading process, including word recognition, or both word decoding, reading rate, and reading comprehensions.Its also called word blindness.

Disorder of written expression: this difficulty must also cause significant impairment to academic achievement and task that require composition of writing skills.Poor writing expression as evidenced by grammatical and punctuation errors within sentence, poor paragraph organization, multiple spelling errors.

MANAGEMENTIntervention include:Mastery model: learners work at their own level of mastery. * practice * gain fundamental skills before moving onto the next level.

Direct instruction: scripted lesson plan * correcting mistake immediately * achievement- based grouping * alternative or modified assignments *quiet environment

(III) Special equipment: word processors with spell checkers and dictionaries. *computer-based activities * talking calculators (IV) Classroom assistants: note takers * readers *scribes (V) Special education: prescribed hours in a resource room * placement in a resource room

Assessment of Students with Learning DisabilitiesIDEA requires a multidisciplinary evaluation:Tests are administered by trained professionalsTests are reliable and validTests are not discriminatoryTests are administered in the students native languageA single measure cannot be used to determine eligibility

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