FunctionsFunctionsLesson 10

Skills MatrixSkills Matrix

FunctionFunction• A function is a piece of code or

routine that accepts parameters and stored as an object in SQL Server. The function always returns a result or result set from invocation.

• A function can be called within a SELECT statement or even a WHERE clause, whereas a stored procedure must be called using an EXEC[UTE] procedure statement.

FunctionFunction• SQL Server supports several types of

functions:– Built-in functions– Scalar functions– Inline table-valued functions– Multistatement table-valued functions– CLR functions

Built-in FunctionsBuilt-in Functions• You need to become familiar with a

large number of functions provided to you by Microsoft.

• Aggregate functions perform operations that combine multiple values into one value by grouping, summarizing, or averaging the values.

Built-in FunctionsBuilt-in Functions

Built-in FunctionsBuilt-in Functions• Configuration scalar functions return

information about system settings. • Cryptographic functions support

encryption, decryption, digital signing, and the validation of digital signatures. – EncryptByKey( )– DecryptByKey( )

Built-in FunctionsBuilt-in Functions• Configuration functions include

server_name( ) and db_name( ), which gives you information about server and database configurations, respectively.

• Cursor functions return information about the status of a cursor.

• Date and time functions provide you with the capability to manipulate and calculate with dates and time values.

Mathematical FunctionsMathematical Functions

Ranking FunctionsRanking Functions• Ranking functions are

nondeterministic functions that return a ranking value for each row in a partition.

• Ranking functions are new with SQL Server 2005 and allow you to use a rank or a row number within a result set.

Row Set, Security and String FunctionsRow Set, Security and String Functions• Rowset functions return the rowsets

that can be used in place of a table referenced in a Transact-SQL statement

• Security functions return information about users and roles.

• String functions manipulate character text. Once again, examine each function in turn.

Execution ContextExecution Context• Execution context establishes the

identity against which permissions are checked.

• Without specifying the execution context, the user or login calling the module, such as a stored procedure or function, usually determines the permissions invoked.

Three Function TypesThree Function Types• A scalar function passes and/or

returns a single value.• A multistatement table-valued

function proves to be a combination of a view and a stored procedure.

• Inline table-valued functions return a table and are referenced in the FROM clause, just like a view.

CLR FunctionsCLR Functions• In the same way you can write managed

code procedures, you now can also write a user-defined function in any .NET programming language.

• Also, as with the scalar functions or a table-valued Transact-SQL function, a managed code (CLR) function can be scalar or table-valued.

• Before you can use a managed function, you first need to enable CLR support on the server.

Deterministic and Nondeterministric Deterministic and Nondeterministric FunctionsFunctions• SQL Server marks a function as:

– A deterministic function always returns the same result, given a specific input value.

– A nondeterministric function always returns a different value each time invoked.

Deterministic FunctionDeterministic Function• You can create an index on a computed

column if a function is deterministic. – This means whenever you update the row,

the index also updates, and you could gain a lot of query performance when using the function in a query expression.

• User-defined functions are deterministic when they are:– Schema-bound.– Defined with only deterministic user-

defined or built-in functions.

CLR FunctionsCLR Functions• As with managed procedures, you

use CLR functions to perform complex calculations or conversions that are outside the scope of a data-centric environment, or to create functionality that scopes outside of SQL Server and cannot be resolved within a Transact-SQL function.

• All functions are deterministic or nondeterministic.

Nondeterministic Built-in FunctionsNondeterministic Built-in Functions• SQL Server permits the use of

nondeterministic built-in functions within user-defined functions, with the exception of NEWID( ), RAND(, NEWSEQUENTIALID( ), and TEXTPTR( ).

Schema BindingSchema Binding• Schema binding connects the function to the

object that it references. – All attempts to drop the object referenced by

a schema-bound function fails. – To create a function with the WITH

SCHEMABINDING option, the following must be true:

• All views and user-defined functions referenced by the function must be schema-bound as well.

• All objects referenced by the function must be in the same database.

SummarySummary• You learned that functions have

three forms: scalar, multistatement table-valued, and inline table-valued. – Scalar types return a single value; for

example, GETDATE( ) returns the current day and time. Both forms of table-valued functions return a dataset; for example, rows and columns.

SummarySummary• Built-in functions perform common

tasks. They have been developed over the years, and their number keeps increasing as new situations warrant the inclusion of new solutions in SQL Server.

• You can create your own functions.

Summary for Certification ExaminationSummary for Certification Examination• Know the use of functions.

– Know when to apply any of the three forms to specific scenarios.

• Know, in general, the built-in functions. – Know, in particular, Substring( ),

Datediff( ) and Dateadd( ).• Know the consequences of including

nondeterministic functions and functions that reference alias data types.