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Functions:
--taking in oxygen
--removing carbon dioxide
**the body only has a ___ minute
supply of oxygen!!
Anatomy of the Resp. System
•Nose: has two nostrils (nares) through which air enters.
Anatomy of the Resp. System
•Nasal Septum: divides the nose into two hollow spaces.
Anatomy of the Resp. System
•Nasal Cavities: hollow passageways lined with mucous and cilia (tiny hairs).
Anatomy of the Resp. System
•Sinuses: cavities in the skull around the nasal area.
Pharynx (throat)•Nasopharynx: upper portion behind the nasal cavities.
Pharynx (throat)•Oropharynx: middle section located behind the mouth.
•Laryngopharynx: bottom section
Larynx (“voicebox”)
•Lies between the pharynx and trachea
•vocal cords
Larynx (“voicebox”)• glottis: opening between vocal cords
• epiglottis: leaflike structure that closes the opening to the larynx during swallowing
Trachea: (windpipe)
• anterior to esophagus
• carries air between pharynx (throat) and lungs
•Bronchi: two branches off the trachea (left and right). Each bronchus enters a lung and divide into branches.
•Bronchioles: the smallest branches
Alveoli•Tiny air sacs at the ends of the bronchioles.
•Resemble bunches of grapes
Alveoli•Contain a rich network of blood capillaries
•This is where air exchange takes place
LUNGS
•Right Lung
•three sections (lobes): superior, middle, and inferior
LUNGS
• Left Lung
• two sections (lobes): superior and inferior
• left lung is smaller to make room for the heart
Ventilation (breathing)
Two phases:
inspiration (inhalation)
expiration (exhalation)
Breathing is controlled by the medulla oblongata of the brain.
An increased amount of carbon dioxide in the blood causes the center to increase the respiratory rate.
Inspiration (inhalation)
--diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract
--thoracic cavity enlarges and creates vacuum
Inspiration (inhalation)
--air rushes in to the alveoli
--air exchange takes place; this is known as
RESPIRATION
Expiration (exhalation)
--diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax
Expiration (exhalation)
--thoracic cavity becomes smaller, air rushes out (to equalize pressure)
Chronic ObstructivePulmonary Disease (COPD)
--asthma
--bronchitis (chronic)
--emphysema
Hyperventilation Syndrome
--anxiety or panic attack
**see handout on above topics
Pleurisy
--inflammation of the pleura (lung membranes)
Pleurisy
--S/S: sharp, stabbing pain when breathing, crepitus (grating sound in the lungs), dyspnea, fever
Pleurisy
--Tx: rest, medications, possible thoracentesis (withdrawal of fluid through a needle)
Pneumonia
--inflammation or infection of the lungs with fluid in the alveoli
Causes: bacteria, virus, or aspiration.
Pneumonia, ctd.
S/S: chills, fever, CP, productive cough, dyspnea, fatigue
Pneumonia, ctd.
Tx: antibiotics, bedrest, fluids, respiratory therapy
HEMOPTYSIS ??????????????
Pulmonary Embolism
Clot travels from somewhere in the body and blocks the pulmonary artery.
Pulmonary Embolism
S/S: dyspnea, sharp pain, anxiety, hypotension, hemoptysis,
tachycardia, JVD, LS: crackles or wheezing
Cystic Fibrosis
Inherited disorder that causes abnormal secretion of thick mucous which plugs the bronchi.
Cystic Fibrosis
Fatal illness, usually resulting in death in the teens or 20s.
Laryngitis
--Inflammation of the larynx and vocal cords
--frequently occurs with respiratory infections
Laryngitis
--S/S: hoarseness, loss of voice, sore throat, dysphagia
Epistaxis (Nosebleed)
Causes include: a direct blow, altitude change, hypertension, drugs, and diseases.
Epistaxis (Nosebleed)
Tx: lean forward, pressure on bridge of nose, ice pack, gauze packing, treat cause!
Epistaxis (Nosebleed)
What’s a great product to use to
pack a bloody nose??
Rhinitis
Inflammation in the nasal mucous membrane resulting in a runny nose (rhinorrhea), soreness, and congestion.
Rhinitis
Causes: infections and allergens