Research MethodologyFundamental Expository Patterns

Fundamental Expository Patterns1) Classification and analysis (descriptive)

2) Narrative

3) Comparison and contrast

4) Cause and effect

5) Discursive

6) Argumentative

In the broader sense of the term all good essays are argumentative ← rhetorical purpose of persuasion

Thesis Statements, Topic Sentences, Transitions

Hierarchical structure of academic papers (transitions)

Chapter 3

THS3

Chapter 2

THS2

Thesis- HypothesisINTRODUCTION

Chapter 1 THS1

Chapter 1-THS1INTRODUCTION

Paragraph1 – TS1

Paragraph2 – TS2

Paragraph 3 – TS3

Paragraph n TS n

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION

Classification and Analysis (Description) 1• Analysis: establishes the specific features of the object of study

Hypothesis: based on terms and definitions, usually classifies the object

e.g. Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice is a novel of manners.Chapter THS: one feature or a group of features

e.g. As is typical for novels of manners, Austen’s novel has a limited focus: it deals with the norms and values of the 18th-century country gentry families.

Logical division → transitions expressing the order of featurese.g. Among these norms, the neccessity of marriage for gentlemen’s

daughters is the first to be mentioned: it is a major priority, and therefore, not surprisingly, a central motive force behind the novel’s plot.

Classification and Analysis (Description) 2Classification: arranges several objects into groups on the basis of

their common features → it is based on analysisHypothesis: establishes the classes/groups

e.g. The villains of Gothic stories are fundamentally usurpers of power, though they appear in several varieties over the history of the genre. The most important of these include the Romantic overreacher, the wanderer, the (mad) scientist and such Gothic monsters as the double or the vampire, which, however, rarely appear in unmixed forms.

Chapter TS: defines one group and analyises the items belonging to ite.g. The third type of Gothic villain, the (mad) scientist is the child of

Enlightenment: believing in the infinite power of reason, he transgresses fundamental ethical norms as if he was a divine figure beyond human morality. In that sense, characters like Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein or Robert Stevenson’s Dr Jekyll are usurpers of God’s power.

Transitions: order of groups and features

Narrative

Tells a story, outlines a process or progress → chronological arrangement Hypothesis: its predicate explicitly or implicitly identifies a process

e.g. Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre is a Bildungsroman.

Definition: A Bildungsroman is a novel which follows the development of the main character from childhood to adulthood, that is, until his/her successful negotiation with society and reaching maturity.

Chapter THS: identifies one stage/phase of the processe.g. The first stage of Jane Eyre’s career is that of a Gothic orphan:

characteristically for the genre, she appears as a parentless child, an emotional and social outcast, whose rebellious nature is rejected as monstrous.

Transitions: time expressions

Cause and Effect 1 – Block Organisation• Establishes logical relationships between events

INTRODUCTION

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION

Part 1: Causes

Part 2: Effects

INTRODUCTION

CH1: Cause 1

CH2: Cause 2

CH3: Cause 3

CH4: Effect 1

CH5: Effect 2

CH6: Effect 3

Hypothesis: causes and effectse.g. The emergence of the Modernist world view in European culture can be traced down to various historical, scientific and philosophical causes and resulted in major literary changes.Hypothesis: effectsThe spread of the Modernist vision of life radically transformed poetry, drama and fiction.

Chapter THS: identifies one (group of) cause(s) or effectse.g. Modernism brought about the fundamental transformation of novel and short story writing.

Cause and Effect 2: Chain OrganisationEstablishes logical relationships in chain reactions

INTRODUCTION

CONCLUSION

1ST CAUSE1ST EFFECT

2ND CAUSE2ND EFFECT

3RD CAUSE 3RD EFFECT

Hypothesis: root cause and final resulte.g. The BBC series entitled Lost in Austen is currently the latest item in an adaptation chain originally based on Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice.Chapter THS: one cause and its direct effectE.g. The enormous popularity of Jane Austen’s novels has led to the creation of numerous film adaptations, the 1990 BBC miniseries being a defnitive one.1st effect = 2nd causee.g. The great number of faithful adaptations and their popularity, combined with marketing reasons, resulted in the production of looser and more popularised versions both in book and film form.

Comparison and Contrast1 – Block Organisation 1

INTRODUCTION

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION

Part 1: Object of Analysis 1

Part 2: Object of Analysis 2

INTRODUCTION

CH1: Heading 1

CH2: Heading 2

CH3: Heading 3

CH4: Heading 1

CH5: Heading 2

CH6: Heading 3

Hypothesis: similarities and differences in theoretical termse.g. Bridget Jones’s Diary is a comtemporary chick-lit rewrite of Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, which renegotiates the characters, the plot and the style of the original in (post-)feminist terms.

Hypothesis: modified and more detailed repetition

Transitions: linking words for comparison and contrast

Chapter THS: focuses on one aspecte.g. Bridget’s character illustrates that since Austen’s time the achievements of feminism, though they have solved many problems, have also introduced new ones into women’s life.

Comparison and Contrast 2 – Block Organisation 2

INTRODUCTION

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION

Part 1: Similarities

Part 2: Differences

INTRODUCTION

CH1: Similarity1

CH2: Similarity 2 2

CH3: Similarity 3

CH4: Difference 1

CH5: Difference 2

CH6: Difference 3

Hypothesis: similarities and differences in theoretical termse.g. Bridget Jones’s Diary is a comtemporary chick-lit rewrite of Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, which renegotiates the characters, the plot and the style of the original in (post-)feminist terms.

Hypothesis: modified and more detailed repetition

Chapter THS: similarity or differencee.g. Austen’s proto-feminist questioning of social conventions through Elizabeth Bennett’s character is in sharp contrast with Fielding’s distrust in feminist achievements, embodied in Bridget.

Comparison and Contrast 3 – Point by Point Comparison

INTRODUCTION

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION

CH1: Heading 1

CH3: Heading 3

Hypothesis: similarities and differences in theoretical termse.g. Bridget Jones’s Diary is a comtemporary chick-lit rewrite of Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, which renegotiates the characters, the plot and the style of the original in (post-)feminist terms.

Chapter THS: focuses on one aspect in both items to be analysede.g. Austen’s proto-feminist questioning of social conventions through Elizabeth Bennett’s character is in sharp contrast with Fielding’s distrust in feminist achievements, embodied in Bridget.

CH2: Heading 2

ExerciseAnalyse the hypothesis below. What expository pattern does it imply? How many sections will the paper have?

ExerciseAnalyse the hypothesis below. What expository pattern does it imply? How many sections will the paper have?

ExerciseAnalyse the hypothesis below. What expository pattern does it imply? How many sections will the paper have?

ExerciseAnalise the hypothesis below. What expository pattern does it imply? Compare it with the chapter thesis statements. Which words and phrases maintain the coherence of the text and train of thought? Which phrases identify the focus of each section?

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