FUNDAMENTAL HINDI NOTES OF MCU

7/22/2019 FUNDAMENTAL HINDI NOTES OF MCU

1/85

UNIT - V

Introduction to Computer & Information Technology

Defination :-

dEI;wVj ,d Electronic device gS tks vadxf.krh; vkSj

rkfdZd f;k&dykiksa dks lkFk&lkFk lEiUu djrk gSA nwljs

'kCnksa esa] dEI;wVj dks ,d ,sls ;U= ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;ktk ldrk gS ftldk iz;ksx funsZkksa dh ,d lwph ds vuq:i MsVk

dks O;ofLFkr djus esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA vkt dEI;wVj dsoy dqn

dk;ksaZ rd gh lhfer ugha gS tSlk fd ;g vius 'kSko&dky esa

FkkA igys ds dEI;wVj ,d cM+s deus ds vkdkj ds gksrs Fks tks

vktdy ds lSdM+ksa ilZuy dEI;wVjksa ds cjkcj tkZ dk mi;ksx

djrs FksA vktdy dEI;wVjksa us ukuk izdkj ds :i vkSj vkdkj

xzg.k dj fy;s gSaA vc dEI;wVjksa dks bruk NksVk cuk;k tk

ldrk gS fd mUgsa ,d dykbZ ?kM+h esa fQV fd;k tk dlrk gS

rFkk ?kM+h dh cSVjh ls gh pyk;k tk ldrk gSA vktdy ilZuy

rFkk mu tSls gh iksVsZcy dEI;wVjksa dk ckgqY; gSA

dEI;wVj esa fdlh Hkh izksxzke dks laxzghr ,oaf;kfUor djus dh {kerk gksrh gS tks dEI;wVj dks vR;ar

lkozHkkSfed cukrs gSa rFkk bUgsa dSydqysVj ls fHkUu cukrs

gSaA dksbZ Hkh dEI;wVj ,d fufpr ,oa U;wure {kerk ds lkFk]

fl)karr%] mu lHkh dk;ksaZ dks lEiUu dj ldrk gS tks fdlh vU;

dEI;wVj }kjk laiUu fd;s tk ldrs gSaA

Fundamental of computer 1

UNIT - I


2/85

UNIT - V

History Of Computer :-

dEI;wVj dk bfrgkl yxHkx rhu gtkj o"kZ iqjkuk gSA tc

phu esa ,d Calculating machineAbacus dk vfo"dkj gqvk FkkA

vosdl (Abacus) rkjksa dk ,d se (Frame of Wires) gksrk gSA bu

rkjksa ds chp dqN xksfy;ka fijksbZ tkrh gSA izkjaHk esa

vosdl (Abacus) dks O;kikjh yksx x.kuk,a djus ds dke esa iz;ksx

fd;k djrs FksA bl ekhu esa vadksa ds tksM+] ?kVkuk] xq.kk]

Hkkx dh f;ka, djus ds dke vkrk FkkA vusd vU; ;kaf=d ekhu

vadksa dh x.kuk djus ds fy, fodflr dh xbZAl=goha 'krkCnh esa kal ds xf.krK Cyst ikLdy (Blaize

Pascal)us ;g ;kaf=d ekhu fMftVy dsYdwysfVax (Digital Calculating)

dks lu~ 1642 esa fodflr fd;k bl ekhu dks ,sfMax ekhu (Adding

Machine) ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA D;ksfd ;g tksM+ ?kVkuk dk

dk;Z dj ldrh FkhA ;g ekhu ?kM+h vkSj vkWMksehVj ds fl)kar

ij dk;Z djrh gSA blesa dbZ nkars ;qDr pjf[k;ka FkhaA tks ?

kwerh jgrh FkhA pjf[k;ksa dks nkarksa ij 0 ls 9 rd ds vad Nis

jgrs FksA izR;sd pj[kh dk ,d LFkku esa bdkbZ ngkbZ lsSdMk

vkfn FkkA Blaize Pascal dh bl vkWfMax ekhu dks ikLdykbu dgrs

gSA tks lcls igyk ;akf=dh x.kuk ;a= gSA vkt Hkh dkj o LdwVj

ds LihM ehVj esa ;gh flLVe dk;Z djrk gSA lu~ 1673 esa teZu

xf.krK nkkZfud xkVQsV csu ysoyht (Gottfried von Leibnitz) us

ikLdykbu dk fodflr :i rS;kj fd;k ftls jsfdax ekhu dgk x;kA ;g

ekhu vadksa ds tksM+ o ?kVkus vykok xq.kk o Hkkx dh

f;ka,a dj ldrh FkhA

tsdkMZl ywe(Jacquards Loom) :-



3/85

UNIT - V

lu~ 1801 kalhlh cqudj (weaver) tkslsQ tsdkMZl

(Joseph Jacquard) us diMs cquus ds ,sls ywe dk vfo"dkj fd;k tks

diM+s esa fMtkbu o isVuZ Lor% nsrk FkkA bl ywe dh

foks"krk ;g Fkh fd ;g diM+s dh isVuZ dks dkMZ cksMZ dksfp=;qDr iapdkMksZa }kjk Hkkxksa dks funsZfkr fd;k tkrk

FkkA

tsdkMZl ds bl ywe us nks fopkj /kkjk,a nh tks vkxs

dEI;wVj ds fodkl esa mi;ksxh fl) gqbZA igyh fopkj /kkjk ;g

FkhA fd lwpuk dks iapdkMZ ij dksMsV fd;k tk ldrk gSAnwljh ;g Fkh fd iapdkMZ ij laxzfgr lwpuk funsZkksa dk lewg

gSA ftlesa iapdkMZ dks tc Hkh dke ij fy;k tk,xk rks funsZk

dk ;g lewg izksxzke ds :i esa dk;Z djsxkA

pkYlZ oSost dk fMQjsals batu (Charles BabbagesDifference Engine) :-

dEI;wVj ds bfrgkl esa 19oha 'krkCnh dk le; Lo.khZ;

ekuk tkrk gSA vaxszt xf.krK pkYlZ oSost us ,d ;kaf=d x.kuk

ekhu fodflr djus dh vko;drk rc eglwl dh tcfd x.kuk ds fy;s

cuh gqbZ lkjf.k;ksa esa =qfV vkrh FkhA D;ksafd ;s Vsfcy gLr

fufeZr Fkh blfy;s blesa =qfV vk tkrh FkhA pkYlZ oSost us

1822 esa ,d ekhu dk fuekZ.k fd;k ftldk O;; fczfVk ljdkj us

ogu fd;kA bl ekhu dk uke fMQjsal baftu j[kk x;kA bl ekhu

esa xSj vkSj lkWV yxs FksA vkSj ;g Hkki ls pyrh FkhA lu

1833 esa pkYlZ oSost us fMQjsal batu dk fodflr :i ,d

'kfDrkkyh ekhu ,ukykbfVdy batu rS;kj fd;k ;g ekhu dbZ



4/85

UNIT - V

izdkj ds x.kuk dk;kZsa esa l{ke Fkh ;g iapdkMZ ij laxzfgr

funsZkksa ds lewgksa }kjk funsZfkr gksdj dke djrh FkhA

pkYlZ oSost dks dEI;wVj dk tud dgk tkrk gSA gkykafd

,ukykWfVdy batu dks pkYlZ oSost us dk;Z djrs gq, ughans[kk Fkk D;ksafd ekhu cukus ds ckn mudk nsgkar gks x;k

FkkA

dEI;wVj dh foks"krk,a(Characteristics of Computer) :-

vktdy dEI;wVj dk mi;ksx gj {ks= esa gks jgk gSD;ksafd dEI;wVj gh ,d ,slh Lopfyr ekhu gS tks fd cgqr lkjs

dk;Z Lor% gh dj ysrh gSA bldh fokss"krk,a fuEu fyf[kr gSA

(1) xfr(Speed) :-

ekhu dh lgk;rk ls vki dk;Z djus dh LihM c


5/85

UNIT - V

rks fdruk le; yxsxk! dEI;wVj ls ;gh dk;Z iyd >idrs gh djk;k tk

ldrk gSA bl dk;Z esa flQZ vkadM+s dEI;wVj esa enter ek= dk

le; yxsxkA ,d ckj MkVk dEI;wVj esa Mky fn;k tk, rks ,d izek.k

nsdj ge mlls rjg&rjg ds dk;Z djk ldrs gSA(3) 'kq)rk(Accuracy) :-

dEI;wVj viuk dk;Z fcuk fdlh xYrh ds djrk gS ;fn vkidks

nl vadksa dh nks vyx&vyx la[;kvksa dks xq.kk djus ds fy,

dgk tk, rks vki blesa dbZ ckj xyrh djsaxs ysfdu lk/kkjr% lHkh

dEI;wVj 38 vadksa okyh la[;kvksa ds ij fdlh Hkh izf;k dksfcuk fdlh xYrh ds iwjk dj ldrs gSA dEI;wVj }kjk xyrh fd;s tkus

ds dbZ mnkgj.k lkeus gSA ysfdu lkjh xyrh;ksa esa ;k rks xyrh

dEI;wVj esa MkVk enterds oDr dh xbZ gksrh gSA ;k izksxzke

nsrs le;A dEI;wVj Lo;a dHkh xyrh ugha djrk gSA og viuk dk;Z

iwjk 'kq)rk ds lkFk djrk gSA

(4) mPp laxzg.k {kerk(High Storage Capacity) :-

,d dEI;wVj flLVe es MkVk dh laxzg.k {kerk cgqr mPp

gksrh gSA dEI;wVj yks[kksa 'kCnksa dks cgqr de txg esa

laxzfgr dj ldrk gS lHkh izdkj ds MkVk fp=] izksxzke] xse rFkk

vkokt dks dbZ o"kksZa rd laxzfgr djds j[k ldrk gS ge dHkh

Hkh ;g lwpuk dqN gh lsdsUMksa esa izkIr dj ldrs gSA rFkk

vius mi;ksx esa yk ldrs gSA

(5) lkoZHkksSfedrk(Versatility) :-

dEI;wVj viuh lkoZHkkSfedrk okys xq.k ds dkj.k cM+h

rsth ls lkjh nqfu;k esa Nkrk tk jgk gS dEI;wVj fdlh Hkh ;a= dkuke j[kdj vkVksesfVd ekhu ds lewgksa dk uke gks x;k gSA



6/85

UNIT - V

dEI;wVj dks igys xf.krh; dk;ksZa ds fy;s mi;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk

ysfdu /khjs&/khjs og O;olkf;d dk;kZas esa mi;ksx gksus yxkA

dEI;wVj ds lkFk fizaVj yxkdj dbZ rjg ds Mk;ksxzke cuk;s

tk ldrs gSA

dEI;wVj dks VsfyQksu ls tksM+dj lkjh nqfu;k esa lwpuk,a

Hksth tk ldrh gSA ;k izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA

dEi;wVj esa rjg&rjg ds [ksy [ksys tk ldrs gSA

(6) fooluh;rk(Reliability) :-dEI;wVj ds }kjk fd;s x;s dk;Z iw.kZr% fooluh; gksrs

gSA ,oa fooluh;rk esa ;fn dqN deh vkrh gS rks og ;wtj ds }

kjk fd xbZ xyfr;ksa dh otg ls vRiUu gksrh gS fooluh;

vFkkZr~ tks VkjxsV geus flLVe dks fn;k gS flLVe gedks mlh

ds respect esa mRrj reply djrk gSA vFkkZr fooluh;rk ij ,d vU;

QsDVj Hkh vf/kd izHkkokhy gksrk gS tks fd izksxzke gS ;fn

flLVe esa buiqV fd;s x;s izsxzke esa xyr gksaxs rks mldk

vkmViqV Hkh gesa oSlk gh izkIr gksxkA

(7) ;kn j[kus dh 'kfDr(Power of Remembrance) :-

,d O;fDr vius thou esa cgqr lkjh ckrsa djrk gSA rFkk

og flQZ egRoiw.kZ ckrksa dks gh /;ku esa j[krk gSA ysfdu

dEI;wVj lkjh ckrsa] pkgs og egRoiw.kZ gksa ;k u gksa]

laxzghr djds j[krk gS rFkk ckn esa dHkh Hkh fdlh Hkh lwpuk

dks vko;drk iM+us ij miyC/k djkrk gS rFkk ;g lwpuk cgqr

o"kksZa ckn Hkh mruh gh 'kq) jgrh gS ftruh fd igys fnuA



7/85

UNIT - V

(8) v{kerk(Diligence) :-

ekuo fdlh dk;Z dks fujarj dqN gh ?kaVks rd djrs gq,

Fkd tkrk gSA blds foijhr dEI;wVj fdlh dk;Z dks fujarj dbZ ?

kaVksa fnuks rFkk eghuks rd djus dh {kerk j[krk gSA blds

ckctwn mlds dk;Z djus dh {kerk eas u gh dksbZ deh vkrh gS

vkSj u gh dk;Z ds ifj.kke dh kq}rk ?kVrh gSA dEiwVj fdlh

Hkh fn;s x;s dk;Z dks cxSj fdlh Hksn Hkko ds djrk gS pkgs

dk;Z #fpdj gks ;k u gksA

Capabilities & Limitations:-dEI;wVj ds vusd ykHk gSa ysfdu buesa Hkh dqN

dfe;kaW gSa] vFkkZr~ bldh mi;ksfxrk dh dqN lhek,Wa gSa

tks fuEufyf[kr gSa :-

1-dEI;wVj ekuo&efLr"d ds leku Lo;a lkspus dh {kerk ugha

j[krk gSA ;g fn;s x;s funsZk ds vuqlkj gh dk;Z dj ldrkgSA dEI;wVj viuh {kerk ls ckgj ds dk;ksZ ds fy,

funsZkksa dk ikyu ugha djrk vkSj =qfViw.kZ ifj.kke nsrk

gSA

2-ekuo ds leku vizR;kfkr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fodYi] dEI;wVj

ugha fudky ldrkA

3-dEI;wVj esa vUrKkZu ugha gksrk gSA dEI;wVj lHkh

funsZkksa dk ikyu fd;s fcuk] lh/ks fu"d"kZ rd ugha

igWaqp ldrkA

4-dEI;wVj fdlh y{; dks gkfly djus ds fy, ifjfer la[;k ds inksa

dk ikyu djds f;k djrk gsA izR;sd in Li"V gksuk pkfg, vkSj

lHkh in ekuqlkj gksus pkfg,A



8/85

UNIT - V

Types of Computers :-

dEI;wVj dk oxhZdj.k ge fuEu fcUnqvksa ds vk/kkj ij

djrs gSa :-

(1) mldh LVksjst dsisflVh ds vk/kkj ijA(2)ekbks izkslslj dh LihM ds vk/kkj ijA

(3) dEI;wVj dh fQftdy LVDpj ds vk/kkj ijA

(4) dEI;wVj ds buhfk;y LVDpj ds vk/kkj ijA

Types of Computer System :-

1. Analog Computer (,ukykWx dEI;wVj)

2. Digital Computer (fMthVy dEI;wVj)

3. Hybrid Computer (gkbZfczM dEI;wVj)

(1) Analog Computer :-

'kCn dh mRifRr xzhd Hkk"kk ds 'kCn ,ukWykWx ls

gqbZ gSA bldk vFkZ nks Hkk"kkvksa ds chp ls gSA ;g

dEI;wVj ,d (Physical Variable) fQftdy osfj;scy dks nwljs fQftdyosfj;scy esa cnyus dk dk;Z djrk gsSA bldk eq[; mi;ksx ekiu

izf;k esa fd;k tkrk gSA bldk HkksSfrd izf;k dk ekWMy

cukdj ml izf;k dks fujarj lqpk: :i ls tkjh j[kus ds fy;s Hkh fd;k

tkrk gSA

(2) Digital Computer:-

fMftVy 'kCn dk vfHkizk; x.kuk ls gsA vFkkZr ;gka

vadksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA vadksa ds vfrfjDr xf.krh; x.kuk

djus ds fy;s esFkkesfVdy vkWijsVj ,oa yksftdy vkWijsVj dk

iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bl dEI;wVj dk iz;ksx vf/kdrj fcftusl



9/85

UNIT - V

,fIydsku esa fd;k tkrk gSA fMftVy dEI;wVj eq[; :i ls pkj Vkbi

ds gksrs gSa

(i) Micro Computer. (ii) Mini Computer.

(iii) Mainframe Computer. (iv) Super Computer.

(i) Micro Computer :-

;g dEI;wVj ,d NksVk dEI;wVj gksrk gS ftls ilZuy

dEI;wVj Hkh dgrs gsa D;ksafd bldk mi;ksx futh O;fDr fok"ks

ds }kjk gh fd;k tkrk gSA ;g dEI;wVj iksVZ Vscy gksrs gSAekbks dEI;wVj esa Vkbi jkbVj ds leku gh ^dhcksMZ* gksrk

gsS budh csLM ysaUFk 8-16] 3236 fcV gksrh gSA ekbks

dEI;wVj tSls& PCL, HCL, APPLE etc.

(ii) Mini Computer :-

ekbks dEI;wVj dh rqyuk esa feuh dEI;wVj dh xfr]

{kerk ,oa dher vf/kd gksrh gS budh cksMZ ysUFk dsoy 32

fcV gksrh gSa ;s dEI;wVj lkekU;r% 1 lsdsUM esa 10 ls 30

fefy;u funsZk ij lsdsUM izkslsl djrs gsa feuh dEI;wVj dh eq[;

foks"krk ;g gksrh gs fd blesa dsoy ,d gh lhih;w gksrk gS

ftls ;wuhizkslsl flLVe Hkh dgrs gSa ;g dEI;wVj 16 fcV rFkk 32fcV MkVk LVksj djus dh {kerk j[krs gSA feuh dEI;wVj ds

mnkgj.k fuEu gS :-

Ex. :- NEX 8842, WIPRO 588030, HELMARK 2 etc.

(iii) Mainframe Computer :-

;g dEI;wVj ekbks ,oa feuh dEI;wVj dh rqyuk esavf/kd ikWojQqy rFkk QkLV gksrs gSaA esuse dEI;wVj



10/85

UNIT - V

vR;kf/kd cM+s o T;knk Lisl ysus okys dEI;wVj gksrs gSaA

dEI;wVj vf/kdre funsZk rFkk MkVk dks LVksj djrs gSA lu~

1960 esa dsoy blh izdkj ds dEI;wVj miyC/k FksA

bu dEI;wVj ds fy;s ,;jdaMhku dh vko;drk gksrhgSA rFkk bUgs flQZ ,DliVZ gh gsUMy dj ldrk gsa bl dEI;wVj

ds fy;s ;wtj dEI;wVj ,DliVZ ds }kjk vius MkVk dh izkslsflax

djokrs gSaA D;ksafd ukWeZy ;wtj ds }kjk bls gsUMy djuk

vR;kf/kd dfBu gksrk gSA

Ex. :- IBM900, IBM308, IBM370 , ICL39 etc.

(iv) Super Computer :-

lqij dEI;wVj dks fMtkbu csfldyh dkWEiysDl flUFksfVd

,Iyhdsku bR;kfn esa ;wt djus ds fy;s cuk;k x;k gsA lqij

dEI;wVj dh izkslsflax LihM nwljs dEI;wVj dh rqyuk esa cgqr

high gksrh gSA budh eseksjh capacity lorge gksrh gsSA lqij

dEI;wVj dk ;wt Lisl fjlpZ ] buok;jksesaV fjlpZ ] osnj fjlpZ

bR;kfn laLFkkvksa esa fd;k tkrk gsA lqij dEI;wVj ds fuEu

mnkgj.k gS A

Ex. :- IBM900, IBM308, IBM370 , ICL39 etc.

(3) Hybrid Computer :-

gkbZfczM dk vFkZ gS laxzfgr vFkkZr vusd xq.k/keZ

;qDr gksukA os dEI;wVj ftesa ,ukWykWx dEI;wVj ,oa fMftVy

dEI;wVj nksuksa ds xq.k gks gkbZfczM dEI;wVj dgykrs gSaA

tSls dEI;wVj dh ,ukWykWx fMokbl fdlh jksxh ds y{k.kksa]rkieku] jDrpki vkfn ekirh gsA ;s ifjeki ckn esa fMftVy Hkkx



11/85

UNIT - V

ds }kjk vadksa esa cny tkrh gsSA bl izdkj jksxh ds LokLF;

esa vrkj&p


12/85

UNIT - V

bles 8088 uked micro processor yxk gqvk Fkk A bl

izdkj ds dEI;wVj dh lap; {kerk 640 KB Fkh rFkk micro processor

8 bit dk FkkA bles Qykih drivers dh la[;k 1 ;k 2 rd FkhA ysfdu

bl izdkj ds dEI;wVjks dh gkMZfMLd gksrh FkhA rFkk x.kuk xfr10 ls 12 MHz es gksrh Fkh A bldh eseksjh 1 MB rd gksrh FkhA

rFkk bles MkVkcsl dk vkdkj 8 bit rFkk address bus dk vkdkj 20

bit gksrk FkkA

(iii) PC - AT :-bl izdkj ds dEI;wVj es 80286 uked micro processoryxk

gqvk FkkA bles dqN vfrfjDr xq.k Fks ftues ,d Fkk izksxzke

izkslsflax dh xfr rst gksukA bldh xfr 8086 dh vis{kk vf/kd

FkhA bl izdkj ds dEI;wVj dh laxzg {kerk 1 MB ls 2 MB rd FkhA

bl izdkj ds dEI;wVjks es gkMZfMLd gksrh FkhA rFkk bldh

x.kuk xfr 16 ls 20 MHz es gksrh Fkh A bldh eseksjh 16 MB rd

gksrh FkhA rFkk bles MkVkcsl dk vkdkj 16 bit rFkk address bus

dk vkdkj 24 bit gksrk FkkA

NAME STORAGE

CAPACITY

MICRO

PROCESSOR

NO. OF

FLOPPY

DRIVE

HARD

DISK

CALCULATING

SPEED

PC

PC XT

PC AT

128 TO 640 KB

640 KB

1 MB TO 2 MB

8086

8088

80286

1 OR 2

1 OR 2

1 OR 2

NO

YES

YES

8+

10 12 MEGA.

16-12

Types of Personal Computer :-



13/85

UNIT - V

(A) Desktop Computer :-

ilZuy dEI;wVj dk lcls T;knk iz;ksx fd;k tkus okyk izdkj

MsLdVkWi dEI;wVj gSA MsLdVkWi tSlk fd uke ls gh miyf{kr

gksrk gS] ,d ,slk dEI;wVj gS ftls MsLd ij lsV fd;k tk ldrk gSrFkk ;g ogha ls dk;Z dj ldrk gSA blesa ,d lhih;w] ekWuhVj] dh

cksMZ rFkk ekml gksrs gSaA bUgsa ge vyx&vyx ns[k ldrs

gSaA MsLdVkWi dEI;wVj dh dher de gksrh gS ijarq bls ,d txg

ls nwljh txg ys tkuk eqfdy gksrk gSA vkt] vki uohure

dufQx;wjsku ds lkFk MsLdVkWi dEI;wVj 20&25 gtkj :i;ksa dhjsUt esa ys ldrs gSaA

(B) Notebook & Laptop :-

uksVcqd rFkk ySiVkWi i;kZ;okph gksrs gSa ;|fi dbZ

dEifu;ka ySiVkWi ds lkFk vU; Qhpjksa dks iznku djrs gSa rFkk

ySiMkWi dks uksVcqd dh vis{kkd`r FkksM+s egaxs nkeksaesa csprs gSaA MsLdVkWi dEI;wVj ls fHkUu] uksVcqd rFkk

ySiVkWi esa dqN Hkh vyx ls ugha gksrk gSA lHkh buiqV]

vkmViqV rFkk izkslsflax ;qfDr;ka ,d fMCcs esa lekosfkr gksrh

gSa tks vkidh ;k=k esa iz;ksx fd;s tkus okys czhQdsl dh

Hkkafr izrhr gksrk gSA vkerkSj ij ;k=k ds nkSjku ;k dqlhZ ijcSBdj bUgsa xksn esa j[kdj ifjpkfyr fd;k tk ldrk gS blfy, bls

ySi$VkWi vFkkZr~ xksn ds ij dgk tkrk gSA uksVcqd rFkk

ySiVkWi otu esa ,d fdyksxzke ls Hkh de gksrs gSa A ;s

MsLdVkWi ls egaxs gksrs gSa ijarq bUgsa ,d txg ls nwljh txg

vklkuh ls ys tk;k tk ldrk gsA tSlk fd ;g lqokgkz gksrk gS

vFkkZr~ bls vki dgha Hkh vius lkFk ys tk ldrs gSaA ;g vR;ar



14/85

UNIT - V

futh gksrs gSaA uksVcqd rFkk ySiVkWi esa cSVjh iSd gksrk

gS tks fctyh tkus ds ckn lkekU;r% 4&5 ?kaVs cSdvi iznku

djrk gSA

(C) Palmtop Computer :-

ikWeVkWi lcls vf/kd lqokgkz ilZuy dEI;wVj gksrs

gSa rFkk vkids gFksyh esa idM+s tk ldrs gSaA bUgsa ikWdsV

dEI;wVj Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;|fi ;g vf/kdkfjd :i ls ekU; ugha gSA

ikWeVkWi dk;kZy;ksa esa izpfyr ugha gSA ikWeVkWi dEI;wVj

dbZ Lo:i esa vc miyC/k gSA ;s VScysV ih-lh- rFkk ih-Mh-,- gks

ldrs gSaA

(D) Workstation :-

odZLVsku vkdkj esa ekbks dEI;wVj ds leku gksus

ds ckotwn vf/kd 'kfDrkkyh gksrs gSa rFkk ;s foks"k :i ls tfVy

dk;ksaZ ds fy, iz;ksx esa yk, tkrs gSaA bl izdkj dEI;wVj

ekbks dEI;wVj ds izk;% lHkh y{k.kksa dks vius vUnj j[krs

gSa rFkk ekbks dEI;wVj ds leku gh ,d le; esa ,d gh iz;ksDrk

ds }kjk lapkfyr fd, tkrs gSaA budh dk;Z{kerk feuh

dEI;wVjksa ds leku gksrh gSA budk iz;ksx ewyr%

oSKkfudksa] vfHk;arkvksa rFkk vU; foks"kKksa }kjk gksrk

gSA ;s ekbks dEI;wVj dh vis{kk egaxs gksrs gSa A fdUrq

ekbks dEI;wVj esa vikj cnyko rFkk blds c`gn~ Lrj ij fodkl ds

ckn vc odZLVsku dk izpyu de gqvk gS rFkk ekbks dEI;wVjds mUur mRikn us bldk LFkku ysuk izkjEHk dj fn;k gSA vcFundamental of computer 14


15/85

UNIT - V

ekbks dEI;wVj Hkh mUur xzkfQDl rFkk lapku&{kerkvksa ds

lkFk cktkj esa miyC/k gks jgs gSaA

Basic components of computer :-

dEI;wVj ,d Electronic devicegS ftlds }kjk ge fdlh Hkh MkVk

dks dEI;wVj esa LVksj dj ldrs gSA dEI;wVj funsZkksa ds lewg

dks ,d izksxzke ds :i esa fu;a=.k djds j[krk gSSA dEI;wVj ds }

kjk ykWftdy vkSj esFkkesfVdy dk;kZas dks vklkuh ls lEiUu

fd;k tk ldrk gSA vr% dEI;wVj ,d x.kuk djus okyh ekhu HkhgsSA

dEI;wVj dks rhu Hkkxksa ls feykdj cuk;k tkrk gSA

1. Input Device. 2.CPU. 3. Output Device

(1) INPUT DEVICE :-

buiqV fMokbl ds }kjk ge fdlh Hkh MkVk dks dEI;wVj

esa enter ;k inputdj ldrs gSA

vkerkSj ij buiqV fMokbl ds :i esa mouse vkSj keybord vkrs gSA

(2) CPU (CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT)

;g dEI;wVj dk eq[; Hkkx gksrk gSA ftlds }kjk ge buiqVfd;s x;s MkVk dk calculation dj ldrs gSA fjtYV dks vkmViqV

fMokbl esa izkIr dj ldrs gSA blds rhu Hkkx gksrs gSA

(i) Control Unit

(ii) Memory Unit

(iii) A.L.U. (Airthmatic And Logical Unit)



16/85

UNIT - V

(i) Control Unit :- bl ;wfuV ds }kjk dEI;wVj esa buiqV gksus MkVk

dks cantrol fd;k tkrk gSA ,oa

dqN errorgks tkus ij ;g lansk nsrk gSA tks monitor

screen ij iznfkZrgksrk gsSA

(ii) Memory Unit :- blds }kjk buiqV fd;s x;s MkVk dks lEHkkydj

j[kk tkrk gSA ftlls vko;drk

iM+uk ij izkIr fd;k tk lds A

(iii) A.L.U :- blds }kjk dEI;wVj esa inputgksus okys xf.krh; vkSjrkfdZd vkWijsku dks perform

fd;k tkrk gsS ,oa izkIr fjtYV dks vkmViqV ds fy, Hkst

fn;k tkrk gSA

(3) OUTPUT DEVICE :-

bl device ds }kjk ge fdlh Hkh fjtYV dks izkIr dj ldrs gSaA

tks buiqV fd;s x;s MkVk ij CPU }kjk perform fd;s x;s vkWijsku ls

izkIr gksrs gSA ge vkmViqV fMokbl ds :i esa ekWfuVj dk

mi;ksx djrs gSaaA blds vykok fizUVj dk mi;ksx djds Hkh

vkmViqV izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

MEMORY :-

PC es memeory ,d egRoiw.kZ device gSA ;g fpi ij gksrh

gSA tks buiqV fd;s x;s MkVk funsZk vkSj izksxzke dks 0 vkSj

1 dh digital voLFkk es laxzfgr djds j[krh gSA buiqV ;wfuV ls

MkVk vkSj funsZk buiqV gksus ds ckn eseksjh es tkrs gSACPU le; le; ij processing ds nkSjku MkVk vkSj funSkks dks



17/85

UNIT - V

eseksjh es ysrk gSA izkslsflax ds ckn Hkh ifk.kke eseksjh ds

tfj;s vkmViqV ;wfuV dh vksj CPU }kjk Hksts tkrs gSA PC dh

eseksjh dh ,d lhek gksrh gSA eseksjh dh laxzg {kerk izk; mega

bite ;k MB O;Dr dh tkrh gSA esxk dk vFkZ 106vkSj ,d ckbV dk

vFkZ 8 fcVl gksrk gS A 1 ;k 0 dks fcV dgrs gSA eseksjh eq[;

#i ls nks izdkj dh gksrh gS :-

1. Primary Memory

2. Secondary Memory

(1) Primary Memory :-

(A) RAM (Random Access Memory) (B) ROM (Read Only Memory)

(A) RAM (Random Access Memory)

(i) Read (ii) Write

(B) ROM (Read Only Memory)

(i) PROM (ii)EPROM

(2) Secondary Memory :-

(i) Hard Disk (ii) Magnetic Tape

(iii) Magnetic Drum (iv) Compact Disk Etc.

(1) Primary Memory :-

(A) RAM (Random Access Memory) :-

Ram (Random Access Memory ) Computer dh internal

eseksjh gksrh gS bles MkVk dks ckj ckj LVksj djds feVk;k tk

Lkdrk gSA ;g memory strong and Capacity read only memory dh vis{kk

vf/kd gksrh gS A iajrq ;g vLFkkbZ eseksjh gSA dEI;wVj dk

Lfop vkWQ gksrs gh bles eseksjh es fy[kh buQkjeslu feV tkrh



18/85

UNIT - V

gSA ;g eseksjh izk;ejh esekjh ds varxZr vkrh gSA bl eseksjh

es MkVk dks i


19/85

UNIT - V

(ii) EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM)

;g PROM ds leku ugh gksrs gSA ysfdu blesa laxzfgr

izksxzke ijkoSxuh izdkk dh mifLFkfr es feVk;s tk ldrs gSA

vkSj u, izksxzke laxzfgr fd;s tk ldrs gSA ubZ rduhdh dsEPROM Hkh gkasrs gS tSls fo?kqrh; fof/k ls feVk;h tk ldus

okyh EPROM dgykrh gSA

(2) Secondary Storage Device :-

econdary storage devicedks lgk;d fMokbl Hkh dgk tkrkgSA ;s fMokbl izkFkfed laxzg.k ;qfDr;ks ls fHkUu dEIiwVj ds

fy;s vokaNuh; ugh gSA vFkkZr izkFkfed laxg.k iz.kkyh dk

vokaNuh; Hkkx gS tcfd Secondary storage device vkodrkuqlkj

tksMk tkrk gSA Secondary storage device izkFkfed laxzg.k iz.kkyh dh

vis{kkdzr dbZ xq.kk vf/kd MkVk laxzg djrh gSA RkFkk ;g

LFkkukUrj.kh; gksrs gSA Secondary storage device es floppy disk, hard

disk, compect diskegRoiw.kZ device gSA

***************** END *****************

Input/Output & Storage Units

Input Device :- (KEYBORD)


UNIT - II


20/85

UNIT - V

fdlh Hkh dEI;wVj flLVe es use gksus ckyk eq[; input

device keyboard gksrk gSA fdlh dEI;wVj flLVe dk keyboard ,d type

writerds leku gksrk gSA bldh key type writer ds leku vjsat gksrh

gS ,ao dh key la[;k type writer ls vf/kd gksrh gSA MkVk buiqV dsvk/kkj ij keyboard dks nks Hkkxks es ckVk tkrk gS

1. Serial Keyboard. 2. Parallel Keyboard.

(1) Serial Keyboard :-

;gk data ds 1 vkSj 0 ds bit dks bit by bit dzekuqlkj

Hkstk tkrk gSA dEIiwVj

es ,d duoVZj serial data dks paraller data es duoVZ djrk gSA

(2) Parallel Keyboard :-

;g MkVk dh lHkh 1 vkSj 0 fcV dks izFkd&izFkd row

esa ,d lkFk Hkstrk gSA keyboard key nckus ij MkVk dks 8 fcV ds

dksM esa cnyus dk dk;Z keyboard budksMj djrk gSA izR;sd

keyboard esa fuEu izdkj dh ^Key* gksrh gSaA

(i) Function Key :-

F1 ls F12 rd dh ^Key* Function key dgykrh gSaA ;g pre

defined function dks perform djus ds fy, iz;ksx dh tkrh gSaA

(ii) Alpha-numeric Key :-

;g dqN Lisky symbols alphabetic & numeric number vkfn dks

Vkbi djus ds fy, iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA

(iii) Cursor Movement Key :-

;g pointerdks ij uhps & nk,a ck,a djus ds fy, use dh

tkrh gSaA



21/85

UNIT - V

(iv) Special Key :-

Control, alt, shift bR;kfn special key ds :i esa mi;ksx dhtkrh gSaA bls combination key ds uke ls Hkh Tkkuk tkrk gSA

(v) Multimedia Key :-

budk iz;ksx eYVhfefM;k ds le; fd;k tkrk gSA

POINTING DEVICE(i) Mouse :-

Mouse ,d lk/kkj.k pointing device gS tks fd fdlh item ;k option

dks select djus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA mouse esa rhu cVu

gksrs gSa tcfd dqN mouse esa nks cVu gksrs gSA ftudk iz;ksx

vkbVe dks choose djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ,d online input

fMokbl gSA lery lrg ij ekml dks fgykus ls blesa uhps yxh ystj

LED ewoesaV gksrh gSA tks ekml esa yxs LED dks laosfnr

djrsh gS ;g xfr fMftVy eku esa cnydj ;g O;Dr djrh gS fd ekml

fdl fnkk esa xfr dj jgk gSA ekml esa mifLFkr cVuksa dks

nckus ls Lhu ij ikWbUVj dh lgk;rk ls Lhu ds vo;o fpUg tkrs

gSa ekml ds cVu dks maxyh ls nckus dh f;k dks click dgrsgSaA ekml izk;% Lhu ij pointer dks control djrk gSA ;g screen ;k

graphic rS;kj djus ds dke vkrk gSA bls micro ekml Hkh dgk tkrk

gSA

(ii) Tracker Ball :-



22/85


23/85

UNIT - V

djus ds fy;s ge Mk;jsDV ,Dlsl fMokbl dk ;wt djrs gSA ;s fMokbl

fuEu izdkj dh gksrh gSA

(1) Scanning Device :-

Ldsfuax fMokbl MkVk dks read /input djrk gS tSls BCR

dks vkWIVhdy rays ds }kjk i


24/85


25/85

UNIT - V

gSA ykbVisu dh fVi ls tc Ldzhu ds mij dksbZ fiDpj cuk;h tkrh

gS rks bldh pulse screen ls VakLesV gksdj izkslslj ds vanj izosk

dj nh tkrh gS ykbVisu dks esuw es fn;s x;s option dks pquus o

vkd`fr cukus ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ykbVisu ds }kjkcukbZ x;h vkd`fr es dyj ,ao lso ds vykok lkbt esuVsu djus dh

lqfo/kk Hkh gksrh gSA eq[; mi;ksx fMtkbfuax ds fy;s fd;k tkrk

gSA

(5) Touch Screen :-

;g ,d ikWbUfVah fMokbl gS ftldk iz;ksx vkbVe dksfofHkUu Pokbl esa ls djus esa gksrk gSA Vp Lhu ,d Lisky

ekWuhVj Lhu gksrk gSA tks cgqr vf/kd sensitive gksrk gsaS A

tc ;wtj Lhu ds fdlh Hkkx dks Nwrk gsSA rks og ekWuhVj

flxuy dks tujsV djrk gsSA rFkk mls CPU esa Hkst nsrk gsSA

(6) Moniter :-

ekWuhVj dk iz;ksx vkmViqV izkIr djus ds fy, fd;k

tkrk gSA ;s nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA

(i) CRT (Cathode Rays Tube):-

CRT Moniter esa fdlh fiDpj dks tujsV djus ds fy;s cathode

V~;wc dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ;g V~;wc dsfedy QkWeZ esa

gksrh gS bldh ysV ljQsl esa QklQksjl dk ysi gksrk gsSA ;gljQsl uEcj vkWWQ MkWV esa foHkkftr gksrh gS ftls ^ pixel**

dgrs gSaA bl dsFkksM V~;wc ds var esa ,d bysDVkWu xu

gksrh gS ftlds }kjk bysDVkWu tujsV fd;s tkrs gS ,oa bl

bysDVkWu xu ds vkxs bysDVks esxusfVd QhYM tujsV dh

tkrh gS ftlls bysDVku dh fnkk funsZfkr dh tk ldsA tc ;s



26/85

UNIT - V

tujsV bysDVkWu QWklQksjl ljQsl ls Vdjkrs gSa rks ped mBrs

gSa rc gesa Lhu ij best ,oa text vkfn fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA

(ii) L.C.D. (Liquid Crystel Display) :-

CRT ekWuhVj dk disadvantage ;g gS fd ;s cgqr vf/kdek=k esa bysDVhflVh [kpZ djrs gS lkFk gh lkFk Lisl Hkh

vf/kd ysrs gSa tcfd ,ylhMh ekWuhVj esa ejdjh dk ;wt gksrk

gSA LCD ekWuhVj ,d ysV Lhu gksrk gSA bl Lhu esa

fofHkUu lsYl esa ejdjh QhM gksrh gS tks fd ok;lZ ds }kjk

cuk;s tkrs gSa tc bysDVhd flxuYl ;k bysDVhd djsaV buok;lZ esa Hkstk tkrk gS rc ;s ejdjh lsYl ds dqN Hkkx esa Xyks

djrs gSa ge fdlh Hkh lkbt dh ,ylhMh fMtkbu dj ldrs gSa

,ylhMh esa fjtksY;wku cgqr de gksrk gS tcfd lhvkjVh esa

vf/kd gksrk gS vFkkZr ,ylhMh ekWuhVj Lhu ij fn[kus okyh

best ls de Li"V gksrh gSA

ekWuhVj dh foks"krk,a (Characteristics of a

Monitor)

(i) Resolution :-

Display fMokbl dk egRroiw.kZ y{k.k gksrk gS &

Resolution ;k Lhu ds fp= dh Li"Vrk vf/kdrj fMLIys fMoklst esa

fp= Lhu ds NksVs&NksVs MkWV ds pedus ls curs gSaA

Lhu ds ;s NksVs&NksVs MkWV] pixels dgykrs gSaA ;gkWa

pixel 'kCn dk fiDpj ,fyesaV dk laf{kIr :i gSA Lhu ij bdkbZ

{ks=Qy esa pixels a dh la[;k Resolution dks O;Dr djrh gSA

Lhu ij ftrus vf/kd pixels gksaxs] Lhu dk Resolution Hkh

mruk gh vf/kd gksxk vFkkZr fp= mruk gh Li"V gksxkA ,d



27/85

UNIT - V

fMLIys Resolution ekuk 640 ck; 480 gS rks bldk vFkZ gS fd

Lhu 640 MkWV ds lrEHk vkSj 480 mkWV dh iafDr;ksa ls

cuh gSA text ds v{kj ;k dSjsDVj Lhu ij MkWV dSfVDl foU;kl

ls cus gksrs gSA(ii) Refresh Rate :-

dEI;wVj ekuhVj yxkrkj dk;Z djrk jgrk gS] ;|fi bldk

vuqHko ge lk/kkj.k vkWa[kksa ls ugha dj ikrs gSaA dEI;wVj

Lhu ij besat ck;sa ls nk;sa rFkk ij ls uhps bySDVku xu

ds }kjk ifjofrZr gksrh jgrh gS ijUrq bldk vuqHko ge rHkh djikrs gSa tc Lhu ^fDyd* djrh gSA izk;% ^fDyd* dk vuqHko

ge rc dj ikrs gSa tc Lhu rsth ls ifjofrZr ugha gksrh gSA

ekuhVj dh fjsk jsV dks gV~Zt esa ukik tkrk gSA

iqjkus ekin.Mksa ds vuqlkj ekuhVj dh fjsk jsV 60Hz

Fkh ijUrq u;s ekin.Mksa esa bldk eki 75 Hz dj fn;k x;k gSaA

bldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd ekuhVj ij fMLIys ,d lsds.M esa 75 ckj

ifjofrZr gksrk gSA bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gSa fd ftruk vf/kd fjsk

jsV gksxk ekuhVj mruk de fDyd djsxkA

(iii) Dot Pitch :-

MkWV fip ,d izdkj dh ekiu rduhd gS tks fd ;g nkkZrh gS

fd izR;sd fiDlsy (Pixel) ds e/; fdruk m/okz/kj vUrj gSA MkWV fipdk ekiu feyhehVj esa fd;k tkrk gsA ;g ,d ,slk xq.k ;k foks"krk

gS tks fd fMLIys ekWuhVj dh xq.koRrk dks Li"V djrk gSA ,d

dyj ekWuhVj tks fd ilZuy dEI;wVj esa iz;ksx gksrk gs] mldh

MkWV fip dh jsat 0.15mmls .30mmrd gksrh gSA

(iv) Interlaced or Non-Interlaced :-



28/85

UNIT - V

Interlaced ,d ,slh fMLIys rduhd gS tks fd ,d ekuhVj dks bl

dkfcy cukrh gS fd og fMLIys gksus okys jstksywku dh

xq.koRrk esa vkSj o`f) dj ldsaA Interlaced ekWuhVj ds lkFk

bysDVku xu dsoy vk/kh ykbu [khaprh Fkh D;ksafd Interlacing

ekWuhVj ,d le; esa dsoy vk/kh ykbu dks gh fjsk djrk gSA ;g

ekWuhVj izR;sd fjsk cycle ij nks ls vf/kd ykbuksa dks iznfkZr

djrh FkhA

VIDEO SATNDARD OR DISPLAY MODE :-

ilZuy dEiwVj dh Video rduhdh es fnu izfrfnu lq/kkj vkrktk jgk gS tSlS :-

(i) CGA (Colour Graphics Adapter) (ii) EGA (Enhanced Graphics Adapter)

(iii) VGA (Video Graphics Array) (iv) XGA (Extended Graphics Adapter)

(v) SVGA (Super Video Graphics Array)

(i) CGA (Colour Graphics Adapter) :-

bldk fuekZ.k 1981 es IBM uked daiuh us fd;k

FkkA ;g fMLiys flLVe 4 jaxks dks iznfkZr djus dh {kerk j[krk

gSA bldh iznkZu {kerk 320 fiDly Horizontal rFkk 200 fiDly

Vertical Fkh A ;g fMLiys iz.kkyh foaMkst ds lk/kkj.k games ds fy;s

iz;ksx es vkrk FkkA

(ii) EGA (Enhanced Graphics Adapter) :-

bldk fuekZ.k 1984 es IBMuked daiuh us fd;k

FkkA ;g fMLiys flLVe 16 jaxks dks iznfkZr djus dh {kerk j[krk

gSA bldh iznkZu {kerk CGA dh vis{kk vf/kd csgrj ;kfu 640

fiDly ( Horizontal ) {kSfrt rFkk 350 fiDly (Vertical) m/okZj FkhA bl



29/85

UNIT - V

flLVe us viuh iznkZu {kerk dks CGA dh vkSj vf/kd csgrj

cuk;kA ;g fMLiys flLVt VsDLV dks lhth, dh vis{kk vf/kd vklkuh

ls i< ldrk FkkA blds ckctwn EGA vf/kd {kerk okyh xzkfQDl

rFkk DTP ds fy;s i;kZIr ugh FkkA

(iii) VGA (Video Graphics Array) :-

VGA fMLIys flLVe dk fuekZ.k IBM daiuh us 1987 esa

fd;k FkkA vktdy cgqr lkjs VGA ekWuhVj iz;ksx esa yk, tk jgs

gSaA VGA ekWuhVj dk jstwysku blesa iz;ksx gksus okysjaxkssa ij fuHkZj

djrk FkkA vki 16 jax 640*480 fiDly ij ;k 256 jax 320*200 fiDly ij

NkaV ldrs gsSA lkjs IBM dEI;wVj VGA fMLIys flLVe dks enn

iznku djrs gSA

(iv) XGA (Extended Graphics Array) :-

bl fMLIys flLVe dk fuekZ.k IBM daiuh us 1990 esa

fd;k FkkA ;g fMLIys flLVe ,d mRrjkf/kdkjh ds :i esa tks

4814@, fMLIys Fkk] iznfkZr gksrk Fkk bldk vxyk laLdj.k

XGA&2 16 yk[k jaxksa esa 800*600 fiDly dk fjtwysku rFkk

65536 fefy;u jaxksa esa 1024*768 fiDly dk Resolution iznfkZrdjrk FkkA

(v) SVGA (Super Video Graphics Array) :-



30/85

UNIT - V

vktdy lkjs PC SVGA xzkfQDl fMLIys ds :i esa fcd jgs

gSaA okLro esa SVGA dk vFkZ VGA ls ijs gSA ijarq ;g ,d flaxy

LVSaMMZ ugha gSA u;s ;qx esa ohMhvks bysDVkWfuDl

LVsSaMMZ ,lksfl,ku }kjk ,d LVSaMMZ izksxzkfeax bUVjQsldk fuekZ.k fd;k tks fd SVGA fMLIys esa enn djrk FkkA

SVGA fMLIys flLVe 16 djksM+ jaxksa ds iznkZu rd enn djrk

gsSA NksVs vkdkj ds ekWuhVj 800 fiDly f{kfrt rFkk 600 fiDly

m/okZ/kj dk iznkZu djrs gSA rFkk cMs vkdkj ds SVGA ekuhVj

1280*1024 or 1600*1200 pixcel resolusioniznfkZr djrs gSaA

PRINTER :-

fizaVj dk mi;ksx vkmViqV dks isij ij izkIr djus ds fy,djrs gsSA fizaVj dh lgk;rk ls fdlh lkWVdkWih dks ijekuasVyhisij ij LVksj dj ldrs gSA rduhdh ds vk/kkj ij fizaVj dks nksHkkxksa esa ckaVk x;k gSA(1) Impact Printer :- (Types of impact printer)

(a) Charactor Printer

i- Dot Matrix Printer (30-300 Char/s) ii- Daisy Wheel Printer (40 Char/s)

(b) Line Printer-

i- Drum Printer (150 to 2000 line/m) ii- Chain Printer

(c) Page Printer (250 P/m)

(2) Non Impact Printer :-( Types of impact printer)

(a) Thermel Printer. (b) Inkjet Printer. (c) Laser Printer

(1) Impact Printer:-

Impact Printer izR;sd fizaV fdlh fgV ds }kjk tujsV djrk

gsSA lkekU;r% ;g fizaVj gej dk iz;ksx djrs gSA tks fd bad fjcu



31/85

UNIT - V

ij fgV djds dsSjsDVj dks tujsV djrs gsSA bEisDV fizaVj fuEu

izdkj ds gksrs gSaA

(a) Charactor Printer :-

oks fizaVj ,d ckj esa ,d dSjsDVj dks fizaV djrs gsSAos dSjsDVj fizaVj dgykrs gSA dSjsDVj fizaVj fuEufyf[kr gksrs

gSA

(i) Dot Matrix Printer :-

;g flfj;y fizaVj dgykrk gSA blesa izR;sd v{kj MkWVds lewg ds :i esa fiazV fd;s tkrs gsSA blesa fizafVax fiUl yxh

gksrh gSA ;s fiu v{kj ds vk/kkj ij QkjoMZ] ewo djrs gSaaA tk

sfd isij ds lkeus yxh gksrh gSA isij ds lkeus yxs fjcu ij budk

O;ofLFkr e esa bEisDV iM+rk gSA ftlds QyLo:i dSjsDVj dkxt

ij fizaV gks tkrk gSA

Advantage :-

1 & MWkV esVfjDl fizaVj esa fiazfVx fudkyuk lLrk gksrk

gsSA

2 & blesa fdlh Hkh LVkby] lkbt esa fizafVax fudkyh tk ldrh

gsSA

3 & ;g xzkfQDl dks Hkh fizaV dj ldrk gsSA bldh DokfyVhcgqr poorgksrh gSA

4 & ;g fizaVj 100 ls 500 dSjsDVj izfr lsds.M fizaV dj ldrk

gsSA

5 & ;g nksuksa fnkkvksa esa fizaV dj ldrk gsSA

Disadvantage :-1 & ;g ,d uksbth fizaVj gSA



32/85

UNIT - V

2 & bldh ysVj DokfyVh poorgksrh gSA

3 & blesa dyj dh lEHkkouk Hkh fyfeVsM gksrh gSA

(ii) Daisy Wheel Printer :-

Daisy Wheel Printer dSjsDVj ,oa ysVj DokfyVh fizaVjgSA bl fizaVj esa ,d Oghy

yxk gksrk gSA ftlesa cgqr lkjs Liksd yxs gksrs gSA bu Liksd

ds VkWi esa esVy dsjsDVj ds }kjk fizafVax esa dSjsDVj dh

fejj best cu tkrh gSA ;g Oghy ,Dlsl esa ewo gksrk gSA bldh

vkd`fr f[kys gq, Qwy dh rjg gksrh gsSA blfy, bls MsthOghyfizaVj dgk tkrk gsaSA

fizaV djus dk rjhdk:-fdlh dsjsDVj dsk fizaV djus ds fy,

Oghy ,Dlsl ds pkjksa vksj ?kwerk gS tc dHkh mfpr dsjsDVj

gej ds lkeus vkrk gsaS rc gej Liksd vanj fgV djrk gSA vkSj

dsjsDVj isij ij fn[kkrk gSA tks fd fjcu ds foijhr gksrk gSA

Advantage :-

1 & ;g ,d ysVj DokfyVh fizaVj gS D;ksfd bldh fizafVax

DokfyVh vPNh gksrh gSA

2 & MsthOghy fizaVj 1 fefuV esa 50 ls 100 dsjsDVj fizaV

djrk gS tks fd esuqvy Vkbfiax dh rqyuk esa

cgqr rst gSADisadvantage :-

1 & ;g noisy printergSA

2 & dSjsDVj dsk fMQjsaV lsQ esa fizaV djus ds fy, Oghy

dks psat djuk iM+rk gSA

3 & ;g xzkfQDl ,oa Mkbax dh fiazafVax dks liksVZ ughadjrk gSA



33/85

UNIT - V

(b) Line Printer :-

;g ,d ckj esa ,d ykbu fizaV djrk gsaS ;g nks izdkj ds

gksrs gSA cMs+ dEI;wVj ds fy, gkbZLihM fizaVj dh vko;drkgksrh gSA gkbZLihM ds fizaVj ,d ckj esa ,d dSjsDVj esa fizaV

djus dh vis{kk ,d ykbu dks ;k ,d ist dks ,d ckj esa fizaV djrs

gSa vf/kdrj ykbu fizaVj esa bEisDV fizaVj dk iz;ksax fd;k tkrk

gsSA

(i) Drum Printer :-;g ,d ysVj DokfyVh ,oa ykbu fizaVj gSA ;g ,d ckj esa

iwjh ykbu fizaV djrk gSA bl fizaVj esa ,d Me dk mi;ksx fd;k

tkrk gS tks viuh txg ij rotate djrk gSA Me ds ljQsl ij uEcj vkWQ

dsjsDVj gksrs gSA tks fd fejj best esa gksrs gSA izR;sd row

dqN dsjsDVj contain djrh gSA ;s fizaVj ykbu ds fglkc ls cgqr lkjs

gej mi;ksx djrs gSA ;fn Me fizaVj esa 80 dkWye gSa rks ;g

80 gej j[krk gSA

fizaV djus dk rjhdk:-

Me ,Dlsl ij jksVsV djrk gsS tc ykbu dk mfpr dsjsDVj

gej ds lkeus vkrk gS rc ;g gej ribin ij fgV djrk gS ,oa fjcu

dsjsDVj ij fgV djrk gS tks fd drum ij ekdZ gksrs gSa rc ,ddsjsDVj fizaV gksxkA

Advantage :-

1 & ;g ,d lsds.M esa 10 ls 15 ykbu fizaV djrk gSA

2 & ;g ,d ysVj DOkkfyVh fizaVj gSA

Disadvantage :-



34/85

UNIT - V


2 & ;g fizaVj eagxs gksrs gSaA

3 & blesa dsjsDVj ,oa lkbt ,oa LVkby dks cnyus ds fy, iwjs

Me dks cnyuk iM+rk gSA4 & bl fizaVj ds }kjk xzkfQDl fizfaVax lEHko ugha gSA

(ii) Chain Printer :-

;g Hkh ,d ysVj DokfyVh fizaVj gS bl fizaVj esa ,d

psu dk mi;ksx gksrk gSa tks fd dsjsDVjdks fiazV djrh gS tks mirror image ds :i esa gksrh gSA ;g psu nks

pdksa ij Hkkfjr gksrh gSa tks fd mls jksVsV djrs gSA ,d gej dk

mi;ksx ,d ykbu esa dsjDVj dks fizaV djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA


tc psu dk mfpr dsjsDVj ykbu dh lgh txg ij vkrk gSa

rc gej dsjsDVj dks ewo djrk

gS ,oa fgV djrk gS ;g psu dk dsjsDVj fgV fjcu ij fgV djrk gSa

rc dsjsDVj isij fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA tks fd bad fjcu ds foijhr esa

gksrk gSaA

Advantage :-

1 & ;g Me fizaVj dh rqyuk esa lLrk gksrk gSaA2 & ;g 9 ls 20 ykbu izfr lsds.M fizaV djrk gSaA

Disadvantage :-


2 & blesa dsjsDVj dk lkbt ,oa LVkby cnyus ds fy, psu dks

cnyuk iM+rk gSA3 & ;gka xzkfQDl fizafVax lEHko ugha gksrhA



35/85

UNIT - V

4 & blesa dqN fyfeVsM dyj gh iz;ksx dj ldrs gSA

(c) Page Printer :-

os fizaVj tks ,d ckj esa ,d ist fizaV djrs gSaA os ist

fizaVj dgykrs gSA ;g ,d feuV esa 250 ls vf/kd ist fizaV dj ldrsgSaA

(2) Non Impact Printer :-Non Impact PrinterfgV esa dksbZ IokbaV

fcuk fgV ds izkIr fd;k tkrk gS fdlh IokbaVj ij dsjsDVj dks fizaV

djus ds fy, ukWu bEisDV fizaVj dsfedy lhV vFkok fiazfVaxikmMj dk mi;ksx djrk gSa ukWu bEisDV fizaVj fuEu gSa :-

(a) Thermel Printer :-

FkeZy fiazVj ysVj DokfyVh ,oa ist fizaVj gSA tks fd

ghV dh lgk;rk ls fizafVax mRiUu djrk gSA FkeZy fizaVj Lisky

'khV dk mi;ksx djrk gS tks fd dsfedy ls dksMsM gksrh gSA


dsfedy 'khV fizaVj ij bUlVZ gksrh gSA tgka mls tujsV

fd;k tkrk gS bl ghV ds }kjk dksMsM dsfedy fi?kyrk gS ,oa

dsjsDVj mfpr dkWye ij fizaV gksrk gSaA

Advantage :-

1 & ;g ,d /ofu jfgr fizaVj gSAa2 & bl fizaVj dh lgk;rk ls fdlh Hkh izdkj dh xzkfQDl fizaV dh

tk ldrh gSAa

3 & ;g gkbZ fjtksY;wku ds lkFk dyj fizafVax mRiUu djrk gSA

4 & blesa ge fdlh Hkh dsjsDVj dk lkbt] LVkby ,oa dyj psat dj

ldrs gSA blds fy, gesa fdlh HkhLisky gkMZos;j cnyus dh vko;drk ugha gksrhA



36/85

UNIT - V

Disadvantage :-

1 & ghV dks tujsV djus ds fy, vf/kd fctyh dh vko;drk gksrh

gSaA

2 & Lisky dsfedy 'khV ds dkj.k fizafVax dkWLV vf/kd gksrhgSA

(b) Inkjet Printer :-

Inkjet PrinterHkh ysVj DokfyVh ,oa ist fizaVj gSA ysVj

DokfyVh fizaVj ds nkSjku fizaV fd;s x;s MkWV ij bap ij fuHkZj

djrh gSA ;s fizaVj ,d Lisky vFkok vk;ju vkWDlkbM feDlM inkdk mi;ksx djrs gSA bles isij ij dsjsDVj bad dh NksVh cwanks

dks fgV djds ns[kk tkrk gSA

fizaV djus dk rjhdk:-bles elctro magnetic field dh lgk;rk ls ink

cortage ls inkdks isij ij fjyht fd;k tkrk gSA ink drop bruh NksVh

gksrh gS fd isij ij iMrs dh lw[k tkrh gSA bles gutterdk mi;ksx

vU; vuko;d inkdks lks[kus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ,ao mls okfil

cortage es Hkstus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA

Advantage :-

1 ;g lHkh dyj es image dks fizaV dj ldrk gSA

2 ;s fizaVj lHkh dsjsDVj dks fdlh Hkh lkbt ,ao LVkby es fizaV

dj ldrk gSA3 ;g fizaVj LkLrs gksrs gSA

4 ;s fizaVj graphics fizaV dj ldrk gSA

Disadvantage :-

1 bldh inkcgqr dkLVyh gksrh gSA

2 bldh fizafVax LihM vU; fizaVj dh rqyuk es dkWQh degksrh gSA



37/85

UNIT - V

(c) Laser Printer :-

Laser fizaVj Hkh high speed page printergksrs gS ,oa ysVj

DokfyVh fizaVj gksrs gSSA ;g fizaVj special ink powder dk

mi;ksx printing ds fy;s djrs gSAfizaV djus dk rjhdk:-;g fizaVj ml ist dk mirror image generate djrk

gS tks fd Vksuj ij fn[kkbZ nsrk gSaA ;g ,d flysaMj gksrk gS

tks bad ikmMj j[krk gSA tks bad ist dks fizaV djus es ;wt

gksrh gSA best dks isij ij fizaV djus ds fy;s Vksuj ist ds ljQsl

ij move gksrk gSA rFkk movement ds nkSjku ;k inkpowder isij dsij stick out gksxk blds ckn isij ,d ghV ljQsl ls ewo gksxk tks bl

ikmMj dks fi?kyus ,oa lq/kkjus dk dke djrk gSA ftlls best isij ij

fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA

Advantage :-

1 ;g noisy fizaVj ugh gSA

2 ;g ,d gkbZ DokfyVh fizaVj gSA

3 bldh fizafVx LihM cgqr gkbZ gSA

4 ;g ,d feuV es 6 ls 10 ist fizaV dj ldrk gSA

Disadvantage :-

1 ;g costly fizaVj gSA

2 bles vf/kd fctyh dh vkodrk gksrh gSA3 bles ,d Lisky khV dk mi;ksx printing ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA

tks cgqr eagxh gksrh gSA

Sound Card & Speaker :-

dEI;wVj lkmaM vkmViqV dk mi;ksx blfy;s djrk gS

rkfd og fdlh izksxzke ;k xse esa vkus okys lanskksa dks izkIrdj lds vxj vki vius lkmaM vkmViqV ds fy;s vPNh DokfyfV



38/85

UNIT - V

rFkk ;ksX;rk dks izkIr djuk pkgrs gSa rks ;g ,d ,slk fMokbl gS

ftls vki viuh ekhu esa tksM+ ldrs gSa bl fMokbl dks lkmaM

dkMZ dgrs gSaA

eYVh ehfM;k dk iw.kZ mi;ksx tks fd recording rFkk play

back fMftVy vkWfM;ks }kjk laHko cuk;k tkrk gsA bls tksMus ds

igyhs bu ckrksa dk /;ku j[kk tkrk gS fd bldh quality Lihdj ls fey

jgh gS ;k ugha rFkk tks lkWVos;j lkmaM ds fy;s mi;ksx fd;k

tk jgk gS og lkmaM dkMZ dks shoot djrk gS ;k ughaA Install djus

ls igys gesa bl ckr dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg;s fd og fdlh nwljhfMokbl tks fd dEI;wVj esa igys ls LFkkfir gS] ls erHksn dh

fLFkfr mRiUu u djsaA

***************** END *****************

STORAGE DEVICE :-

dEI;wVj flLVe esa ge fdlh lwpuk dks ijekusUVyh

LVksj dj ldrs gssSA os lHkh fMokbl tks lwpukvksa dks LVksj

djus ds fy;s ;wt gksrh gSa LVksjst fMokbl dgykrh gSaA ;fn

dksbZ LVksjst fMokbl lwpukvksa dks vLFkkbZ :i ls LVksj djrk

gs rks og izkbejh ;k oksysVkby fMokbl dgykrk gSA ;fn LVksjstfMokbl lwpukvksa dks LFkkbZ LVksj djrk gsS rks og

ukWu&oksysVkby LVksjst fMokbl dgykrk gSA

vkerkSj ij LVksjst fMokbl lwpukvksa dks ;k rks

esxusfVd QkWesZV ;k cuZ QkWesZV esa LVksj djrk gsa

LVksjst fMokbl fuEu izdkj ds gksrs gSa :-1. Primary Storage Device 2. Secondary Storage Device


UNIT - III


39/85

UNIT - V

(1) Primary Storage Device :-

(a) Ram (b) Rom

(2) Secondary Storage Device :-(a) Magnetic tape. (b) Magnetic Disk. (c) Cartridge tape.

(d) Hard Disk Drive. (e) Floppy Disk. (f) Optical Disk.

(a) Magnetic tape :-

esxusfVd Vsi eseksjh] vkWfM;ks Vsi fjdkWMZj ds

leku gksrh gSA esxusfVd Vsi Mkbo LiwYl ls fufeZr gksrh gs

bu nks Liwy ds chp esa 9 gsM gksrs gSa tks lwpukvksa dks

jhM ;k jkbV djrs gSa izR;sd gsM Lora= iwoZd dk;Z dj ldrk

gS ,oa lwpukvksa dks Vsd ds vuqlkj LVksj djrk gsS esxusfVd

Vsi IykfLVd ds cus gksrs gSaA ftl ij QsjksesXusfVd eVsfj;y dh

dksfMax gksrh gSA bl Vsi dh pkSM+kbZ 12-5mm ls 25 mm rd

gksrh gSA rFkk yEckbZ 500 ehVj ls 1200 eh- rd gksrh gSA blVsi ij 9 lkekarj Vsd gksrs gSa 9 gsM okys Vsi esa 8 Vsd dk

mi;ksx lwpukvksa dks LVksj djus esa fd;k tkrk gS rFkk 9 oha

Vsd dk mi;ksx I;ksfjfV fcV dks jhdkWMZ djus esa fd;k tkrk

gS A bl Vsi dh LihM 100 bap izfr lsds.M gksrh gSA vkSj

lwpukvksa dks jhM jkbV djus dh nj 8*104

bit per second gksrh gSAVsi dh starting ij marker }kjk iznfkaZr gksrh gS ;fn

jkbV dekUM dks ,d cykWd ij fn;k tk, rks mlesa lwpuk,a LVksj

gks tkrh gSaA blds ckn var esa fy[kk gksrk gSA tc Vsi ij

MkVk fy[kk tkrk gS rks bls fjdkWMZ dj fn;k tkrk gS vkSj Vsi

jhfMax ds fy, rS;kj gks tkrk gS bl izf;k dks fjyksM dgrs gSaA

Vsi esa MkVk dks flDosUlyh jhM fd;k tkrk gSA bl Vsi ij ;fn



40/85

UNIT - V

buQkjesku xzqi es LVksj gksrh gS bUgs CykWd dgrs gSa

vkSj CykWd ds lsV dks Qkby dgrs gSaA vr% os midj.k

ftudk ;wt esXusfVd Vsi dks jhM ;k jkbV djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk

gS esXusfVd Vsi dgykrs gSaA

(b) Magnetic Disk :-

esXusfVd fMLd ,d Circular plate ;k IykfLVd dh gksrh

gS tks fd esXusfVd eVsfj;y }kjk dksMsM gksrh gS ;g fMLd

uEcj vkWQ Vsd ,oa lsDVj esa foHkkftr gksrh gSA ;gesXusfVd ds fy, ^^1** rFkk ukWu esXusfVd ds fy, ^^0** dk

mi;ksx djrh gSA esXusfVd fMLd dks mlds fQftdy LVDpj ds

vk/kkj ij nks Hkkxksa esa ckaVk x;k gsSA

(i) Floppy Disk :-

yksih fMLd Hkh ,d ljdwyj IysV dk mi;ksx djrh gS tks

fd vk;ju vkWDlkbM ls dksMsM gksrh gSA ;g ,d fjewoy fefM;k

gSA yksih fMLd lwpukvksa dks ,d flLVe ls nwljs flLVe esa

ewo djus esa lgk;rk iznku djrh gsSA dEi;wVj esa mudh lkbt

ds vk/kkj ij yksih fMLd nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA

3-5 bap & 1-44 ,ech

3-5 bap & 2-88 ,echSIZE CAPACITY DENSITY5.25 360 KB single sided

5.25 1.22 KB single sided & double sided

5.25 2.4 MB double sided

3.5 720 KB single sided



(ii) Hard Disk :-



41/85

UNIT - V

gkMZ fMLd ,Y;wfefu;e dh ljdwyj IysV gksrh gS tks

fd vk;ju vkWDlkbM ls dksMsM gksrh gS Y;wfefu;e IysV ds

dkj.k bls gkMZ fMLd dgk tkrk gSA izR;sd gkMZ fMLd ,d ;k ,d

ls vf/kd ,Y;wfefu;e IysV dUVsUV djrk gSA ;g IysV ,Y;wfefu;eckWDl ls


42/85

UNIT - V

fy, ,d detksj ystj mi;ksx gksrk gsaS tc Hkh dksbZ ystj che

fMLd ds Vsd ij fgV djrh gS rc vucuZ ikskZu ykbV fjysDV

djrk gS A

tSls :- CPU.

vkWfIVdy fMLd cgqr lkjh lwpukvksa dks dUMsUl

QkeZ esa j[krh gSA blh dkj.k bls dkWEisDV ;k vkWfIVdy fMLd

dgk tkrk gSA ;g nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA

(i) CD ROM ( Single write / many write)

(ii) CD READ/WRITE ( many write / many read)

(i) CD-R :-

lu~ 1990 esa CD ROM dh rduhdh esa fodkl vk;kA bl

o"kZ ,d ,slh Mkbo dk fuekZ.k gqvk ftldk iz;ksx Lisky CD ROM

diskij MkVk jkbV djus ds fy;s fd;k tkus yxkA blesa ml lhMh

jkse ds ikl ,d VsEizspj lsfUlax ys;j gksrh Fkh tks fd jkbfVax }kjk ifjofrZr dh tk ldrh gSA vki dsoy ml fMLd esa fdlh ,d fgLls

ij ,d ckj esa gh MkVk jkbV dj ldrs FksA CD- RfMLd dks okeZ

fMLd Hkh dgrs gSaA ;g fMLd tc pyrh gS rks bls fdlh Hkh CD

drive ij i


43/85

UNIT - V

ubZ Mkbo tks fd orZeku ehfM;k }kjk rS;kj ystj che dks

Lohdkj djrh gS] mls eYVhjhM dgrs gSaA

VCD :-

bldk iwjk uke Video Compect Disk gSA bldk iz;ksx Lisky

lh-Mh- QkjesV ds fy;s rFkk ohfM;ks lwpuk dks LVksj ;k

laxzghr djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gS rFkk MPEG Compressiondk iz;ksx

djds 74 feuV dh Qqy eksku ohfM;ks fiDpj dh ,d lh-Mh cukbZ

tk ldrh gSAVCD dks pykus ds fy;s Video CD player ;k CD ROM dh

vko;drk iM+rh gS tks fd VCD ds fy;s mi;qDr gSA oh-lh-Mh]

lh-Mh-oh- ds leku ugha gksrh gS tks fd dqN feuVksa ds fy;s

vudEizsLM fMthVy vkfM;ks lkmUM Hkh gksrh gSA vkxs vkus

okys le; esa oh-lh-Mh- dk iz;ksx cgqr mPP Lrj ij gksus yxsxkA

Computer Software

Introduction :-

ftl izdkj ,d eNyh ds fy;s ikuh dk egRo gksrk gS] Bhd mlh

izdkj dEI;wVj flLVe ds fy, lkWVos;j egRoiw.kZ gSA eNyh

ikuh ds fcuk thfor ugha jg ldrh gS] blh izdkj dEI;wVj Hkh

lkWVos;j ds fcuk ugha py ldrk gSA lkWVos;j fdlh dEI;wVj

flLVe ds lHkh gkMZos;j lalk/kuksa dk mi;ksx djrh gSA

lkWVos;j fofHkUu izdkj ds gksrs gSa rFkk os fofHkUu

dk;ksaZ ds dk;kZUo;u esa Hkkafr&Hkkafr dh Hkwfedk

fuHkkrs gSaA



44/85

UNIT - V

Needs of Software :-

fdlh lkWVos;j dh ekSfyd vko;drk ,d dEI;wVj ;k

dEI;wVj vk/kkfjr xStsV tSls eksckby ;k dqN vkSj dks izkjEHk

djuk gSA vc tc vkius vkWijsfVax flLVe uked lkWVos;j dksyksM dj fy;k gS] rks vki vius dEI;wVj flLVe dks izkjaHk djus

dh fLFkfr esa vk x, gSaA ;fn vki blds vkxs dk;Z djuk pkgrs

gSa tSls vkids ikl dk;Z djus ds fy, ,d vkWfQl gS] rks vkidks

vkWijsfVax flLVe ls vf/kd dqN vkSj lkWVos;lZ dh vko;drk

iM+sxhA blds vfrfjDr ;fn vkidk dEI;wVj ok;jl ls lafer gks tk;rks

vkidks fQj ls ;wfVfyVh uked lkWVos; dh vko;drk iM+sxhA

la{ksi esa ;fn vkids ikl dEI;wVj flLVe gS rFkk vki fufoZ?u dk;Z

djuk pkgrs gSa rks vkidks le; ij lkWVos;j dh vko;drk

iM+sxhA vr% lkWVos;j dh vko;drk dks U;k;ksfpr Bgjkus ds

fy;s laHkor% fuEukafdr dkj.k gks ldrs gSa %

vius dEI;wVj dks izkjaHk djus ds fy,

i= Vkbi djus ds fy,

pkVZ dk fuekZ.k djus ds fy,

vius MkVk dk izca/ku djus ds fy,

vkWijsfVax flLVe ij fuiq.krk ls dk;Z djus ds fy,

Types of Software:-

izk;ksfxd dEI;wvj flLVe lkWVos;j flLVeksa dks rhu

eq[; oxksaZ esa foHkkftr djrk gSA flLVe lkWVos;j]

izksxzkfeax lkWVos;j rFkk vuqiz;ksx lkWVos;j] ;|fi ;s HksnFundamental of computer 44


45/85

UNIT - V

euekuks vkSj izk;% vLi"V gksrk gSA flLVe lkWVos;j dEI;wVj

gkMZos;j rFkk dEI;wVj flLVe dks lapkfyr djus esa lgk;rk djrk

gSA blesa vkWijsfVax flLVe fMokbl MkbolZ] MkbXuksfLVd

VwYl] loZlZ] fo.Mksfoax flLVEl] ;wfVfyfVt vkfn 'kkfey gSaAflLVe lkWVos;j dk mn~ns; vuqiz;ksx izksxzkejksa dks

iz;qDr fd;s tk jgs dEI;wVj ds tfVy fooj.kksa foks"kdj eseksjh

rFkk vU; gkMZos;j foks"krkvksa vkSj lapkj] fizuVjksa]

jhMjksa] fMLIys] dh&cksMksaZ] vkfn tSls lgk;d fMokblksa ls

ftruk laHko gks lds mruk nwj j[kk tk;sA

SOFTWARES :-

dEI;wVj ,d bysDVkWfuDl ekhu gS tks fd

funsZkksa dh lgk;rk ls dk;Z djrh gS fdlh dk;Z dks djus ds

fy;s dEI;wVj dks funsZk nsrs gSaA ,d dk;Z ds fy;s dbZ

funsZk gksrs gSa funsZkksa dk lewg izksxzke dgykrk gSA

fdlh dk;Z dks gy djus ds fy;s funsZkksa ds lewg dk iz;ksx

fd;k tkrk gs ;g lHkh funssZk vyx&vyx Qkby esa save jgrs gSa

vr% ,d nwljs ls laca/k izksxzke ds lewg dks lkWVos;j dgk

tkrk gSA

lkWVos;j ds izdkj :-

(1) Application Software :-

,sls lkWVos;j gksrs gSa ftUgs okLrfod thou dh leL;k

ds fy;s cuk;k tkrk gS ,sls lkWVos;j dks dqN lhfer LFkkuksa ij



46/85

UNIT - V

gh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA lkekU;r% ,fIydsku lkWVos;j fuEu

izdkj ds gksrs gS :-

(a) Word Processing Software. (b) Acconting Software.

(c) Inventory Software. (d) Photo Editing Software.

(e) Mixing Software.

(a) Word Processing Software :-

,sls lkWVos;j ftuesa 'kCnksa dks vPNh fof/k ls

O;ofLFkr fd;k tk ldrk gsA Word Processing Software dgykrs gSA Word

Processing Software dk iz;ksx book dks compose djus ds fy;s ;k ysVj

fy[kus rFkk Fkhlsl fy[kus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ;g lkWVos;j

Lisfyax ds fy;s lqfo/kk nsrs gSa orZeku esa dqN oMZ

izkslsflax lkWVos;j esa Lihp nsus rFkk gsUM jkbfVax dh

lqfo/kk gksrh gS izr;sd oMZ izkslasflax esa 'kCnksa dks


47/85

UNIT - V

okLrfod thou dh dbZ leL;k,a incoming and outgoing ls

lacaf/kr gksrh gS ,sls lHkh ,fIydsku lkWVos;j ftUgs bl izdkj

dh leL;k ds fy;s inventory flLVe esa budfeax ,aM vkmVxksbax

rFkk status fjiksVZ dh lqfo/kk gksrh gSAExample :- Railway Reservation, H.M.

(d) Photo Editing Software :-

dqN lkWVos;j fiDpj dks lq/kkjus ,oa vlesa fofHkUu

izdkj ds izHkko ,IykbZ djus ds fy;s iz;ksx esa yk;s tkrs gSaA

bl izdkj ds lkWVos;j QksVks ,fMfVax lkWVos;j dgykrs gSaA

Example- Adobe Photo shop, Ever Magic.

(e) Mixing Software :-

bl lkWVos;j dk iz;ksx fofHkUu vkoktksa dks fdEl

djus ,oa movi esa vyx&vyx ;k fMftVy effect ykus ds fy;s fd;k

tkrk gSA

Example :- Micro Editor, V.C.D. Clipper.

(2) System Software :-

flLVe lkWVos;j dEI;wVj ds fdlh gkMZos;j ikVZ dks

vkWijsV djus ds fy;s fodflr fd;k tkrk gSA ;g lkWVos;j ,d gh

izdkj dh ekhu dks pykus esa l{ke gksrs gSa dqN flLVe

lkWVos;j dks flLVe dh izkslsflax dks fu;af=r djus ,oa eseksjhdks O;ofLFkr djus ds fy;s Hkh cuk;k tkrk gS ;k cuk;k x;k gS

flLVe lkWVos;j dks rhu Hkkxksa esa ckaVk x;k gS :-

(i) Opreting System. (ii) Utility Software. (iii) Drivers.

(i) Opreting System :-

Opreting System computer systemdks lgh rjhds ls pykus ds

fy;s fodflr fd;k tkrk gS vFkkZr Opreting Systemos izksxzke gksrsFundamental of computer 47


48/85

UNIT - V

gSa tks fd dEi;wVj ds gkMZos;j ,oa dEI;wVj ds ;wtj ds chp

ek/;e dk dk;Z djrs gSaA Opreting Systemdh lgk;rk ls dEI;wVj dh

fofHkUu buiqV@vkmViqV izf;kvksa dks fu;af=r fd;k tkrk

gSA(ii) Utility Software :-

Utility Program ,sls izksxzke gSa ftUgsa ,d Opreting System

esa vfrfjDr lqfo/kkvksa ds fy;s fodflr fd;k tkrk gS lkekU;r%

Utility Programm Opreting System ds Hkkx gksrs gSaA

Example :-1. ok;jl dh lqj{kk ds fy;s M.S. Dos esa MSAB ,d utility gSA

2- Qkby dks dEikst djus ds fy;s vkWijsfVax flLVe esa backup

restore tSlh izkslsflax gksrh gSA

3- ;wfVfyfV izksxzke esa dqN vU; izksxzke Hkh gksrs gS tks

fd fllVe dks Ldsu djus ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;s tkrs

gSaA dqN s/w dEiuht Hkh dEI;wVj flLVe dh n{krk dks

c


49/85

UNIT - V

os izksxzke tks gkbZysosy ysaXost esa fy[ks x,

izksxzke dks ekhu ysosy ysaXost esa translate djus ds fy;s ;wt

gksrs gSaA VkalysVj izksxzke dgykrs gSaA izR;sd ysaXost

viuk ,d VkaLysVj izksxzke gksrk gSa vFkkZr izR;sdVkaLysVj ,d Lisky ysaXost dks gh VkaLysV djrk gSA

VkaLysVj fuEu izdkj ds gksrs gSsA

(1) Assembler :-

vlsEcyj ,d ,slk izksxzke gksrk gsS tks fd vlsEcyh

ysaXost dks ekhu ysaXost esa VkaLysV djrk gsSA vlsEcyjvlsEcyh ysaXost izksxzke dks ykbu ok; ykbu VkaLysV djrk

gsSA ;fn dksbZ errormRiUu gksrh gSA rks error massage ekWuhVj

ij fMlIys gksrk gSSa vkSj VkaLysku LVkWi gks tkrk gSA

(2) Interpreter :-

;g VkaLysVj gkbZ ysosy ysaXost esa fy[ks x,

izksxzke dks ekhu ysaXost esa VkaLysV djrk gSA ;g

VkaLysVj Hkh gkbZ ysosy ysaXost esa fy[ks izksxzke dks

ykbu ck; ykbu VkaLysV djrk gssSA ;fn dksbZ error mRiUu

gksrh gSA rks VkaLysVj VkaLysku jksd nsrk gSA

(3) Compiler :-

dEikbyj Hkh gkbZ ysosy ysaXost esa fy[ks x,izksxkzke dks ekhu ysaXost esa VkaLysV djrk gsSA ijarq ;g

VkaLysVj gkbZ ysosy ysaXost esa izksxzke ,d lkFk VkaLysV

djrk gsS ,oa lHkh error,d lkFk nkkZrk gSA



50/85

UNIT - V

***************** END *****************

OPRETING SYSTEM :-

Opreting System computer system dks lgh rjhds ls pykus ds fy;s

fodflr fd;k tkrk gS vFkkZr Opreting Systemos izksxzke gksrs gSa

tks fd dEi;wVj ds gkMZos;j ,oa dEI;wVj ds ;wtj ds chp ek/;edk dk;Z djrs gSaA Opreting System dh lgk;rk ls dEI;wVj dh

fofHkUu buiqV@vkmViqV izf;kvksa dks fu;af=r fd;k tkrk

gSA

Functions of Operating System :-

vkWijsfVax fllVe dk egRoiw.kZ ,oa izkFkfed dk;Z

fu;a=.k vkSj izca/ku gSA vkWijsfVax flLVe ;g lqfufpr djrk gS

fd izf;k ds fy;s izfo`"V izksxzke vius dk;ksZa ds ekuqlkj

lEiUu djsa vkSj dEI;wVj esa miyC/k lalk/ku bl izksxzke ds fy;s

miyC/k gksaA

cM+s dEi;wVjksa esa] ftlesa ,d ls vf/kd ;wtj ,d lkFkdk;Z dj ldrs gsSA vkWijsfVax flLVe lHkh ;wtlZ dh os/krk dh

tkap djrk gSA vkSj dsoy os ;wtlZ gh bu dEi;wVjksa ij dk;Z dj

ldrs gSaA ftugsa ikloMZ iznku fd;k x;k gSSa A blds vykok

vkijsfVax flLVe dEI;wVjksa ds lalk/kuksa dk vkoaVu Hkh djrk

gSA vkijsfVax flLVe dk dk;Z fuEufyf[kr gSA(i) Processor Management :-


UNIT - IV


51/85

UNIT - V

blds vUrxZr fofHkUu dk;z izkslslj dks lkSais tkrs gSa

tksfd ,d dEI;wVj flLVe }kjk iw.kZ fd;s tkus gsSA

(ii) Memory Management :-

blds vUrxZr flLVe izksxzke] ;wtj izksxzke rFkk MkVk dksesu eseksjh esa LVksj djk;k tkrk gSA

(iii) Input/Output Management :-

bl eSustesav ds vUrxZr fofHkuu buiqV rFkk vkmViqV

fMokblksa dk leuo; rFkk mu fMokblksa dks

dk;Z lkSaik tkuk lfEefyr gS tc ,d ;k vf/kd izksxzke

f;kafUor gksrs gSaA

(iv) File Management :-

blds vUrxZr fofHkUu Qkbyksa dks LVksj fd;k tkrk gS rFkk

mu Qkbyksa dks ,d fMokbl ij LFkkukarfjr

fd;k tkrk gSA ;g bl ckr dh Lohd`fr Hkh iznku djrk gS fd vki

Qkbyksa dks cny ldsaa rFkk muesa

ifjorZu dj ldsaA blds fy;s fdlh text editor dk iz;ksx djuk

iM+sxkA

(v) Scheduling of Resources and Jobs :-

dEI;wVj iz.kkyh dh fMokblst ds fy;s fd;s gkus okysdk;ksaZ dh lwph vkWijsfVax flLVe rS;kj djrk

gSaA vkWijsfVax flLVe ;g fu.kZ; djrk gS fd fdl fMokbl dk

mi;ksx fdl dk;Z ds fy;s gksuk gSA

;g f;k rc tfVy gks tkrh gs tc vusd dk;Z dEI;wVj flLVe

dks ,d lkFk djus gksaA

(vi) Monitoring Activities :-



52/85

UNIT - V

izf;k ds nkSjku dEI;wVj flLVe dh xfrfof/k;ksa dk

vkWijsfVax fllVe /;ku j[krk gSA izksxzke esa =qfV

gksus ij mUgsa fujLr djrk gSA blh izdkj buiqV@vkmViqV

fMokblst esa vkus okyh fdlh HkhvizR;kfkr =qfV ds fy;s ;wtj dks rRdky lansk Hkh

vkWijsfVax flLVe nsrk gsA tc vusd ;wtlZ }kjk

lapkfyr flLVe esa vkWijsfVax flLVe iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gS

rks ;g flLVe dks lqj{kk Hkh iznku djrk

gS ftlls voS/k ;wtj flLVe ls MkVk dks izkIr u dj ldsaA

TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM :-

vkWijsafVx flLVe ,d rjg dk dEiwVj dk daVksy

izksxzke gSA vkWijsafVx flLVe Lo;a es dqN foks"k

izksxzkeks dk laxzg gSA ;s izkaxzke vkids funsZkks o izuks

dk dEiwVj Hkk"kk es ;k ehuh Hkk"kk es vuqokn djrs gSA

vkSj mlds ckn dEiwVj ds izR;sd mRrj dks ekhuh Hkk"kk ls

vkidh Hkk"kk es ifjofrZr djrs gSA vkWijsafVx flLVe vkids ih-

lh- dks ;g Hkh funsZk nsrk gS fd blds fofHkUu vaxks ds lkFk

dSls dke fd;k tk,A vkWijsafVx flLVe ,d ekLVj dUVksy

izksxzke gS tks dEiwVj dk lapkyu djrk gS vkSj ,d fu;a=d dhHkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA lh-ih-;w- ls izkIr ladsrks dks dEiwVj ds

Hkkxks rd ls izokg dks Hkh ;g fu;af=r djrk gSA

,d vkWijsfVax flLVe ds fuEufyf[kr izdkj gks ldrs gSSa :-

1- Single User System. 2- Multi Programming.

3- Multi Processing. 4- Batch Processing.



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UNIT - V

(1) Single User System :-

,d flaxy ;wtj vkWijsfVax flLVe og gksrk gS ftlesa

dsoy ,d izksxzke ,d ckj esa f;kfUor gksrk gSA igys le; ds

vf/kdkak vkWijsfVax flLVe flaxy ;wtj gksrs Fks vkSj vktdy dsvf/kdkak ekbks dEI;wVjksa esa Hkh flaxy ;wtj vkWijsfVax

flLVe dk gh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bl vkWijsfVax flLVe esa ,d

leL;k ;g gS fd blesa ,d izksxzke ls vf/kd izksxzke ,d ckj esa

f;kfUor ugha fd;s tk ldrs gSaA blfy;s bl flLVe esa izksxzke ,d

ykbu esa O;ofLFkr jgrs gSaA,d dEi;wVj flLVe ,d izksxzke dks rqjUr ekU;rk ughsa

nsrk gS tc rd fd mlds lkFk dksbZ igpku u gksA blds fy;s

lwpukvksa dk lkFk gksuk cgqr t:jh gS ftlls fd ml izksxzke dks

igpkuk tk ldsA vU; isjhQsjy fMokbl Hkh izksxzke f;kfUor

djus ds fy;s bu lwpukvksa dh ekax djrs gSaA ;g lkjs

funsZk ,d Lisky tkWc dUVksy Hkk"kk esa fy[ks tkrs gSa

ftls fd vkWijsfVax flLVe le>rk gSA

(2) Multiprogramming :-

vkWijsfVax flLVe foks"k izksxzkeksa dk ,d lewg

gsS tks dEI;wVj dh f;kvksa dk lapkyu djrk gS vkSj dEI;wVjdh f;kvksa dks ,d izksxzke ls nwljs izksxzke esa LFkkukUrfjr

djds xfr nsrk gSA dEI;wVj] vkWijsfVax flLVe dh lgk;rk ls Lo;a

dh f;kvksa ij fuxjkuh j[krk gS vkSj Lopkfyr :i ls vU; ,Iyhdsku

izksxzkeksa dks dk;Z ckaVrk gSA ;g lHkh vU; izksxzkeksa ds

funsZkksa dks ekhu ds le>us ;ksX; cukrk gSA ;g dEI;wVj dhlHkh xfrfof/k;ksa ds lapkyu vkSj fu;a=.k ds vykok ekuo }kjk



54/85

UNIT - V

enter fd;s x;s MkVk vkSj vkmViqV fd;s tkus okys ifj.kke dks

Hkh ,d fMokbl ls nwljh fMokbl esa LFkkukUrfjr djrk gSA

vktdy dbZ vkWijsfVax flLVe vusd dk;Z ,d lkFk djus

dh lqfo/kk nsrs gSa ftls eYVh izksxzkfeax dgrs gSaA vU;'kCnksa esa nks ;k nks ls vf/kd izksxzkeksa dk ,d gh le;

esa ,d gh dEI;wVj }kjk f;kafUor gksuk gh eYVh izksxzkfeax

dgykrk gSA

(3) Multiprocessing :- Multiprocessing 'kCn dk iz;ksx ,d izkslsflax n`f"Vdks.k

dks Li"V djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gS tgkWa ij nks rFkk vf/kd

izkslslj ,d nwljs ls tqM+s jgrs gSaA bl izdkj ds flLVe esa

fHkUu rFkk Lora= izksxzkeksa ds funsZk ,d gh le; esa ,d ls

vf/kd izkslsljksa }kjk f;kafUor fd;s tkrs gSa ;k izkslsljksa }

kjk fofHkUu funsZkksa dk f;kaUo;u ,d ds ckn ,d fd;k tkrk

gS tks fd ,d gh izksxzke ls izkIr gq, gksaA ;g vkWijsfVax flLVe

dk gh dk;Z gS fd og buiqV] vkmViqV rFkk izkslsflax

{kerkvksa ds chp vPNk rkyesy LFkkfir djsA

(4) Batch Processing :-

Batch Processing ,d cgqr iqjku rjhdk gS ftlds ek/;e ls

fofHkUu izksxzkeksa dks f;kafUor fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj bldk

iz;ksx fofHkUu MkVk izkslsflax lsaVj ij dk;ksaZ dks f;kfUor

djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA vkWijsfVax flLVe dh ;g rduhd

vkWVkseSfVd tkWc&ifjorZu ds fl)kUr ij fuHkZj gSA ;gh fl)karvf/kdkak vkWijsfVax flLVeksa ds }kjk iznku fd;k tkrk gSA bl



55/85

UNIT - V

izdkj ds vkWijsfVax flLVe esa izR;sd ;wtj vius izksxzke dks

vkWQ ykbu rS;kj djrk gS rFkk dk;Z iwjk gks tkus ij mls MkVk

izkslsflax lsUVj ij tek djk nsrk gSA ,d dEI;wVj vkWijsVj mu lkjs

izksxzkeksa dks ,d= djrk gS tks fd ,d dkMZ ij iap jgrs gSaAtc vkijsVj izksxzkeksa ds cSp dks ,d= dj ysrk gS rc og ml cSp

dks dEiwVj esa yksM dj nsrk gS rFkk fQj mu izksxzkeksa

dks ,d&,d djds f;kafUor fd;k tkrk gSA vUr esa vkWijsVj mu

dk;kssaZ ds fizUVsM vkmViqV dks izkIr djrk gS rFkk mu

vkmViqVksa dks lEcfU/kr ;wtjksa dks iznku dj fn;k tkrk gSA

Computer Language :-

dEI;wVj language ;k izksxzke language ,d nwljs ds

dE;wfudsku ds fy;s ,d ehfM;k gSA language foKku esa fdlh dk;Z

dks djus ds fy;s nwljs dEI;wVj ls dE;wfudsku djrk gSA

dE;wfudsku esa dEI;wVj dks funsZk ,oa tkudkfj;ka nh tkrh

gSa dEI;wVj ls izkIr MkVk ds vuqlkj dk;Z djrk gsS rFkk ;wtj

dks ifj.kke nsrk gSA izksxzke ysaXost dks pkj Hkkxksa esa

ckaVk x;k gSA

(1) Machine Language 1st Genration :-

blesa izksxzke 0 o 1 ds :i esa ;k No. code ds vuqlkjfy[ks tkrs FksA ekhu ysaXost dks dEI;wVj lh/ks Lohdkj dj

ysrk gS vr% bls Translate djus ds fy;s flLVe dks dksbZ

VkaLysVj dh vko;drk ugha gksrh vr% ;wtj Mk;jsDV flLVe ij

dk;Z djrk gSA ekhu ysaXost ds advantage rFkk disadvantage fuEu

gSaAAdvantage :-



56/85

UNIT - V

1- dEI;wVj ekhu ysaXost dks le> ldrk gS vr% ekhu ysaXost

esa cus izksxzke lh/ks gh pyk;s tk ldrs gSA

2- ;g izksxzke dEI;wVj flLVe ds gkMZos;j ikVZ dks fu;af=r dj

ldrs gSADisadvantage :-

1- ;g ysaXost euq";ksa dks le>us esa dfBu Fkh D;ksafd lHkh

funsZkksa dks 0 o 1 ds :i esa fy[kk tkrk FkkA

2- ekhu ysaXost esa izksxzke cM+s gksrs gSa rFkk mUgsa

lq/kkjuk dfBu gksrk gSA3- ekhu ysaXost esa gj v{kj dk dksM ;kn j[kuk gksrk gSA

4- ekhu ysaXost esa cus izksxzke ekhu ij fuHkaZj jgrs gSa

vr% ,d ekhu ij cus gq, izksxzke dks nwljs ekhu

ij ugha pyk;k tk ldrk gSA

5- izksxzke esa vkus okyh xyfr;ksaa dks


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UNIT - V

2- U;wesfjd dksM ds dkj.k izksxzke dk vkdkj NksVk gks tkrk

gSA

Disadvantage :-

1- le>us esa dfBu FkhA2- izksxzke dks dbZ U;wesfjd dksM ;kn j[kus iMrs FksA

3- izksxzke dks dEI;wVj flLVe ds gkMZos;j ikVZ dk Hkh Kku

gksuk pkfg;sA

4- ;g ysaXost ekhu ij fuHkZj gSA

5- vlsEcyh ysaXost ds izksxzke dks ekhu ysaXost esa cnyusds fy;s ,d VkaLysVj dh vko;drk gksrhgS ftls

vlsEcyj dgk tkrk gSA

(3) High level Language 3rd Genration :-

High level language lkekU;r% vaxzsth Hkk"kk ds leku

gSA gkbZ ysoy ysaXost esa izksxzkej funsZkksa dks

vaxzsth ds okD;ksa ds :i esa fy[k ldrk gSA

Advantage :-

1- ekuo }kjk le>us esa vklku gSA

2- gkbZ ysosy ysaXost esa gksus ds otg ls bls vklkuh ls

lq/kkjk tk ldrk gSA ,oa xyfr;ksa dks Bhd fd;k tkldrk gSA

3- gkbZ ysosy ysaXost esa izksxzke dks lc izksxzke esa

foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gsA ,oa mUgs ,d nwljs ls tksM+k

tk ldrk gSA

4- dEI;wVj ds gkMZos;j ,oa mudh lajpuk dk Kku gksuk vko;dugha gSA



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UNIT - V

5- ;g ekhu independent gS vFkkZr ,d ekhu ds izksxzke dks

nwljh ekhu ij ju fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Disadvantage :-

1- gkbZ ysosy ysaXost esa fy[ks izksxzke dks ekhu ysaXostesa ifjofrZr djus ds fy;s VkaLysVj dh vko;drk

gksrh gSA

2- dqN gkbZ ysosy ysaXost ekhu ds lkFk lh/ks gh rkyesy

ugha fcBk ldrs gSaA

Ex. :- Basic, Cobol ;sApplicationds fy;suseful gksrh gsSA

(4) 4th G.L. language 4rh Genration :-

4 G.L. gh gkbZ ysosy ysaXost gS ijarq blesa gkbZ ysosy

ysaXost dh rqyuk esa dbZ vfrfjDr lqfo/kk,a gsS :-

(i) OOPS (Object Oriented Programming ) :-

lHkh 4th G.L. languageesa MkVk dh lqj{kk] ok;fMax

rFkk Nqikus dh lqfo/kk gksrh gS tks fd ,M+s ,fIydsku

izksxzke cukus esa lgk;rk iznku djrh gSA ;s cgq:irk dh lqfo/kk

nsrk gSA

(ii) G.U.I. (Graphic User Interphase) :-

vf/kdkak 4 G.L.esaGraphical Interphasecukus dhvko;drk gksrh gS xzkfQd ;wtj baVjQsl gksus dh ctg ls

vkWijsVj bugs vklkuh ls le> ldrk gSA

(iii) A.I.(Artifacial Intelligency) :-

4 G.L. esa Artifacial Intelligency}kjk dqN errordks Lor%

gh vyx fd;k tk ldrk gS vf/kdkakr% 4 G.L Automatic ApplicationProgramm cukus dh lqfo/kk nsrs gSA



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UNIT - V

Advantage :-

1- ekuo }kjk le>us esa vklku gSA

2- 4 G.Lesa gksus dh otg ls bls vklkuh ls lq/kkjk tk ldrk gS ,oa

xfYr;ksa dks Bhd fd;k tk ldrk gSA3- 4 G.Lesa izksxzke dks lc izksxzke esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrkgSA ,oa mugsa ,d&nwljs tksM+k tk ldrk gsSA4- dEI;wVj ds gkMZos;j ,oa mudh lajpuk dk Kku gksuk vko;dugha gsSA5- ;g ekhu Lora= gS vFkkZr ,d ekhu izksxzke dks nwljhekhu ij ju fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Disadvantage :-1- 4 G.Lesa fy[ks izksxzke dks ekhu ysaXost esa djus ds fy;s

VkaLysVj dh vko;drk gksrh gSA

2- dqN 4 G.L Machineds lkFk lh/ks gh rkyesy cuk ldrs gSA

Ex. :-basic, cobol;sapplicationds fy;susefullgksrh gSA

APPLICATION SOFTWARE :-

Application Software dEI;wVj ls foks"k dk;ksaZ dks

lEiUu djokrs gSaA bu foks"k dk;ksaZa esa oMZ izkslsflax]

LizsMkhV] Mkbax ds dk;Z lfEefyr gSaA ,fIydsku lkWVos;j

ds }kjk fd;s tkus okys dk;ksaZ dk foLr`r o.kZu fuEufyf[kr gSA&

(1) Word Processor :-

oMZ izkslslj ls vfHkizk; oSlh 'kCn izf;k ls gS ftlds

vUrxZr vO;ofLFkr 'kCnksa dks ltkdj rFkk mu ij izf;k djmUgsa O;ofLFkr


60/85

UNIT - V

fcYdqy fHkUu] oMZ izkslsflax lkWVos;j dbZ cgqr gh vf/kd

mi;ksxh ;a=ksa tSls oMZ jSi] orZuh tkWap rFkk

MkWD;wesUV ds v{kj] i`"B dks fMtkbu djuk iznku djrk gSA

oMZ izkslslj ds ek/;e ls vki tks Keyboard ds ek/;e lsfy[krs gSa mls Lhu ij ns[k ldrs gSa rFkk mls i


61/85

UNIT - V

(3) Presentation Software :-

izLrqfr lkWVos;j ds ek/;e ls iz;ksDrk viuh ckrksa

dks ,d izkstsDVj ds ek/;e ls cM+s insZ ij vFkok dEI;wVj Lhuij izLrqr dj ldrk gsS rFkk nkZdksa dh cM+h la[;k dks

lEcksf/kr dj ldrk gSA bldk iz;ksx vki O;olkf;d ;kstuk rFkk

j.kuhfr ds iznkZu ds fy, dj ldrs gSaA izLrqfr esa vki fdlh Hkh

izdkj dk MkVk tSls VSDLV] fp=] /ofu lfEefyr dj ldrs gSaA bldk

iz;ksx dscy vkWijsVjksa }kjk Vsfyfotu ij izpkj fn[kkus ds fy,Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA MS PowerPoint bl dk;Z ds fy, lcls vf/kd mi;qDr

lkWVos;j gSA

(4) Database Management System :-

MkVkcsl izca/ku iz.kkyh MkVk dks ,d= rFkk bls

lqO;ofLFkr djus ds dke vkrk gSA ;g NksVs Lrj ls ysdj cM+s Lrj

rd ds MkVk izca/ku ds dk;Z esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g

dEI;wVj izkS|ksfxdh ds dbZ cMs+ ykHkksa esa ,d gSA ;g

O;olkf;d izfr"Bkuksa ds lwpuk iz.kkyh dks vf/kd izHkkokkyh

rFkk lf; cukrk gSA mnkgj.kLo:i vLirky esa iz;ksx fd;k tkus

okyk MkVkcsl izca/ku iz.kkyh vLirky ds lHkh xfrfof/k;ksa ls

lEcfU/kr MkVk lax`ghr j[krk gS tSls HkrhZ ejht ds uke] okMZla- vkfn rFkk vko;drk iMus ij bls lsds.Mksa esa miyC/k djkrk

gSA MkVkcsl izca/ku iz.kkyh dk mUur rduhdh] lEcU/kxr

izca/ku iz.kkyh Hkh izpyu esa gS rFkk vis{kkd`r vf/kd

mi;ksxh gSA

Ex. :- Sybase, Foxpro, MS-Access etc.(5) Graphics Program :-



62/85

UNIT - V

xzkfQDl izksxzke gj izdkj ds fp= rFkk izfrek cukus]

mls lakksf/kr djus rFkk lax`ghr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA dqN

xzkfQDl izksxzke [kkl rkSj ij fod`r Nk;kfp= dks vkd"kZd :i

nsus ds fy, dk;Z esa yk;s tkrs gSaA budk iz;ksx o`gn Lrj ijizdkku rFkk osclkbV fMtkbfuax esa gks jgk gSA byLVsVj

rFkk QksVkskkWi blds mRd`"V mnkgj.k ds :i esa cktkj esa

miyC/k gsSA

Number System

Data Representation :- ge tkurs gS fd dEI;wVj ckbujh la[;kvks ds }kjk dk;Z

djrk gS vkSj blfy;s la[;kvks v{kjks vkSj vU; fpUgks dks

ckbujh la[;kvks es ifjofrZr djuk vko;d gSA la[;k iz.kkfy;ks ge

ifjorZu i< paqds gSA ysfdu dEI;wVj es izfd;k gsrq MkVk vkSj

lwpuk dk laXzkg le>us ds fy;s i;kZIr ugh gSA bldk vFkZ gS fd

dEI;wVj es laxzg.k vkSj izfd;k ds fy;s ckbujh lwpuk ,d mi;qDr

voLFkk es gksuh pkfg;sA dEI;wVj es dh cksMZ }kjk nck;h

tkud ckyh izR;sd Key ls ,d dsjsDVj dk ladsr buiqV gksrk gSA 0

ls 9 rd ds vad A ls Z rd dh o.kZekyk ;k Special fpUg +, -, *, /, ?, \,

>, < vkfn dqy 256 dsjsDVj gksrs gSA izR;sd dsjsDVj dh ,d

fufpr ckbujh la[;k gksrh gSA dEI;wVj es dsjsDVj dks O;Drdjus ds fy;s ckbujh la[;kvksaa dks fofHkUu dksM ;k ladsr

gksrs gSA tSls ASCII, EBCDIC,BCD vkfnA izr;sd dksM fdlh

dsjsDVj dks O;Dr djus gsrq ckbujh vadks dh ,d fufpr la[;k

vkSj O;oLFkk iznku djrk gSA

dEI;wVj flLVe dsoy ekhuh ysaXost esa gh le>rk gStcfd dEI;wVj esa dksM fd;k tkus okyk MkVk U;wesfjd]



63/85

UNIT - V

vYQkcsfVd ;k fdlh vU; foks"k dsjsDVj esa gks ldrk gsS pwafd

dEI;wVj esa dksM fd;k tkus okyk MkVk ckbujh dksfMax esa

ugha gksrk gSA vkSj dEI;wVj flLVe ds fy;s dqN ckbujh

dksM~l cuk;s x;s gSA ;g dksM~l 3 izdkj ds gksrs gSA1. Binary Coded Decimal.

2. Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code.

3. ASCII Code.

(1). Binary Coded Decimal :-

bUgsa ckbujh rFk Msfley uEcj ij dEckbu ;k feyk tqyk

ekuk tkrk gsSA bu dksM ds }kjk fdlh Hkh Msfley fMftV dks 4

fcV QkeZ esa iznfkZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

blds fy, fdlh Hkh Msfley uEcj dks ckbujh dksM esa

dUoVZ fd;k tkrk gSA blds fy, ckbujh dks Msfley esa cnyus dh

esFkM iz;ksx djrs gsSa vkSj ;fn dksbZ fMftV 4 fcV dks iwjk

ugha djrh gS rks mlds cka;h vksj 0 yxkdj 4 fcV iwjh dj nhtkrh gSaA

Decimal Digit BCD

0 00001 00012 00103 00114 01005 01016 01107 01118 10009 1001

4 fcV chlhMh dksM ds }kjk dsoy fMftV dks gh fjiztsaVfd;k tk ldrk Fkk vkSj ;g dksfMax flLVe dsoy Msfley uEcj dks



64/85

UNIT - V

gh fjiztsaV dj ldrk gS bu dksMl ds }kjk dsoy 16 dsjsDVj

fjiztsaV fd;s tk ldrs gSa blfy;s bu dksM dks Msoyi djds 6 fcV

chlhMh dksM esa dUoVZ fd;k x;k gSA blesa tqMus okyh

nks ,DlVk fcV tksu dks fjiztsaV djrh gs bu dksMl ds }kjk 64dsjsDVj fjiztsaV fd;s tk ldrs gSa ;g dksM Msfley dsjsDVj dks

fjiztsaV djus ds fy;s i;kZIr gS fdlh dsjsDVj dk chlhMh dksM

fudkyus ds fy;s ml dsjsDVj ds vkWDVsy uEcj dks fy;k tkrk gS

rFkk bl uEcj ds izR;sd fMftV dks vyx dj fn;k tkrk gS vyx dh

xbZ izR;sd fMftV dk ckbujh uEcj fudky fy;k tkrk gS blds fy;svkWDVsy dks ckbujh esa cnyus dh 'kkWVZdV esFkM mi;ksx

dh tkrh gsA fudkyh xbZ ckbujh fMftV dks feykdj fy[k fn;k

tkrk gsS rFkk bls psd fd;k tkrk gS fd ;g fMftV 6 fcV dks

dEIyhV djrh gS ;k ughA ^^0** yxkdj 6 fcV dEIyhV dj nh tkrh

gS bl izdkj izkIr gqvk ckbujh uEcj ml dsjsDVj dk chlhMh dksM

gksrk gSA



65/85

UNIT - V

DIGIT dk BCD CODE

D = 11 - 0100

I = 11 - 1001

G = 11 - 0111

I = 11 - 1001

T = 01 - 0011

Fundamental of computer

Character BCD Codes Octal No.

Zone Digit

A 11 0001 61

B 11 0010 62

C 11 0011 63

D 11 0100 64

E 11 0101 65

F 11 0110 66

G 11 0111 67

H 11 1000 70

I 11 1001 71

J 10 0001 41K 10 0010 42

L 10 0011 43

M 10 0100 44

N 10 0101 45

O 10 0110 46

P 10 0111 47

Q 1000 50

R 0001 51S 01 0010 22

T 01 0011 23

U 01 0100 24

V 01 0101 25

W 01 0110 26

X 01 0111 27

Y 01 1000 30

Z 01 1001 31

65


66/85

UNIT - V

DIGIT = (110100111001110111111001010011)BCD

EBCDIC CODE :-

(EBCDIC CODE Full Name is Extended Binary Code Decimal Interchange Code.)

Ckh lh Mh dksM es eq[; leL;k ;g Fkh fd muds }kjk

dscy 64 vyx dsjsDVj gh fjiztsav fd;s tk ldrs FksA tks fd

yksojdsl ysVj] dsihVy ysVj] rFkk cgqr lkjs Lisky dsjsDVj dks

fjiztsaV djus ds fy;s i;kZZIr ugha Fks blfy;s ch lh Mh dksM~l

dks 6 fcV dksM ls ,DlVsaV djds 8 fcV dksM esa cnyk x;k blizdkj bZ ch lh Mh vkbZ lh dksM 8 fcV dksM~l dgykrs gSaA

buesa add gqbZ ,DLVk 2 fcV tksu fcVl esa tqM+rh gS

buds }kjk 256 fMQjsaV dsjsDVj vklkuh ls fjiztsaV fd;k tk ldrk

gSA blds vykok Msfley baVhtj Lisky dsjsDVj rFkk dbZ izdkj

ds fizaVscy ;k ukWu fizUVscy dsjsDVj dks vklkuh ls fjiztsaV

dj ldrs gSa bu dksM dks IBM esa Msoyi fd;k x;k gS ftUgs ;g

vius dEI;wVj esa ;wt dj jgh gS blds vykok dbZ vU; dEI;wVj

daifu;ka ;wt dj jgh gSaA

EBCDIC 8 fcV dksM gS fdlh dsjsDVj dk EBCDIC fudkyus

ds fy;s mldks gsDtkMsfley esa fy;k tkrk gS bl uEcj dh izR;sd

fMftV dks vyx dj fy;k tkrk gS vyx dh xbZ bu fMftV ds ckbujhuEcj fudky fy;s tkrs gsa izR;sd fMftV 4 fcV esa dEIyhM fd;k

tkrk gS rFk fudkys x;s ckbujh uEcj dks feykdj fy[kus ij ml

dsjsDVj dk EBCDIC dksM fey tkrk gSA ftldh QLV 4 fcV tksu

rFkk ykLV 4 fcV fMftV dks fjiztsaV djrh gSA

CHARACTER EBCDIC HEXADECIMALZONE DIGIT



67/85

UNIT - V

A 1100 0001 C1

B 1100 0010 C2

C 1100 0011 C3

D 1100 0100 C4

E 1100 0101 C5F 1100 0110 C6

G 1100 0111 C7

H 1100 1000 C8

I 1100 1001 C9

J 1101 0001 D1

K 1101 0010 D2

L 1101 0011 D3

M 1101 0100 D4N 1101 0101 D5

O 1101 0110 D6

P 1101 0111 D7

Q 1101 1000 D8

R 1101 1001 D9

S 1110 0010 E2

T 1110 0011 E3

U 1110 0100 E4V 1110 0101 E5

W 1110 0110 E6

X 1110 0111 E7

Y 1110 1000 E8

Z 1110 1001 E9

0 1111 0000 F0

1 1111 0001 F1

2 1111 0010 F23 1111 0011 F3

4 1111 0100 F4

5 1111 0101 F5

6 1111 0110 F6

7 1111 0111 F7

8 1111 1000 F8

9 1111 1001 F9

(286)10 --------- (?)EBCDIC2 = 1111 - 0010



68/85

UNIT - V

8 = 1111 - 1000

6 = 1111 - 0110

(286)10 --- (111100101111100011110110)EBCDIC

-- NUMBER SYSTEM--

Introduction :-

dEI;wVj fMftVy bysDVkWfud ifjiFk ls fufeZr gksrk gS

blds ifjiFk ds eq[; Hkkx esa VkaftLVj gksrs gsa ftldh izd`fr

ckbujh gksrh gSa ;gka ckbujh izd`fr dk vFkZ ;g gS fd

VkaftLVj dsoy nks voLFkk esa dk;Z djrk gS ^^vkWu** ;k

^^vkWQ** ;gka vkWu dk vFkZ gS fo|qr dk lapkj vr%VkaftLVj ,d fLop dh rjg dk;Z djrk gsA

bl izdkj dEI;wVj ckbujh rkj ds ifjiFk ls fufeZr gksrk gsS

vkSj MkVk dks mlesa bysDVkWfud ladsr dh mifLFkfr ;k

vuqifLFkfr ds :i esa O;Dr djrk gSA vksj MkVk dk ;g izfrfuf/kRo

ckbujh ;k f}vk/kkjh fu:i.k dgk tkrk gSA

dEI;Vj esa MkVk dks O;Dr djus ds fy, uEcj fllVe dh

lgk;rk yh tkrh gS dEi;wVj esa MkVk dks O;Dr djus okyh la[;k

iz.kkyh ckbujh voLFkk dh gksuh pkfg;sA D;ksafd blds

bysDVkWfud ifjiFk ds VkaLysVj nks voLFkkvksa esa gks

ldrs gSaA ^^vkWu** vkSj ^^vkWQ** esa dEI;wVj esa MkVk

dks O;Dr djus okyh la[;k iz.kkyh ckbujh uEcj flLVe dgykrh

gSAFundamental of computer 68


69/85

UNIT - V

lHkh izdkj ds MkVk dEI;wVj jftLVj esa ckbujh dksM esa

gh jgrs gSa D;ksafd jftLVjlZ FLIP-FLOP i)fr ls fufeZr gksrs gSa

tks dsoy 0]1 dks xzg.k djrs gSaAuEcj flLVe pkj izdkj ds gksrs

gSaA1. Decimal Number System. 2. Binary Number System.

3. Octal Number System. 4. Hexadecimal Number System.

(1) Decimal Number System :-

Vki nkeyo iz.kkyh ifjfpr gSa ftesa 0 ls 9 rd VksVy 10

vad gksrs gsa bl la[;k iz.kkyh dk vk/kkj 10 gksrk gS D;ksafd

blesa dqy 10 vad esa ladsr gksrs gSa nkeyo la[;k iz.kkyh

esa fy[kh xbZ fdlh Hkh la[;k dk eku fuEu nks xq.k j[krk gSA

1& ladsr eku ;s 0 ls 9 rd gksrs gSaA

2& LFkkuh; eku & la[;k ds nk;h ls ck;h fnkk esa vk/kkj 10

dh ?kkr ds :i esa c`f) djrs gSatSls & gtkj] lSdMk] ngkbZ] bdkbZ vkfnA

(2) Binary Number System :-blesa dsoy nks vad 0 o 1 gksrs gSa vr% bl iz.kkyh dk

vk/kkj ^^2** gSA nke la[;k ds cjkcj ckbujh la[;k dh Vsfcy :-



70/85

UNIT - V

(3) Octal Number System :-

vkWDVsy uEcj flLVe esa fdlh la[;k dks nkkZus ds fy;s

^8* fpUgksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS fdlh Hkh la[;k iz.kkyh dk

vk/kkj iz;qDr la[;k ds vk/kkj ij gksrk gSA vkWDVsy flLVe esa

Symbole 0 ls 7 rd Msfley flLVe dh Hkkafr gksrs gSa bl iz.kkyh

esa vf/kdre vad 7 gSa vFkkZr vadks dh dqy la[;k 8 gSA 8 ,oa

9 vad ugha gksrs vr% vkWDVsy iz.kkyh esa fdlh Hkh ckbujh

uEcj dks vkWDVsy cukrs le; rhu fcV ds lewg cuk, tkrs gSa

rkfd mudk eku fy[kus ij vkWDVsy la[;k cu tkrh gSA

vkWDVsy iz.kkyh esa lkr ls vf/kd eku fy[kus ds fy;s

nks nkeyo uEcj ,d lkFk fy[ks tkrs gSA vkWDVsy esa 10 nke

iz.kkyh dks iznfkZr djrk gS tSlk fd fuEu rkfydk esa nkkZ;k

x;k gS :-


Decimal Number Hexadecimal Number Binary Number

0 0 00001 1 00012 2 0010

3 3 00114 4 01005 5 01016 6 01107 7 01118 8 10009 9 100110 a 1010

11 b 101112 c 110013 d 110114 e 111015 f 1111

70


71/85

UNIT - V

(4) Hexadecimal Number System :-

Hexadecimal Number Systemdk ekbks izkslslj ds dk;ksZa

esa O;kid mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA gsDtkMsfley flLVe dk vk/kkj

16 gSA gsDtkMsfley uEcj Msfley fllVe dh rjg gksrs gSaA vr%

bUgsa ljyrk ls fy[kk tk ldrk gSA gsDtkMsfley esa 10 dks ^A*

11^B* 12^C* 13^D* 14^E* 15^F* ls iznfkZr djrs gSA

Msfley la[;k gsDtkMsfley esa 10 }kjk O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA

uksV :- (loky ds QkesZV cukuk gS)fu;e (1)Msfley dks ckbujh esa cnyus ds fy, nks dk Hkkx nsaA

(2) ckbujh dks Msfley esa cnyus ds fy, nks dk xq.kk djsaA

(3) Msfley dks vkWDVsy esa cnyus ds fy, vkB dk Hkkx

nsaA

(4) vkWDVsy dks Msfley esa cnyus ds fy, vkB dk xq.kk

djsaA

(5) Msfley dks gsDtk Msfley esa cnyus ds fy, lkSyg dk

Hkkx nssaA

(6) gsDtkMsfley dks Msfley esa cnyus ds fy, lkSyg dk

xq.kk djsaA


Decimal Number Octal Number Binary Number

0 0 00001 1 00012 2 0010

3 3 00114 4 01005 5 01016 6 01107 7 0111

71


72/85

UNIT - V

******************** THE END ******************

Need Of Data Communication :-

orZeku MkVk dE;wfudsku esFkM dh izkslsl cgqr Lyks

gksrh gS rFkk ;g Costly gksrh gSA

bldh rqyuk esa dEI;wVj }kjk dE;wfudsku cgqr QkLV rFkk

de [kphZyk gksrk gSA

Vkbe ,oa distance dk dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA fofHkUu izdkj ds MkVk dks VkaLQj djus ds fy;s fofHkUu

izdkj ds ek/;e mi;ksx gksrs gSaA ijarq dEI;wVj ds }kjk

lHkh izdkj ds MkVk VkaLQj djus ds fy;s ,d gh ek/;e ;wt

gksrk gSSA

Elements Of The Communication System :-

lzksr :- lsUMj ;k lzksr og gsS tgka ls MkVk rS;kj gksdj

VkaLQj fd;k tkrk gSA

og ek/;e ftlls MkVk VkaLQj fd;k tkrk gks A

mnkgj.k& VsyhQksu ykbu] lsVsykbV fyad] ekbdzks osOl

vkfnA

izkIrdrkZ& ;g og ,fyesUV gS ftlesa MkVk VkaLQj gksdj

igqaprk gSA

Source of Data Communication

Target of Data

Communication


UNIT - V


73/85

UNIT - V

Data Communication :-

MkVk dE;wfudsku ds fofHkUu Mk;jsDku ls rkRi;Z gsS

fd MkVk VkaLQj ,d flLVe ls nwljs flLVe ij fdl izdkj ls fd;k tkrk

gSA ;g VkaLehku yks rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSaA(1) Simplex (2) Half Duplex (3) Full Duplex

(1) Simplex :-

flEIysDl eksM esa dE;wfudsku psuy ,d gh Mk;jsDku

esa ;wt gksrh gS blesa fjfloj dsoy lqu ldrk gS ijarq ckr ugha

dj ldrk gS ;k ,sls lHkh dE;wfudsku ek/;e ftlesa ;wtj vkmViqV

rks ys ldrk gS ijarq buiqV ugha ns ldrk gS ;fn bl izdkj ds

VkaLehku yks dks nksuksa Mk;jsDku esa ;wt fd;k tkrk gS

rks mlesa bjj vk tkrh gSA blfy;s flEIysDl eksM dks MkVk

dE;wfudsku esa cgqr de ;wt fd;k tkrk gSA mnk& Vh-oh-

(2) Half Duplex :-

bl izdkj ds dE;wfudsku psuy esa MkVk dk VkaLehku

nksuksa Mk;jsDku esa gks ldrk gSA ijarq ,d ckj esa ,d gh

Mk;jsDku ;wt fd;k tk,xkA gkQ Duplex dE;wfudsku psuy flVhtu

csaM jsfM;ks ds leku gS blesa ,d ikVhZ ,d Vkbe esa gksrh gS

rFkk mldh ckr [kRe gksus ds ckn gh vxyh ikVhZ cksyuk

LVkZV djrh gS bl izdkj ds dE;wfudsku psuy esa Mk;jsDkupsat gksus esa Vkbe ykWl gksrk gSA

mnkgj.k& ok;jysl ds }kjk MkVk VkaLehkuA

(3) Full Duplex :-

bl izdkj ds dE;wfudsku esa Hkh MkVk VkaLehku

Mk;jsDku nksuksa lkbM gksrk gSA ijarq blds nksuksa



74/85

UNIT - V

lkbM ,d lkFk ;wt fd;s tk ldrs gSaA Qqy M~;wiysDl

dE;wfudsku psuy VsyhQksu ykbu ds leku gh gS blesa

nksuksa ikfVZ;ksa dks ,d lkFk ,d gh le; esa ckr djus dh ijfeku

gksrh gS tc nks dEI;wVj Qqy M~;wiysDl psuy ds }kjk dusDVfd;s tkrs gSa rc ;gka ls lquk tk,] le>k tk, fQj viuk MkVk

VkaLQj fd;k tk,A Qqy M~;wiysDl eksM gkbZ lihM MkVk

dE;wfudsku fefM;k esa blh izdkj ds dE;wfudsku eksM dks

;wt fd;k tk jgk gSA

--TYPES OF NETWORK--

(1) LAN (Local Area Network)

(2) WAN (Wide Area Network)

(3) MAN (Metropolitian Area Network)

(1) LAN (Local Area Network) :-

ysu dk Qqy QkWeZ Local Area Network gS ;g fufpr lhek

dh nwjh 1 fd-eh- esa ;wt gksus okyk usVodZ gS ;g

ukWeZyh vkWfQl] fcfYMax ;k dsEil esa ;wt gksrk gS blesa

MkVk Vaklehku jsV cgqr gkbZ gksrk gSA blesa yxHkx 10

MB/Sec

ls1 GB/Sec

dh jsV ls MkVk VkaLQj gksrk gSLAN

esadE;wfudsku fyad V~foLVsM is;j] dkWfDlvy dscy ;k Qkbcj

vkWfIVd ;wt fd;s tk ldrs gSaA LAN dks lkekU;r% fdlh ,d

laxBu }kjk vius izkbosV MkVk dE;wfudsku usVodZ ds :i

esa ;wt fd;k tkrk gSA



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UNIT - V

(2) WAN (Wide Area Network):-

WAN dk Qqy QkeZ Wide Area Network gSA osu dk LAN dh

rjg ,fj;k fyfeVsM ugha gksrk gSA ;g World Wide gks ldrk gSA

WAN dh MkVk VkaLehku LihM jsat 1200 bit/Sec ls 2 Mb/Sec

gksrh gSA WAN esa dE;wfudsku fyad VsyhQksu ykbu

ekbks oso fyad rFkk lsVsykbV psuy gks ldrs gSaA WAN

dks ,d ls vf/kd LAN dks baVjuyh dusDV djus ds fy;s Mk;yvi

fd;k x;k gS rFkk bldh dE;wfudsku dkLV LAN dh rqyuk esa

cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA D;ksafd blesa VkaLehku ehfM;k yhTmykbu ;k ifCyd dE;wfudsku fllVe tSls ekbks oso fyad rFkk

lsVsykbV psuy ;wt gksrs gsaSA

(3) MAN (Metropolitian Area Network) :-

MAN dk Qqy QkWeZ Metropolitian Area Network gSA MAN

dk ;wt LAN dks yksdy flVh esa ;k esVjks iksfyku flVh esa

baVjusV dusDV djus ds fy;s gksrk gSA MAN esa dkWDlhvy

dscy ;k ekbks oso fyad dks dE;wfudsku psuy ds fy;s ;wt

djrs gSaA

NETWORKING TOPOLOGY :-

usVodZ VksiksykWth ls rkRi;Z ml lajpuk ls gS ftldsvarxZr ,d ls vf/kd dEI;wVj usVodZ esa tqMrs gSa blds }kjk

MkVk path dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkrk gSA usVodZ VksiksykWth

fuEu izdkj dh gksrh gSaA

(1) Star Network. (2) Ring Network. (3) Bus Network.

(4) Mesh Network. (5) Tree Network

(1) Star Network :-



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UNIT - V

Star Network esa dEI;wVj usVodZ ls LVkj QkWeZ esa

tqMs jgrs gSa buesa ,d Host dEI;wVj gksrk gS ftlls vU; dEI;wVj

Mk;jsDV tqMs jgrs gSaA bl usVofZdx ls tqMs lHkh dEI;wVj ,d

nwljs ls Host dEi;wVj ds ek/;e ls dE;wfudsku djrs gSaA vr% blusVofdZax esa Host dEi;wVj gh lkjs Routing Function Perform djrk

gsS ftlls iwjk usVodZ dUVksy

Date post:	10-Feb-2018
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FUNDAMENTAL HINDI NOTES OF MCU

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