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Fundamentals of Fundamentals of BiologyBiologyFlatworm segment
Chapter 4Chapter 4
4.1 The Ingredients of 4.1 The Ingredients of LifeLifeThe Building BlocksThe Building Blocks
Organic compoundsOrganic compounds Molecules containing carbon (C), Molecules containing carbon (C),
hydrogen (H), & oxygen (O)hydrogen (H), & oxygen (O) Make life possibleMake life possible High-energy moleculesHigh-energy molecules Energy used to synthesizeEnergy used to synthesize Energy released in breakdownEnergy released in breakdown Four types of organic compoundsFour types of organic compounds
4.1 The Ingredients of 4.1 The Ingredients of LifeLifeThe Building BlocksThe Building Blocks
CarbohydratesCarbohydratessugarssugars
Glucose – metabolized for energyGlucose – metabolized for energy Starches – long chains of simple sugars Starches – long chains of simple sugars
used for energy storageused for energy storage Chitin – skeletal materialChitin – skeletal material Cellulose – cell structureCellulose – cell structure
4.1 The Ingredients of 4.1 The Ingredients of LifeLifeThe Building BlocksThe Building Blocks
ProteinsProteins Chains of amino acidsChains of amino acids Muscles are mostly made up of proteinsMuscles are mostly made up of proteins Enzymes – catalyze reactionsEnzymes – catalyze reactions Structural proteins – skin, hair, skeletonStructural proteins – skin, hair, skeleton HormonesHormones
4.1 The Ingredients of 4.1 The Ingredients of LifeLifeThe Building BlocksThe Building Blocks
LipidsLipids Fats, oils, & waxesFats, oils, & waxes Energy storage – more than twice as Energy storage – more than twice as
much as sugarmuch as sugar Water repellantWater repellant BuoyancyBuoyancy InsulationInsulation HormonesHormones
A 56-foot, 60-ton sperm whale died on a beach A 56-foot, 60-ton sperm whale died on a beach in Taiwan in January, 2004in Taiwan in January, 2004
4.1 The Ingredients of 4.1 The Ingredients of LifeLifeThe Building BlocksThe Building Blocks
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids Store and transmit the genetic information of Store and transmit the genetic information of
all living thingsall living things Long chains of subunits called nucleotidesLong chains of subunits called nucleotides DNA – instructions for the construction and DNA – instructions for the construction and
maintenance of an organism; the complete set maintenance of an organism; the complete set is called the genomeis called the genome
The nitrogen bases are sequenced into genes The nitrogen bases are sequenced into genes that code for a specific proteinthat code for a specific protein
RNA – helps DNARNA – helps DNA
4.1 The Ingredients of 4.1 The Ingredients of LifeLifeThe Building BlocksThe Building Blocks
4.1 The Ingredients of 4.1 The Ingredients of LifeLifeThe Fuel of LifeThe Fuel of Life
ATP – the molecule used to store energy; ATP – the molecule used to store energy; like a rechargeable batterylike a rechargeable battery
You use ~ 125 lbs./dayYou use ~ 125 lbs./day Organisms need to capture, store and Organisms need to capture, store and
use energyuse energy Most organisms use only two sets of Most organisms use only two sets of
reactionsreactions
4.1 The Ingredients of 4.1 The Ingredients of LifeLifeThe Fuel of LifeThe Fuel of Life
Photosynthesis: Making the FuelPhotosynthesis: Making the Fuel Algae, plants, and some microorganismsAlgae, plants, and some microorganisms Capture the sun’s energy and use it to make glucoseCapture the sun’s energy and use it to make glucose The pigment chlorophyll captures the solar energyThe pigment chlorophyll captures the solar energy COCO22 + H + H22O O C C66HH1212OO66 (glucose) + O (glucose) + O22
We rely on photosynthesis for food and oxygenWe rely on photosynthesis for food and oxygen Organisms that photosynthesize are called autotrophsOrganisms that photosynthesize are called autotrophs Plants on land; bacteria and algae in the oceanPlants on land; bacteria and algae in the ocean
4.1 The Ingredients of 4.1 The Ingredients of LifeLifeThe Fuel of LifeThe Fuel of Life
Photosynthesis: Making the FuelPhotosynthesis: Making the Fuel
4.1 The Ingredients of 4.1 The Ingredients of LifeLifeThe Fuel of LifeThe Fuel of Life
Respiration: Burning the FuelRespiration: Burning the Fuel Both autotrophs and heterotrophs do itBoth autotrophs and heterotrophs do it Releases the energy from org. Releases the energy from org.
compoundscompounds Reverse of photosynthesisReverse of photosynthesis
4.1 The Ingredients of 4.1 The Ingredients of LifeLifeThe Fuel of LifeThe Fuel of Life
Respiration: Burning the FuelRespiration: Burning the Fuel Both autotrophs and heterotrophs do itBoth autotrophs and heterotrophs do it Releases the energy from org. compoundsReleases the energy from org. compounds Reverse of photosynthesisReverse of photosynthesis Organic matter (glucose) + OOrganic matter (glucose) + O22 HH22O + COO + CO22
Similar to burning wood or oilSimilar to burning wood or oil Chemical energy captured in ATPChemical energy captured in ATP Aerobic – uses oxygen, more efficientAerobic – uses oxygen, more efficient Anaerobic – does not use oxygen, less Anaerobic – does not use oxygen, less
efficientefficient
Fluffy yeast rolls. Compliments of Fluffy yeast rolls. Compliments of anaerobic respiration.anaerobic respiration.
4.1 The Ingredients of 4.1 The Ingredients of LifeLifeThe Fuel of LifeThe Fuel of Life
Primary ProductionPrimary Production Most of the glucose is used for fuel or Most of the glucose is used for fuel or
converted into other types of org. compoundsconverted into other types of org. compounds The organic matter autotrophs make is called The organic matter autotrophs make is called
primary productionprimary production Used by the organism for growth and Used by the organism for growth and
reproductionreproduction Autotrophs are also called producersAutotrophs are also called producers
4.1 The Ingredients of 4.1 The Ingredients of LifeLifeThe Fuel of LifeThe Fuel of Life
Primary ProductionPrimary Production Most of the glucose is used for fuel or Most of the glucose is used for fuel or
converted into other types of org. compoundsconverted into other types of org. compounds The organic matter autotrophs make is called The organic matter autotrophs make is called
primary productionprimary production Used by the organism for growth and Used by the organism for growth and
reproductionreproduction Autotrophs are also called producersAutotrophs are also called producers
4.1 The Ingredients of 4.1 The Ingredients of LifeLifeThe Fuel of LifeThe Fuel of Life
The Importance of NutrientsThe Importance of Nutrients Vitamins, minerals and other substances are Vitamins, minerals and other substances are
needed to convert glucose into other organic needed to convert glucose into other organic compoundscompounds
Nitrogen for proteins & nucleic acidsNitrogen for proteins & nucleic acids Phosphorus for nucleic acidsPhosphorus for nucleic acids Silica (SiOSilica (SiO22) to make shells) to make shells Iron – necessary, but a limited resource in the Iron – necessary, but a limited resource in the
oceanocean
4.2 THE LIVING MACHINERY4.2 THE LIVING MACHINERY
Organic compounds are organized into functional units that are alive
4.2 THE LIVING MACHINERY4.2 THE LIVING MACHINERYCells and OrganellesCells and Organelles
Cell – basic unit of life Chemical energy
All organisms are made of cells Wrapped in a cell membrane
Cell is filled with jelly-like cytoplasm Organelles have specific jobs in the cell
4.2 THE LIVING MACHINERY4.2 THE LIVING MACHINERYCells and OrganellesCells and Organelles
Structurally Simple Cells: Prokaryotes Prokaryotes are primitive cells
Ancient, simple, small No membrane-bound organelles Bacteria
Prokaryotes have few structures: Cell wall – support Ribosomes – assemble proteins DNA – loose in the cytoplasm Flagella – locomotion
4.2 THE LIVING MACHINERY4.2 THE LIVING MACHINERYCells and OrganellesCells and Organelles
Structurally Complex Cells: Eukaryotes Eukaryotic cells are organized and complex
Larger than prokaryotes Have specialized organelles:
Nucleus – contains chromosomes (DNA) Endoplasmic reticulum – pathway for making of proteins and
other org. molecules for the cell Golgi apparatus – package and transport molecules Mitochondria – respiration center to provideenergy Flagella and cilia – for movement
4.2 THE LIVING MACHINERY4.2 THE LIVING MACHINERYCells and OrganellesCells and Organelles
Structurally Complex Cells: Eukaryotes Only in plant & algal cells
Chloroplasts – photosynthesis center Cell wall - support
Review the cellReview the cell
4.2 THE LIVING MACHINERY4.2 THE LIVING MACHINERYLevels of OrganizationLevels of Organization
A cell is self-contained and can carry out all the functions necessary for life Unicellular – all prokaryotes and some eukaryotes Multicellular – most eukaryotes
Human body has 100,000,000,000,000 cells In multicellular organisms cells specialize to perform different
tasks for the organism Cells that act together for a specific job are called tissues
Muscle, nervous, bone, blood, epithelial Tissues are organized into organs to carry out specific
functions Liver, kidney, heart, skin, brain
Organs act together in an organ system Skeletal, muscular, excretory, endocrine, digestive
4.2 THE LIVING MACHINERY4.2 THE LIVING MACHINERYLevels of OrganizationLevels of Organization
Organization exists outside the individual organism Species – one type of organism http://www.hemmy.net/2006/06/19/top-10-hybrid-animals/
Blue mussel Population – a group of one species
A bunch of blue mussels Community – several different populations that live and interact in
an area Blue mussels, crabs, barnacles, & chitons living on a rock
Ecosystem – the communities living together with the physical environment
Living on a rocky shore with seawater, air, temperature, sunlight, etc.
4.3 CHALLENGES OF LIFE 4.3 CHALLENGES OF LIFE IN THE SEAIN THE SEA
Marine organisms must cope with different problems than on land
They have evolved ways to adapt to their marine habitat
Most important is maintaining homeostasis
Keeping their internal condition normal regardless of the external condition
4.3 CHALLENGES OF LIFE IN THE SEA4.3 CHALLENGES OF LIFE IN THE SEASalinitySalinity
Marine organisms are immersed in a medium – sea water – that can greatly affect their cell function
Enzymes and organic molecules are sensitive to ion concentration (salinity)
4.3 CHALLENGES OF LIFE IN THE SEA4.3 CHALLENGES OF LIFE IN THE SEASalinitySalinity
Diffusion and Osmosis Dissolved ions move around in water Random movement spreads them out in an even distribution Results in diffusion – movement from high to low concentration When concentrations are different inside and outside a cell,
substances will move in/out by diffusion Salt from seawater will diffuse into the cell Nutrients will diffuse out of the cell
The cell membrane blocks block diffusion It’s selectively permeable – it allows only some substances to go
in/out
IN THE NEWSIN THE NEWS
Sacramento, CA 2007: A woman dies in Sacramento, CA 2007: A woman dies in a radio contest , “Hold your wee for a Wii”a radio contest , “Hold your wee for a Wii”
IN THE NEWSIN THE NEWS
Sacramento, CA 2007: A woman dies in Sacramento, CA 2007: A woman dies in a radio contest , “Hold your wee for a Wii”a radio contest , “Hold your wee for a Wii”
Diluted formula nearly kills Tampa baby Diluted formula nearly kills Tampa baby (2008)(2008)
SpongeBob spills salt on SpongeBob spills salt on Gary!Gary!
4.3 CHALLENGES OF LIFE IN THE SEA4.3 CHALLENGES OF LIFE IN THE SEASalinitySalinity
Diffusion and Osmosis Water is a small molecule and can fit
through the cell membrane It also diffuses from high low concentration If a cell has more solutes inside than
outside, water will stream in and swell the cell
If the seawater has more salt, water will leave and the cell will shrivel
This diffusion of water is called osmosis
4.3 CHALLENGES OF LIFE IN THE SEA4.3 CHALLENGES OF LIFE IN THE SEASalinitySalinity
Regulation of Salt and Water Balance Marine organisms have adapted ways to balance
water and salt Osmoconformers –their internal concentrations
change with the salinity of the seawater Live in a narrow range of salinity
Osmoregulators – control internal concentrations to avoid osmotic problems Can tolerate changes in salinity better Can change their internal concentrations to match
the seawater
4.3 CHALLENGES OF LIFE IN THE SEA4.3 CHALLENGES OF LIFE IN THE SEASalinitySalinity
Regulation of Salt and Water Balance Osmoregulators continued
Salt water fishes lose water by osmosis Drink water or reduce urine amount to replace lost water Excrete excess salts in the urine or through the gills
Freshwater fishes gain water by osmosis Don’t drink water or produce lots of urine Salt absorbed by gills
4.3 CHALLENGES OF LIFE IN THE SEA4.3 CHALLENGES OF LIFE IN THE SEASalinitySalinity
Regulation of Salt and Water Balance Some marine birds and reptiles have special glands to
get rid of excess salt Most algae have rigid cell walls that resist the swelling
caused by osmotic water gain
4.3 CHALLENGES OF LIFE IN THE SEA4.3 CHALLENGES OF LIFE IN THE SEATemperatureTemperature
Metabolic reactions speed up/slow down when temperature goes up/down
Metabolic rate doubles every 10oC At extreme temps most enzymes cease
to function Marine organisms are adapted to live in a
temp range Thus determining what regions of the
oceans they live
4.3 CHALLENGES OF LIFE IN THE SEA4.3 CHALLENGES OF LIFE IN THE SEATemperatureTemperature
Ectotherms – “cold blooded” lose their heat to the seawater Endotherms – “warm blooded” retain heat and keep their body
temp higher than the water Mammals, birds, and some large fishes
Poikilotherms – body temp changes with the temp of the seawater Incl. all ectotherms & endothermic fishes
Homeotherms – keep internal temp the same, regardless of outside temp Produce more heat as need to keep their metabolic activity
high Mammals & birds They need to eat more food Insulate their bodies with feathers, hair, and blubber
4.3 CHALLENGES OF LIFE IN THE SEA4.3 CHALLENGES OF LIFE IN THE SEASurface to Volume RatioSurface to Volume Ratio
Heat and materials exchange across the surface of an organism
The surface-to-volume ratio (S/V ratio) determines how rapidly this happens
As organisms get larger the volume grows faster than the surface area
Small organisms rely on diffusion Large organisms respiratory and excretory systems
4.4 PERPETUATING LIFE4.4 PERPETUATING LIFE
A species must reproduce or vanish from the planet
Produce a new offspring Pass on the genetic information
Tule perch•Live in fresh waters of Central California•Female gives birth to 15-40 young
4.4 PERPETUATING LIFE4.4 PERPETUATING LIFEModes of ReproductionModes of Reproduction
Cells reproduce through cell division Cell fission in prokaryotes; mitosis in
eukaryotes Results in identical daughter cells
4.4 PERPETUATING LIFE4.4 PERPETUATING LIFEModes of ReproductionModes of Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction No partner Offspring are genetically identical – clones Most single-celled organisms reproduce this way Some multicellular organisms do:
Some sea anemones will split in half, making two smaller ones–fission
Some sponges develop growths that break off to become separate individuals – budding or vegetative reproduction
4.4 PERPETUATING LIFE4.4 PERPETUATING LIFEModes of ReproductionModes of Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction Union of two separate gametes from two parents
Egg sperm
Meiosis divides the chromosomes in half; Fertilization combines them to form a full set again
A fertilized egg is called a zygote. It has DNA from both parents
This genetic recombination causes variation in the offspring Greatest advantage of sexual reproduction
The zygote divides by mitosis and eventually forms an embryo
May pass through a larval stage on the way to adulthood
4.4 PERPETUATING LIFE4.4 PERPETUATING LIFEModes of ReproductionModes of Reproduction
Reproductive Strategies The goal of reproduction is to pass on the genes Varying reproductive strategies to get the same
result Broadcast spawning – release millions of eggs and
sperm into the water No parental care, most die
Have few offspring and invest more time and energy into their survival
Some use sexual and asexual reproduction Some species are hermaphroditic, both sexual
organs http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/animals/invertebrates-animals/other-invertebrates/weirdest-flatworms/
4.5 DIVERSITY OF SEA LIFE4.5 DIVERSITY OF SEA LIFE
The vast diversity of organisms in the ocean came through millions of years of evolution
The gradual alteration of a species’ genetic makeup
4.5 DIVERSITY OF SEA LIFE4.5 DIVERSITY OF SEA LIFENatural Selection and AdaptationNatural Selection and Adaptation
Individual organisms show variation in how they: Find food, avoid being eaten, reproduce, find mates,
metabolize, etc. The best-adapted produce more offspring than the
others This process is called natural selection As their genes get passed on the favorable traits
become more common The population’s genetic makeup changes over
time as it adapts to its environment Populations either adapt to the changes in the
environment or become extinct
4.5 DIVERSITY OF SEA LIFE4.5 DIVERSITY OF SEA LIFEClassifying Living ThingsClassifying Living Things
To discuss the huge variety of life forms we must first classify them
The Biological Species Concept What is a species? A type of organism? A population with common characteristics that
can successfully breed with each other (fertile offspring)
If two populations cannot interbreed they are reproductively isolated
4.5 DIVERSITY OF SEA LIFE4.5 DIVERSITY OF SEA LIFEClassifying Living ThingsClassifying Living Things
Biological Nomenclature Carolus Linnaeus introduced scientific naming
system Latin or Greek is used for naming Common names are confusing, scientific
names are used worldwide to precisely identify a species
4.5 DIVERSITY OF SEA LIFE4.5 DIVERSITY OF SEA LIFEClassifying Living ThingsClassifying Living Things
Biological Nomenclature Organisms are identified with a two-word
name - Genus and species Blue whale – Balaenoptera musculus Fin whale – Balaenoptera physalus Minke whale – Balaenoptera acutorostrata
4.5 DIVERSITY OF SEA LIFE4.5 DIVERSITY OF SEA LIFEClassifying Living ThingsClassifying Living Things
Phylogenetics: Reconstructing Evolution Organisms are grouped according to their
relatedness Related organisms share an evolutionary history, or
phylogeny They share a common ancestor
Look at fossil record,
anatomy, reproduction,
embryological development,
DNA, behavior, etc.
4.5 DIVERSITY OF SEA LIFE4.5 DIVERSITY OF SEA LIFEClassifying Living ThingsClassifying Living Things
Phylogenetics: Reconstructing Evolution Organisms are grouped according to their
relatedness Related organisms share an evolutionary history, or
phylogeny They share a common ancestor
Look at fossil record,
anatomy, reproduction,
embryological development,
DNA, behavior, etc.
4.5 DIVERSITY OF SEA LIFE4.5 DIVERSITY OF SEA LIFEClassifying Living ThingsClassifying Living Things
The Tree of Life Classifications have changed over time Started with two kingdoms – Animalia
and Plantae Then five kingdoms – added Fungi,
Monera, & Protista
4.5 DIVERSITY OF SEA LIFE4.5 DIVERSITY OF SEA LIFEClassifying Living ThingsClassifying Living Things
The Tree of LifeBacteria Archaea ___________Eukarya___________ DOMAINS
Bacteria Archaea Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia SIX KINGDOMS
____Monera____ Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia FIVE KINGDOMS
__________________Plantae_________ Animalia TWO KINGDOMS
4.5 DIVERSITY OF SEA LIFE4.5 DIVERSITY OF SEA LIFEClassifying Living ThingsClassifying Living Things
The Tree of Life Then three domain system
4.5 DIVERSITY OF SEA LIFE4.5 DIVERSITY OF SEA LIFEClassifying Living ThingsClassifying Living Things
The Tree of Life Then three domain system
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species