Fundamentals of BiologyFundamentals of Biology

The ingredients of lifeThe ingredients of life• Beside water, carbon, hydrogen and Beside water, carbon, hydrogen and

oxygen are necessary for life.oxygen are necessary for life.• Compounds made up of these three Compounds made up of these three

things are known as organic things are known as organic compoundscompounds

The four main groups of The four main groups of organic moleculesorganic molecules• CarbohydratesCarbohydrates• ProteinsProteins• Lipids Lipids • Nucleic acidsNucleic acids

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates• Starches and sugarsStarches and sugars• Functions - used for energy & structure -Functions - used for energy & structure -

chitin (shells of marine organisms) and chitin (shells of marine organisms) and cellulose (the main ingredient of wood and cellulose (the main ingredient of wood and plant fibers)plant fibers)

ProteinsProteins• Functions: make up muscles, enzymes, Functions: make up muscles, enzymes,

hormones, carry oxygen, and even act hormones, carry oxygen, and even act as antifreeze in Antarctic fishesas antifreeze in Antarctic fishes

LipidsLipids

• Fats, oils and waxesFats, oils and waxes• Functions: energy storage, waterproofing, Functions: energy storage, waterproofing,

insulation and help with buoyancyinsulation and help with buoyancy

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids• Functions: store and transmit the basic Functions: store and transmit the basic

genetic information of all living thingsgenetic information of all living things

CellsCells• Prokaryotes vs Prokaryotes vs

Eukaryotes Eukaryotes • Prokaryotes – no Prokaryotes – no

organellesorganelles• Eukaryotes – Eukaryotes –

organellesorganelles

Life in the seaLife in the sea• What is unique What is unique

about living in the about living in the ocean?ocean?

• Salt waterSalt water

Dealing with the saltDealing with the salt• Diffusion – molecules moving from high Diffusion – molecules moving from high

concentration to low. concentration to low. • Cells spend most of their energy actively Cells spend most of their energy actively

transporting materials opposite the direction of transporting materials opposite the direction of diffusion.diffusion.

•Marine fish have Marine fish have the ability to rid the ability to rid their body of their body of excess salt – excess salt – through their through their gills and in their gills and in their urineurine

ReproducingReproducing• Sexual – eggs, sperm Sexual – eggs, sperm

and fertilization – and fertilization – offspring inherits offspring inherits genes from each genes from each parentparent

• Asexual – budding, Asexual – budding, and fission – all and fission – all offspring are exact offspring are exact copies of parentcopies of parent

Why the diversity?Why the diversity?• Theory of evolution – Theory of evolution –

the gradual alteration the gradual alteration of a species genetic of a species genetic make-up.make-up.

• Why does this occur?Why does this occur?• Natural Selection – the Natural Selection – the

best adapted best adapted individuals produce individuals produce more offspringmore offspring

Classifying all the organismsClassifying all the organisms• KING PHILLIP CAME KING PHILLIP CAME

OVER FOR GOOD OVER FOR GOOD SPAGHETTISPAGHETTI

• KING PHILLIP CAME KING PHILLIP CAME OVER FROM OVER FROM GREECE SATURDAYGREECE SATURDAY

• KingdomKingdom• PhylumPhylum• ClassClass• OrderOrder• Family Family • GenusGenus• SpeciesSpecies

Bottlenose Dolphin Bottlenose Dolphin

• KingdomKingdom  Animalia     Animalia   • PhylumPhylum  Chordata    Chordata  • Class  Class  Mammalia   Mammalia   • Order  Order  CetaceaCetacea• FamilyFamily  Delphinidae  Delphinidae• Genus  Genus  TursiopsTursiops• SpeciesSpecies  Tursiops   Tursiops

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