FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMISTRY

CHAPTER 2

2

Chem review

Chemical bonding (its all about the electrons)

water and polarity (like dissolves like)

pH - acids and bases (7 is neutral)

organic chemistry (4 bonds on every carbon)

3

Chemical Building Blocks Atoms- smallest functional unit of matter

Elements/Isotopes (dif #s of neutrons)

Molecules - covalently bonded atoms

Compounds - mixed bonded atoms

4

Atomic Structure Proton +charge

Neutron 0

Electron -

5

Atomic Properties

Atomic Number

Atomic Weight

Moles

6

Chemical Bonds — Ionic

7

Chemical Bonds — Covalent

8

Chemical Bonds — Hydrogen

9

Chemical Reactions

Catabolic - break down (usually gives off energy)

Anabolic - build up (usually requires energy)

10

Important Biological Molecules Water

11

Important Biological Molecules

Solutions/Colloids Acids/Bases

12

Organic Molecules — Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides Polysaccharides

13

Organic Molecules — Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides Polysaccharides

14

Organic Molecules — Lipids

Triglycerides Phospholipids Sterols

15

Organic Molecules — Lipids

16

Organic Molecules — Proteins

Amino Acids

17

Protein Structure

Primary Secondary Tertiary

18

Protein Structure (cont.)

Quaternary

19

Organic Molecules — Nucleic Acids

Nucleotides

20

Organic Molecules — Nucleic Acids

Nucleotides

21

Organic Molecules — Nucleic Acids Polymer structure

22

Functional groups Alcohol -OH

Ether R-O-R

Ester Ketone

Aldehyde

23

3 Carbon molecules

1-propanol 2-propanolOH CH2 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH CH3

OHAlcohols

EthersCH3 O CH2 CH3

Ethyl methyl ether

O

CCH2OH

CH3

Propanoic acid

EstersCH3O

O

CH3 CMethyl ethanoate

CH2O

O

CH CH3Ethyl methanoate

Acids

24

3 Carbon moleculesAldehydes

Amines

Ketones

CH2 CH

O

CH3 CH3 C CH3

O

propanal 2-propanone

N

CH3

CH3 CH3CH3 NHCH2 CH3

CH3 CH2CH2 NH2propylamine

ethylmethylaminetrimethylamine

Amides

CH3CH2C

O

NH2

propanamideCHCH3 NH2

CH3isopropylamine

25

2 Carbon moleculesAlcohols Ethers

EstersAcidsCH3CH2

OHethanol CH3 O CH3

dimethyl ether

CH3 C

O

OHethanoic acid

CH

O

O CH3methyl methanoate

CH3 C

O

H

Aldehydesethanal No ketones are possible (3

C minimum)

Ketones

CH3NHCH3

NH2CH2CH3

Amines

NH2CCH3

OAmidesdimethylamine

ethylamineethanamide

26

4C carboxylic acids

butanoic acid

isobutanoic acid,2-methylpropanoic acid

CH2CH2CH3 C

O

OH

CHCH3 C

O

OHCH3

27

Chemistry and Microbiology

Charges on Molecule/ pHPolarity of

Molecule/HydrophobicityRedOx/electron transfer

28

Change in pH effects charges

29

Like dissolves Like Nonpolar molecules

30

How Soap Works

31

ReDox (Reduction Oxidation)

32

ReDox (Reduction Oxidation)