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Fundamentals of Computer Systems A Multicycle MIPS Processor Stephen A. Edwards and Martha A. Kim Columbia University Fall 2012 Illustrations Copyright 2007 Elsevier
Fundamentals of Computer SystemsA Multicycle MIPS Processor
Stephen A. Edwardsand
Martha A. Kim
Columbia University
Fall 2012
Illustrations Copyright© 2007 Elsevier
State Elements
CLK
ARD
Instr / DataMemory
A1
A3
WD3
RD2
RD1WE3
A2
CLK
RegisterFile
PCPC'
WD
WE
CLK
EN
Multicycle DatapathFetch instruction from memory
b
CLK
ARD
Instr / DataMemory
A1
A3
WD3
RD2
RD1WE3
A2
CLK
RegisterFile
PCPC' Instr
CLK
WD
WE
CLK
EN
IRWrite
Multicycle DatapathRead source operands from register file
b
CLK
ARD
Instr / DataMemory
A1
A3
WD3
RD2
RD1WE3
A2
CLK
RegisterFile
PCPC' Instr25:21
CLK
WD
WE
CLK CLK
A
EN
IRWrite
Multicycle DatapathSign-extend the immediate
SignImm
b
CLK
ARD
Instr / DataMemory
A1
A3
WD3
RD2
RD1WE3
A2
CLK
Sign Extend
RegisterFile
PCPC' Instr25:21
15:0
CLK
WD
WE
CLK CLK
A
EN
IRWrite
Multicycle DatapathAdd base address to offset
SignImm
b
CLK
ARD
Instr / DataMemory
A1
A3
WD3
RD2
RD1WE3
A2
CLK
Sign Extend
RegisterFile
PCPC' Instr25:21
15:0
SrcB
ALUResult
SrcA
ALUOut
CLK
ALUControl2:0
AL
U
WD
WE
CLK CLK
A CLK
EN
IRWrite
Multicycle DatapathLoad data from memory
SignImm
b
CLK
ARD
Instr / DataMemory
A1
A3
WD3
RD2
RD1WE3
A2
CLK
Sign Extend
RegisterFile
PCPC' Instr25:21
15:0
SrcB
ALUResult
SrcA
ALUOut
CLK
ALUControl2:0
AL
U
WD
WE
CLK
Adr
Data
CLK
CLK
A CLK
EN
IRWriteIorD
0
1
Multicycle DatapathWrite data back to register file
SignImm
b
CLK
ARD
Instr / DataMemory
A1
A3
WD3
RD2
RD1WE3
A2
CLK
Sign Extend
RegisterFile
PCPC' Instr25:21
15:0
SrcB20:16
ALUResult
SrcA
ALUOut
RegWrite
CLK
ALUControl2:0
ALU
WD
WE
CLK
Adr
Data
CLK
CLK
A CLK
EN
IRWriteIorD
0
1
Multicycle DatapathAdd 4 to PC
PCWrite
SignImm
b
CLK
ARD
Instr / DataMemory
A1
A3
WD3
RD2
RD1WE3
A2
CLK
Sign Extend
RegisterFile
0
1PCPC' Instr25:21
15:0
SrcB
20:16
ALUResult
SrcA
ALUOut
ALUSrcARegWrite
CLK
ALUControl2:0
ALU
WD
WE
CLK
Adr
Data
CLK
CLK
A
00
01
10
11
4
CLK
ENEN
ALUSrcB1:0IRWriteIorD
0
1
Multicycle DatapathFor sw: Write register data to memory
SignImm
b
CLK
ARD
Instr / DataMemory
A1
A3
WD3
RD2
RD1WE3
A2
CLK
Sign Extend
RegisterFile
0
1PC 0
1
PC' Instr25:21
20:16
15:0
SrcB20:16
ALUResult
SrcA
ALUOut
MemWrite ALUSrcARegWrite
CLK
ALUControl2:0
ALU
WD
WE
CLK
Adr
Data
CLK
CLK
A
00
01
10
11
4
CLK
ENEN
ALUSrcB1:0IRWriteIorDPCWrite
B
Multicycle DatapathFor R-type instructions: Write ALU result to registers
0
1
SignImm
b
CLK
ARD
Instr / DataMemory
A1
A3
WD3
RD2
RD1WE3
A2
CLK
Sign Extend
RegisterFile
0
1
0
1PC 0
1
PC' Instr25:21
20:16
15:0
SrcB20:16
15:11
ALUResult
SrcA
ALUOut
RegDstMemWrite MemtoReg ALUSrcARegWrite
CLK
ALUControl2:0
ALU
WD
WE
CLK
Adr
Data
CLK
CLK
A
B00
01
10
11
4
CLK
ENEN
ALUSrcB1:0IRWriteIorDPCWrite
Multicycle DatapathFor bne: Add immediate to PC
SignImm
b
CLK
ARD
Instr / DataMemory
A1
A3
WD3
RD2
RD1WE3
A2
CLK
Sign Extend
RegisterFile
0
1
0
1 0
1
PC0
1
PC' Instr25:21
20:16
15:0
SrcB20:16
15:11
<<2
ALUResult
SrcA
ALUOut
RegDst BranchMemWrite MemtoReg ALUSrcARegWrite
Zero
PCSrc
CLK
ALUControl2:0
ALU
WD
WE
CLK
Adr
0
1Data
CLK
CLK
A
B 00
01
10
11
4
CLK
ENEN
ALUSrcB1:0IRWriteIorD PCWrite
PCEn
Multicycle DatapathAdd Controller
SignImm
CLK
ARD
Instr / DataMemory
A1
A3
WD3
RD2
RD1WE3
A2
CLK
Sign Extend
RegisterFile
0
1
0
1 0
1
PC 0
1
PC' Instr25:21
20:16
15:0
5:0
SrcB20:16
15:11
<<2
ALUResult
SrcA
ALUOut
31:26
RegD
st
Branch
MemWrite
Mem
toReg
ALUSrcA
RegWriteOp
Funct
ControlUnit
Zero
PCSrc
CLK
CLK
ALUControl2:0
ALU
WD
WE
CLK
Adr
0
1Data
CLK
CLK
A
B00
01
10
11
4
CLK
ENEN
ALUSrcB1:0IRWrite
IorD
PCWritePCEn
Controller Internals
ALUSrcA
PCSrc
Branch
ALUSrcB1:0Opcode5:0
ControlUnit
ALUControl2:0Funct5:0
MainController(FSM)
ALUOp1:0
ALUDecoder
RegWrite
PCWrite
IorD
MemWrite
IRWrite
RegDst
MemtoReg
RegisterEnables
MultiplexerSelects
Controller BehaviorIorD = 0
AluSrcA = 0ALUSrcB = 01ALUOp = 00PCSrc = 0
IRWritePCWrite
Reset
S0: Fetch
Fetch
SignImm
CLK
ARD
Instr / DataMemory
A1
A3
WD3
RD2
RD1WE3
A2
CLK
Sign Extend
RegisterFile
0
1
0
1 0
1
PC0
1
PC' Instr25:21
20:16
15:0
5:0
SrcB20:16
15:11
<<2
ALUResult
SrcA
ALUOut
31:26
Reg
Dst
Branch
MemWrite
Mem
toReg
ALUSrcA
RegWriteOp
Funct
ControlUnit
Zero
PCSrc
CLK
CLK
ALUControl2:0
ALU
WD
WE
CLK
Adr
0
1Data
CLK
CLK
A
B00
01
10
11
4
CLK
ENEN
ALUSrcB1:0IRWrite
IorD
PCWritePCEn
0
1 1
0
X
X
00
01
0100
1
0
Controller BehaviorIorD = 0
AluSrcA = 0ALUSrcB = 01ALUOp = 00PCSrc = 0
IRWritePCWrite
Reset
S0: Fetch S1: Decode
Decode
SignImm
CLK
ARD
Instr / DataMemory
A1
A3
WD3
RD2
RD1WE3
A2
CLK
Sign Extend
RegisterFile
0
1
0
1 0
1
PC0
1
PC' Instr25:21
20:16
15:0
5:0
SrcB20:16
15:11
<<2
ALUResult
SrcA
ALUOut
31:26
Reg
Dst
Branch
MemWrite
Mem
toReg
ALUSrcA
RegWriteOp
Funct
ControlUnit
Zero
PCSrc
CLK
CLK
ALUControl2:0
ALU
WD
WE
CLK
Adr
0
1Data
CLK
CLK
A
B00
01
10
11
4
CLK
ENEN
ALUSrcB1:0IRWrite
IorD
PCWritePCEn
X
0 0
0
X
X
0X
XX
XXXX
0
0
Controller BehaviorIorD = 0
AluSrcA = 0ALUSrcB = 01ALUOp = 00PCSrc = 0
IRWritePCWrite
ALUSrcA = 1ALUSrcB = 10ALUOp = 00
Reset
S0: Fetch
S2: MemAdr
S1: Decode
Op = LWor
Op = SW
Memory Address
SignImm
CLK
ARD
Instr / DataMemory
A1
A3
WD3
RD2
RD1WE3
A2
CLK
Sign Extend
RegisterFile
0
1
0
1 0
1
PC0
1
PC' Instr25:21
20:16
15:0
5:0
SrcB20:16
15:11
<<2
ALUResult
SrcA
ALUOut
31:26
Reg
Dst
Branch
MemWrite
Mem
toReg
ALUSrcA
RegWriteOp
Funct
ControlUnit
Zero
PCSrc
CLK
CLK
ALUControl2:0
ALU
WD
WE
CLK
Adr
0
1Data
CLK
CLK
A
B00
01
10
11
4
CLK
ENEN
ALUSrcB1:0IRWrite
IorD
PCWritePCEn
X
0 0
0
X
X
01
10
010X
0
0
Controller BehaviorIorD = 0
AluSrcA = 0ALUSrcB = 01ALUOp = 00PCSrc = 0
IRWritePCWrite
ALUSrcA = 1ALUSrcB = 10ALUOp = 00
IorD = 1
Reset
S0: Fetch
S2: MemAdr
S1: Decode
S3: MemRead
Op = LWor
Op = SW
Op = LW
RegDst = 0MemtoReg = 1
RegWrite
S4: MemWriteback
Controller BehaviorIorD = 0
AluSrcA = 0ALUSrcB = 01ALUOp = 00PCSrc = 0
IRWritePCWrite
ALUSrcA = 1ALUSrcB = 10ALUOp = 00
IorD = 1IorD = 1
MemWrite
Reset
S0: Fetch
S2: MemAdr
S1: Decode
S3: MemReadS5: MemWrite
Op = LWor
Op = SW
Op = LW
Op = SW
RegDst = 0MemtoReg = 1
RegWrite
S4: MemWriteback
Controller BehaviorIorD = 0
AluSrcA = 0ALUSrcB = 01ALUOp = 00PCSrc = 0
IRWritePCWrite
ALUSrcA = 1ALUSrcB = 10ALUOp = 00
IorD = 1RegDst = 1
MemtoReg = 0RegWrite
IorD = 1MemWrite
ALUSrcA = 1ALUSrcB = 00ALUOp = 10
Reset
S0: Fetch
S2: MemAdr
S1: Decode
S3: MemReadS5: MemWrite
S6: Execute
S7: ALUWriteback
Op = LWor
Op = SW
Op = R-type
Op = LW
Op = SW
RegDst = 0MemtoReg = 1
RegWrite
S4: MemWriteback
Controller BehaviorIorD = 0
AluSrcA = 0ALUSrcB = 01ALUOp = 00PCSrc = 0
IRWritePCWrite
ALUSrcA = 0ALUSrcB = 11ALUOp = 00
ALUSrcA = 1ALUSrcB = 10ALUOp = 00
IorD = 1RegDst = 1
MemtoReg = 0RegWrite
IorD = 1MemWrite
ALUSrcA = 1ALUSrcB = 00ALUOp = 10
ALUSrcA = 1ALUSrcB = 00ALUOp = 01PCSrc = 1
Branch
Reset
S0: Fetch
S2: MemAdr
S1: Decode
S3: MemReadS5: MemWrite
S6: Execute
S7: ALUWriteback
S8: Branch
Op = LWor
Op = SW
Op = R-type
Op = BEQ
Op = LW
Op = SW
RegDst = 0MemtoReg = 1
RegWrite
S4: MemWriteback
Controller BehaviorIorD = 0
AluSrcA = 0ALUSrcB = 01ALUOp = 00PCSrc = 0
IRWritePCWrite
ALUSrcA = 0ALUSrcB = 11ALUOp = 00
ALUSrcA = 1ALUSrcB = 10ALUOp = 00
IorD = 1RegDst = 1
MemtoReg = 0RegWrite
IorD = 1MemWrite
ALUSrcA = 1ALUSrcB = 00ALUOp = 10
ALUSrcA = 1ALUSrcB = 00ALUOp = 01PCSrc = 1
Branch
Reset
S0: Fetch
S2: MemAdr
S1: Decode
S3: MemReadS5: MemWrite
S6: Execute
S7: ALUWriteback
S8: Branch
Op = LWor
Op = SW
Op = R-type
Op = BEQ
Op = LW
Op = SW
RegDst = 0MemtoReg = 1
RegWrite
S4: MemWriteback
ALUSrcA = 1ALUSrcB = 10ALUOp = 00
RegDst = 0MemtoReg = 0
RegWrite
Op = ADDI
S9: ADDIExecute
S10: ADDIWriteback
Controller BehaviorAdditional circuitry for the jump instruction
SignImm
CLK
ARD
Instr / DataMemory
A1
A3
WD3
RD2
RD1WE3
A2
CLK
Sign Extend
RegisterFile
0
1
0
1PC 0
1
PC' Instr25:21
20:16
15:0
SrcB20:16
15:11
<<2
ALUResult
SrcA
ALUOut
RegDst BranchMemWrite MemtoReg ALUSrcARegWrite
Zero
PCSrc1:0
CLK
ALUControl2:0
ALU
WD
WE
CLK
Adr
0
1Data
CLK
CLK
A
B00
01
10
11
4
CLK
ENEN
ALUSrcB1:0IRWriteIorD PCWrite
PCEn
00
01
10
<<2
25:0 (jump)
31:28
27:0
PCJump
Controller BehaviorIorD = 0
AluSrcA = 0ALUSrcB = 01ALUOp = 00PCSrc = 00
IRWritePCWrite
ALUSrcA = 0ALUSrcB = 11ALUOp = 00
ALUSrcA = 1ALUSrcB = 10ALUOp = 00
IorD = 1RegDst = 1
MemtoReg = 0RegWrite
IorD = 1MemWrite
ALUSrcA = 1ALUSrcB = 00ALUOp = 10
ALUSrcA = 1ALUSrcB = 00ALUOp = 01PCSrc = 01
Branch
Reset
S0: Fetch
S2: MemAdr
S1: Decode
S3: MemReadS5: MemWrite
S6: Execute
S7: ALUWriteback
S8: Branch
Op = LWor
Op = SW
Op = R-type
Op = BEQ
Op = LW
Op = SW
RegDst = 0MemtoReg = 1
RegWrite
S4: MemWriteback
ALUSrcA = 1ALUSrcB = 10ALUOp = 00
RegDst = 0MemtoReg = 0
RegWrite
Op = ADDI
S9: ADDIExecute
S10: ADDIWriteback
PCSrc = 10PCWrite
Op = J
S11: Jump
Multicycle Critical Path
SignImm
CLK
ARD
Instr / DataMemory
A1
A3
WD3
RD2
RD1WE3
A2
CLK
Sign Extend
RegisterFile
0
1
0
1 0
1
PC0
1
PC' Instr25:21
20:16
15:0
5:0
SrcB20:16
15:11
<<2
ALUResult
SrcA
ALUOut
31:26
RegD
st
Branch
MemWrite
Mem
toReg
ALUSrcA
RegWriteOp
Funct
ControlUnit
Zero
PCSrc
CLK
CLK
ALUControl2:0
ALU
WD
WE
CLK
Adr
0
1Data
CLK
CLK
A
B00
01
10
11
4
CLK
ENEN
ALUSrcB1:0IRWrite
IorD
PCWritePCEn
Two hypotheses: Reading memory or going through the ALU
Multicycle Clock Period
Element Delay
Register clk-to-Q tpcq-PC 30 psRegister setup tsetup 20Multiplexer tmux 25ALU tALU 200Memory Read tmem 250Register file read tRFread 150Register file setup tRFsetup 20 SignImm
CLK
ARD
Instr / DataMemory
A1
A3
WD3
RD2
RD1WE3
A2
CLK
Sign Extend
RegisterFile
0
1
0
1 0
1
PC0
1
PC' Instr25:21
20:16
15:0
5:0
SrcB20:16
15:11
<<2
ALUResult
SrcA
ALUOut
31:26
RegD
st
Branch
MemWrite
Mem
toReg
ALUSrcA
RegWriteOp
Funct
ControlUnit
Zero
PCSrc
CLK
CLK
ALUControl2:0
ALU
WD
WE
CLK
Adr
0
1Data
CLK
CLK
A
B00
01
10
11
4
CLK
ENEN
ALUSrcB1:0IRWrite
IorD
PCWritePCEn
TC = tpcq-PC + tmux +max{tALU + tmux, tmem}+ tRFsetup
= (30+ 25+max{200+ 25,250}+ 20) ps
= 325 ps
= 3.08 GHz
vs. 925 ps for our single-cycle processor
Execution Time for Our Multi-Cycle Processor
For a 100 billion-instruction task on our multi-cycleprocessor, each instruction takes 4.12 cycles onaverage. With a 325 ps clock period,
SecondsProgram = Instructions
Program × Clock CyclesInstruction ×
SecondsClock Cycle
= 100× 109× 4.12 × 325 ps
= 133.9 seconds
vs. 92.5 seconds for our single-cycle processor.
