FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTERS & INFORMATION

SYSTEM

HITESH SRIVASTAVA

UNIT - I

Indexing

Content Slide No.COMPUTER DIFINITION 3

Definition of DATA & Information 4

Features of computer 5-6

BLOCK DIAGRAM 7

Units of computer 8-11

History of Computer 12-18

Computer Hierarchy 19-24

Generations of computer 25-32

Input devices 33-39

Output Device 40-44

Storage Device 45-53

COMPUTER DIFINITION

“ It is a high speed electronic device which is capable of performing logical and arithmetical operations . it accepts data as an input from the user, processes and gives desirable output ”

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

DATA- DATA are a set of related facts, the new material of information data represented by symbols, but they are not information except in a limited sense.

INFORMATION- The analyzed data details is termed ad INFORMATION.

Features of computer

Most of people know that a computer is fast calculator . But it is much more than that , some of features that make a computer so important are its :-

Speed :- The first feature of computer is speed . It is a very fast device which can perform any type of task in fraction of seconds. When performing a particular task for hours together, it can maintain the same speed till the end of it .

Accuracy :- The word accuracy means exactness of result . Computers can do the calculations without errors and very accurately.

Versatility:- A computer can perform almost any type of arithmetical and logical operations

Automation :- A computer can perform a particular work continuous for hours together without any user ( human ) intervention .

Diligence :- A computer does not suffer from human trait or tiredness or board . If 3 million calculation has to be performed , it will perform the 3rd millionth calculation with the same speed and accuracy as the first one .

BLOCK DIAGRAM

INPUT

A L U.

M U

C U

OUTPUT

Memory cell

SYSTEM UNIT

INPUT UNIT OUTPUT UNIT

Units of computer

1. INPUT UNITit is a device which is used in transferring the data or instruction to the computer system . Most commonly used input device are keyboard , mouse , card reader, magnetic disk .

2. SYSTEM UNIT it is regarded as the brain of the computer . The major structural components of C.P.U. are –

Control Unit[CU] Arithmetical And Logical Unit[ALU] Memory Unit [MU]

Control Unit[CU]

Control unit device directs and coordinates the activities of the entire computer which includes controlling the input/output devices or units ,the operation of ALU and the transfer data to main memory . An important function of C.U is program execution , fetching an instruction from memory , decoding it and sending it to an appropriate place in the computer to get it executed .

Arithmetical And Logical Unit[ALU]

The arithmetic logical operation unit performs arithmetic operation, the operands are brought to ALU from the memory . In ALU the required operation is done and the result is sent back to memory for storage ALU . All these happens under the control unit . ALU also perform comparison which are called logical operation, these occurs when the operation are connected with logical operation .

LOGICAL OPERATION SYMBOL

EQUAL TO =LESS THAN <GREATOR THAN >

Output unit

The data passed through the C.P.U can be viewed with the help of output device ,the monitor or (VDU) of a PC is an output device.

History of Computer

The discovery of numbers, which is considered as the greatest achievement of mankind led to the development of all kinds of calculating device . Today we can’t imagine a work without numbers , it took thousands of years to get the present system of numbers .The stone age man used pebbles for counting people or animals , stone was replaced by sticks on the rope

The Abacus

clay board

beads

wire

The earliest and the simplest device that was used for calculations was the ABACUS , simple abacus has been in use since 3000 B.C.Abacus was first developed in china and later its use spread to all parts of the world .

Napier’s “logs” and “bones”

The next manual calculating device logarithms was invented by john Napier . The use of logarithms enabled him to transform multiplication and division problems of addition and subtraction . The word logarithms is a combination of two Greek words , logos (means ratio) and arithms (means numbers ).

Pascal adding machine

The first mechanical adding machine was invented by BLAISE PASCAL in 1642 .

Jacquard’s loom

Joseph jacquard initiated actual development in the early 19th century . Jacquard was a textile manufacturer he invented automated loom in 1804 . He used punched card to produce complex cloth pattern with automated loom .

Charles Babbage

Charles Babbage , a nineteenth century professor at Cambridge university is considered to be father of modern digital computer . He designed his “different engine” in 1822 and his “analytical engine” in 1833 .

Hollerith’s machine

In 1855 , Herman Hollerith , developed a machine run on the electricity for the first time for calculating and recording data . It was capable of reading both numbers and letters , processing and giving out letters and numbers in designed form .

ComputerSoftware

Application SoftwareMS-Office

Media Player

System SoftwareOperating System

CUIMS-DOS

GUIWINDOWS

Language TranslatorINTEPRETOR

COMPILER

UtilityBIOS

HardwareINPUT DEVICE

KEYBOARD

MOUSE

OUTPUT DEVICEMONITOR

PRINTER

Important terms :

Software

The set of series of instructions given by the user is known as a program. All the computer programs written in any programming languages are collectively known as software.

Application Software

Application software are the software that are designed to satisfy a particular need of a particular environment.

System Software

The system software is a collection of programs designed to operate, control and extend the processing capabilities of the computer itself. It can be further classified into three parts-

(a) Language translator (b) Operating system (c) Utility

(a) Language translator

A software that convert source codes into machines code vice-versa are called language translator.

Interpreter- A interpreter is an program written in machine level language whose function is to translate the high level language program into the machine level language. An interpreter first reads each lines of the program and convert them from source code. If it find the line error free it executes and then the process continues till the end of the program. i.e. It will check the program line by line.

Compiler- It is a program machine level language whose function is to translate the high level language into machine level program. Its usually completes the whole program from first to last line before attempting to link and run the program. i.e. compiler will check a program at a time and display all the errors.

Assembler- A assembler is program written in assembly level language whose functions is to translate the assembly level program into machine level language.

Operating System-

A set of computer programs that manage the hardware and software resources of a computer system. A set of computer programs that manage the hardware and software resources of a computer system. At the foundation of all system software, an operating system performs basic tasks such as controlling and allocating memory, prioritizing system requests, controlling input and output devices, facilitating networking, and managing file systems. Most operating systems have a command line interpreter as a basic user interface, but they may also provide a graphical user interface (GUI) for ease of operation. The operating system forms a platform for other system software and for application software

Operating System Functions

Here are some of the most common tasks that were done by operating System.

 Process Management – Every program running on a computer is a process.  In general, a CPU can only run one process at a time.  The operating system will monitor requested processes and execute them in a pre-designed order often switching between them very quickly in a way called multi-tasking.Memory Management – The operating system’s memory manager coordinates the various types of memory use by tracking which one is available at any given time.  It will also monitor which type of memory can be allocated or de-allocated and how to move data between the memories.Disk and File Systems – The way an operating system reads different kinds of file system as well as file storage. Some operating systems read file names as case sensitive, while others disregard this.

Security – All operating systems come with some type of security already built in.  Because access to a computer and its often privileged information should be restricted to only authorize users, this aspect of an operating system might actually be its most important function.

Networking – In the Internet age, networking capabilities of operating systems are very important.  Networking capabilities can be either with an outside computer as in accessing the Internet or computer to computer as in a large mainframe operation.  The operating system will coordinate all of this below the surface without the user even being aware it is happening.

CLASSIFICATION OF OPERATING SYSTEM

SINGLE USER OPERATING SYSTEM - A single user operating system will permit one application program or one task to be run at a time where the processor (cpu) of a computer does one job at a time it is called a single user operating system. Ex- Ms-Dos.

MULTI-USER OPERATING SYSTEM - A multi-user operating system will permit numbers of users to work on the computer system at the same time. Ex- Linux, Unix.

GRAPHICAL USER INTERPHASE (GUI) OPERATING SYSTEM - A GUI is uses icons or small images to represent program features instead of typing or interring the command. This enjoinment is responsible for interacting with users through icons or pictures. Ex- Windows 95,98,2000 etc.

VERTUAL MEMORY OPERATING SYSTEM - The virtual memory operating system was originally derived, when the program that went too large to fit in primary memory. i.e. RAM.A virtual storage operating system will permit data to moved between primary and secondary as and when the primary storage proves to be small.

(c) UTILITY PROGRM

These are the programs pre-written by the manufacturers and supplied with the hardware.Ex- Text Editor, Sorting, Formatting etc,BIOS.

Generations of computer

The term generation refers to major development in electronic data processing . Computer technology has been aimed at making smaller cheaper and efficient computers. The development of computer has been very rapidly in last fifty years . It has been in five distinct stages . Each of these stage is called generation .

First generation (1946-1955)

The first generation computer is based on the vacuum tube technology . In the first generation some important computers that were designed are as follows :

ENIAC (electronic numerical and calculator ) :- In 1946, Mauchly and Eckert completed the first large scale electronic digital computer ENIAC . The ENIAC was programmed by connecting wires between units of the computer and setting switches at the 50 feet . It was used for , atomic energy calculation and random numbers studies .

EDSAC :- After ENIAC was turned off , another computer EDSAC ( electronic delay storage automatic calculator) came in 1943. EDSAC was first computer to operate on the stored program concept . It started operating only in 1951 . ENIAC, EDSAC and other computer which were developed in 1940’s were experimental basis .

UNIVAC :- UNIVAC ( universal automatic computer) was the first computer dedicated to business application . It was also used for the analysis of 1952 presidential election in united states.

Drawback : First generation computer based on vacuum tubes

created several problem It generates too much heat . It consumed lots of electricity. Its, size was large , unreliable and required

constant ,maintenance . The computer programming language was in binary digit

(0,1) which have a special meaning that can be understood by computer .

It was very difficult to write program in machine language , moreover most program contained errors and the knowledge was restricted to few people .

Second generation (1956-1965)

Major innovation was the solid state device – transistor by three scientist J.BARDEEN , H.W BRATTIAN and W.SHOCKLEY in 1947.A transistor is made of a semi conductor material whose basic part is silicon. The size of transistor is only 1/200th of the size of vacuum tube Require much less power and produce less heat . Ex : IBM 7094,NCR 304, IBM 1620, ALTA’S etc .

Third generation (1966-75)Integrated circuit technology was introduced around 1965.It is the combination of numbers of transistors and other electronic components fused together on a single crystal. Mass storage device were called auxiliary or secondary storage device i.e. magnetic tape , disk , etc .Multi – programming software in which more than one can be present in computer memory simultaneously .High level language like basic COBOL, FORTAN , etc , were developed .A new computer industry called software industry was born .

Ex: IBM -360, ICL-1900,PDP-8, IBM-370/168 , etc .

Fourth generation (1976-1985)

A new technology Micro-processors were introduced . A microprocessor chip (approx 1/4”*2” in size) contain an entire central processing units on single chip .Large scale integration (L.S.I) and very large scale integration (V.L.S.I) technology were used in fourth generation .Size and cost reduced .Desktop came into the market .

Fifth generation (1986 onwards)

Ultra large scale technology (U.L.S.I) were introduced Developed very small but extremely fast and powerful computers which is known as ROBOTS .Size were very much reduced .Small in size and easy to carry out .Ex: mainframe , super computer , ROBOTS .

Input devices

The device which is used to input information or instruction into the computer are called input device . Below are given a few

input devices:

KEYBOARD: Allows user to interact directly , it resembles an electronic type writer keyboard , available in two main category ;(a) Standard with usually 83-84 keys .(b) Enhanced or extended with 101 keys .

It is divided into 4 main parts .1. Main pad.2. Function key pad .3. Numeric key pad.4. Special key pad.

MICR : Magnetic ink character reader is basically used in banking industry to read Cheques.

OCR : Optical character reader is capable of reading any printed or hand written text they can read at the rate 2400.

OMR : Optical mark reader can recognize marks made by pencil or ink on specially designed paper with boxes which can be marked with a dark pencil or ink.

BCR: Bar code reader used to indentify a particular product written in bar or shops over the product , ex: books , packages etc .

MOUSE : An electro- mechanical device used as pointer to select items from an “ on screen” menu.

SCANNER : The scanner is used to scan images and store it on the disk as a file , it can be flat bed or roller feed variety .

LIGHT PEN :

It is a pointing device which can be used to select an option by simply printing at it ,or draw figure directly on the screen and more figures around .

TOUCH SCREEN :

Normally used when information has to be assessed with minimum effort , the screen is made sensitive to touch and exact position is detected . The screen is lined with light emitting device ( LED ) . It is used in hospitals , railways , air lines , restaurant , stock exchanges , etc .

JOYSTICK :

It is mainly used with computer games , and it some times called game controller . It can be moved left and right (or) up and down as required to move the cursor .

Output Device

The input received is processed in the processing unit and when the result are ready , are given inform of output . The device through which these output are given are known as output device . Below are some commonly used output devices .

MONITORS :- The most commonly used output device is the visual display unit (V.D.U ) , which is used to display information on the screen the V.D.U. consists of a CRT ( cathode ray tube ) which produces a beam of electrons that make the picture on the screen . A VDU normally consist of 25 rows an 80 columns . It has 200 pixels from top to bottom and 640 pixels from left to right .

Popularly monitors are :

Monochrome :- These types of monitors have single foreground colures and single background color but have various attribute . Ex; the brightness and intensity of character which can be changed .

C.G.A ( color graphic adapter ) :- Introduce by IBM in 1982, these monitors are of low resolution screen (640 row*200 columns) with color capabilities .

H.G.A. ( Hercules graphic adapter ) :- Introduced by Hercules computer technology in 1982 , these are monochrome adapter with additional graphic display mode which provide high resolution in graphic mode (750*350 dots )

E.G.A. ( Enhanced graphic ) :- Introduced by I.B.M in 1984 , it was developed in an effort to unify the variety of display adapter . The E.G.A combines all of the features of other adapter an d provide high resolution using higher quality color monitor . It support 16 colors .

V.G.A ( video graphic adapter ) :- Introduced by I.B.M in 1987 , these monitors support higher resolution and are very expensive . It can support 256 color at a time .

Super V.G.A:- Introduced by a group of American companies in 1988 , it uses more pixels (56.1) more than V.G.A.

PRINTER :- A hardware device that produces text or graphics output on a paper , printer are grouped broadly into either impact or non-impact

Impact printer : These printer have mechanical contact with print medium ( usually paper ) to create an image ( Dot matrix , line printer , daisy wheel printer )

Non – impact printer : Those printer that not have direct contact with the print medium fall under this category ( inkjet printer , laser printer ).

PLOTTER :-

A printer is capable of producing output that contains printed words . It is capable of printing straight lines and simple figure like squares , rectangles and circles . It require to create high quality visual on papers , which a printer a printer is not capable of doing . For this purpose , at plotter is used .

A plotter is a printer that is used to create presentation , charts , graphics , maps , and diagram prepared for statically application like CAD ( computer added design ) , engineering drawing etc .

Primary storage

This memory is directly associated with the C.P.U. before being actually processing the data , this is to be stored in some storage area . This storage area is known as primary storage .

It is divided into two distinct parts:-

I. RAM and II. ROM

RAM :- Random access memory where all data will be stored , while typing anything it directly stores in electronic circuit and it works continuously till power continues . It goes through reading procedure from input device to RAM and it writes from RAM to secondary device like floppy/ hard disk.

ROM :- Read only memory basic startup routines and Bios ( basic input output system ) are permanently loaded during the manufacturing time . It can’t be altered and fresh information cannot be written into a ROM .

So, if the power is off computer does not lost it’s contents . It has three parts :

(a) PROM ( programmable read only memory ) :- Once the chip has programmed the recorded information can’t be changed .

(b) EPROM(erasable programmable read only memory) :- It can be performed or reprogrammed , usually by exposing a normally covered sector to ultra –violet light , information can be only “read” and the information remains on the chip until it is erased .

(c) EEPROM ( electronically erasable programmable ROM ) :- RAM can not store memory between power interruptions , and hard disk are slow . Enter flash memory , it does not lose it’s data even if the power is turned off . A flash memory is used in portable device such as digital camera , voices , recorders and handled computer .

Cache memory :-

These are small but fast memory logically positioned between the internal and main memory . It stores or catches some of the content of the main memory , currently in use by the processor . Being nearer to the C.P.U. than the RAM it plays a major role in the speed and performance of a processor’s (CPU). To make the processor job easier and quick , the cache memory stores anticipated instruction . The size of cache memory being very small . Whenever a CPU requires data , it checks with the cache and if available , directly uses the same . Currently PCs normally features two of cache , L1 or primary cache located in the CPU itself and L2 or secondary cache located on system ‘s motherboard .

CPU

CACHE

MAIN MEMORY

Secondary storage device

For permanent storage of data , secondary device can be used with a p.c. system . Secondary storage is also referred to as external storage .

(A) MAGNETIC TAPES: These storage device are used to keep back-up copies of previous software and data .

FLOPPY DISK : IT was developed in 1970’s as a cheaper and faster storage device .it is small random access disk .

HARD DISK : Another magnetic media suitable for strong large volume of information is the hard disk . A hard disk pack contains two or more magnetic plates fixed to a spindles one below the other with a set of read/write heads

D) CD-ROM :- Compact disk read only memory is an optical storage medium capable of holding up to 660 MB data ( approx 500,000) range of text about 70 minute of high fidelity audio or a combination of the two

(E) ZIP DRIVE : A zip drive , which used a removable disk cartridge , can be used for backups . It can typically stores 100 MB or move on each removable cartridge . The advantage of this device is that it is random access just like a disk drive .

(F) DVD- ROM : THE CD-ROM is going to obsolete very soon after arrival of DVD-ROM in the market for DC-users , it has several time higher speed and capacity of CD-ROM very soon . It will be counted as most common device name CD-ROM . The full form of DVD-ROM is Digital video disk read only memory .

UNIT - III

MIS Introduction

The MIS has more than one definition, some of which are given below:

The MIS is defined as the system that provides information support for decision making in the organization.

The MIS is defined as an integrated system of man and machine for providing the information to support the operations, the management and the decision making function in the organization.

The MIS is defines as the system based on the data base of the organization evolved for the purpose of providing information to the people in the organization.

The MIS is defines as a Computer-based Information System.

Data versus Information

To make good decisions, accurate data can be transformed into information.

Information Processing Cycle:

Input ---> Process ---> Output ---> Storage

(Data) (Information)

Information System

A set of interrelated components that collect (or retrieve), process, store, and distribute information to support decision making and control in an organization.

The Difference Between IS and MIS

IS refers to the information system required to run the day-to-day internal operations of a company. MIS refers to the information system responsible for securing both internal and external data that management can use to make operational decisions. Such decisions may lead to the design of a new product or service, which is different from the IS required to run the day-to-day internal operations.

MIS Classification

Operations Support System (OSS) Management Support System(MSS), Transaction Processing System(TPS), Process Control System(PCS) Enterprise Collaboration System(ECS) Management Information System(MIS), Decision Support System(DSS).

Operations Support System (OSS)

An operational support system (OSS) is a group of computer programs or an IT system used by communications service providers for monitoring, controlling, analyzing and managing a computer or telephone network system. OSS software is specifically dedicated to telecommunications service providers and mainly used for supporting network processes to maintain network inventory, configure network components, provision services and manage faults.

With the growth of new broadband and Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) systems, OSS and network management are now applied to home networks.An OSS is also known as a business support system (BSS).

Management Support System(MSS),

Management Support Systems (MSS) are computer based systems that are supposed to provide information to be used by or at least to support managerial decision making. Management Support Systems is seen as a subset of management information system (MIS), Which extends the information retrieval capabilities of the end-users with ‘query and analysis functions' for searching a database, generating ‘what if’' scenarios, and other such purposes. Thus they are collection of all advanced computer technologies for supporting solutions of managerial problems.Sometimes called Decision Support Systems or Business Intelligence but there are some distinctions

Transaction Processing

Transaction processing is a style of computing that divides work into individual, indivisible operations, called transactions. A transaction processing system (TPS) or transaction server is a software system, or software/hardware combination, that supports transaction processing.

An informational scheme for the collection, storage, retrieval and modification of transactions made by an organization. An example of a transaction processing system commonly used in business are the systems employed by major credit card companies found in almost every retail store.

Process Control System(PCS)

Process-control system monitors a manufacturing environment and electronically controls the process or manufacturing flow based on limits set by the user.

Activities involved in ensuring a process is predictable, stable, and consistently operating at the target level of performance with only normal variation.

Enterprise Collaboration System(ECS)

ECS is a combination of Internet, extranets and other networks needed to support enterprise-wide communications, such as the sharing of documents and knowledge to specific teams and individuals within the enterprise. examples of enterprise communication tools-

e-mail videoconferencing collaborative document sharing project management tools

The objective of an ECS is to provide each user with the tools for managing communications, documents and other information that individuals need to manage their own tasks efficiently in their departments.

Management Information System(MIS),

A management information system (MIS) provides information that organizations require to manage themselves efficiently and effectively.

Decision Support System (DSS)

A Decision Support System (DSS) is a computer-based information system that supports business or organizational decision-making activities. DSSs serve the management, operations, and planning levels of an organization (usually mid and higher management) and help to make decisions, which may be rapidly changing and not easily specified in advance (Unstructured and Semi-Structured decision problems). Decision support systems can be either fully computerized, human or a combination of both

Artificial intelligence

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an advance branch of science that studies the process of human thinking and attempts to apply the knowledge to simulate the same process in machines.AI is considered to be the branch of Computer Science than that of General ScienceAI is practically applied in the field of computer games, expert systems, neural networks, robotics and many other fields of science and technology

Neural Network

An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is an information processing paradigm that is inspired by the way biological nervous systems, such as the brain, process information. The key element of this paradigm is the novel structure of the information processing system. It is composed of a large number of highly interconnected processing elements (neurons) working in unison to solve specific problems. ANNs, like people, learn by example. An ANN is configured for a specific application, such as pattern recognition or data classification, through a learning process

Fuzzy Logic

In recent years, the number and variety of applications of fuzzy logic have increased significantly. The applications range from consumer products such as cameras, camcorders, washing machines, and microwave ovens to industrial process control, medical instrumentation, decision-support systems, and portfolio selection.

In a narrow sense, fuzzy logic is a logical system, which is an extension of multivalve logic.