Fundamentals of Energy

Presented by : Dr.Ing Dhaker ABBES

Professor-Researcher

Co-responsible of ESEA Section

HEI-Lille

Member of Electrical Network Team L2EP Lille

What is Energy ?1

Units of Energy2

1 kcal = 4186 J = 3.97 Btu = 0.00116 kWh

1 Btu = 1054 J = 0.252 kcal = 0.000293 kWh1 kWh = 3, 600, 000 J = 860 kcal = 3413 Btu

Energy Resources3

• Supplementing free solar energy

– 99% of heat comes from the sun

– Without the sun, the earth would be –240 0C (-400 0F)

• We supplement the other 1% with primarily non-renewable energy sources

Energy Resources4

Associated Equipment/ Technology Suppliers

Energy Industry

Non-Renewable

Coal Oil & Gas

Renewable Energy

Solar Wind Bio-fuels Hydro

Others (Fuel Cells,

Geothermal etc.)

Utilities/

Consumers

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V2BU1HYBnLg

Energy Resources5

U.S. and European generating capacity is dominated by fossil fuelcombustion though a shift happening towards non-fossil fuelgeneration

2%

16%

19%

16%7%

40%

US & EU Energy Mix (2012)

Renewables

Hydro

Gas

Nuclear

Oil

Coal

Energy Resources6

Important Nonrenewable Energy Sources

Energy Resources7

Important Nonrenewable Energy Sources

OIL and NATURAL GAS

• Accumulations of dead marine organisms on the ocean floor were covered by sediments.

• Muddy rock gradually formed rock (shale) containing dispersed oil.

• Sandstone formed on top of shale, thus oil pools began to form.

• Natural gas often forms on top of oil.

• Primary component of natural gas is methane

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8YHsxXEVB1M

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mObs4GDD16Y

Energy Resources8

Important Nonrenewable Energy Sources

Energy Resources9

Important Nonrenewable Energy Sources

OIL

• Petroleum (crude oil)• Costs:

• Recovery• Refining • Transporting• Environmental

• Highest risks are in transportation• Refining yields many products

• Asphalt• Heating oil• Diesel• Petrochemicals• Gasoline• …

Based on boiling points

Energy Resources10

Important Nonrenewable Energy Sources

Conventional Oil

Advantages

• Relatively low cost

• High net energy yield

• Efficient distribution system

Disadvantages

• Running out • 42-93 years

• Low prices encourage waste

• Air pollution and greenhouse gases

• Water pollution

Energy Resources11

Important Nonrenewable Energy Sources

Tar Sand:

Mixture of clay, sand

water and bitumen -a thick and sticky

heavy oil.

Extracted by large

electric shovels,

mixed with hot water

and steam to extract

the bitumen.

Bitumen heated to

convert to synthetic

crude oil.

Oil Shale:

Oily rocks that

contain a solid

mix of hydro-

carbons.

Global supplies

~ 240 times

conventional oil

supplies.

Energy Resources12

Important Nonrenewable Energy Sources

Natural Gas

• 50-90% methane• Cleanest of fossil fuels• Approximate 200 year

supply• Advantages and

disadvantages

Energy Resources13

Important Nonrenewable Energy Sources

Coal – What is it ?

• Solid fossil fuel formed in several stages

• Land plants that lived 300-400 million years ago

• Subjected to intense heat and pressure over many millions of years

• Mostly carbon, small amounts of sulfur

Energy Resources14

Important Nonrenewable Energy Sources

Coal Formation and Types

Energy Resources15

Important Nonrenewable Energy Sources

Coal – what do we use it for?

• Stages of coal formation• 300 million year old forests• peat > lignite > bituminous > anthracite• Primarily strip-mined

• Used mostly for generating electricity• Used to generate 62% of the world’s electricity• Used to generate 52% of the U.S. electricity

• Enough coal for about 200-1000 years• U.S. has 25% of world’s reserves

• High environmental impact• Coal gasification and liquefaction

Energy Resources16

Important Nonrenewable Energy Sources

Coal: Trade-offs

World’s most abundant fossil fuel

Mining and burning coal has a

severe environmental impact

Accounts for over 1/3 of the world’s

CO2 emissions

Energy Resources17

Important Nonrenewable Energy Sources

Nuclear Energy – What is it?

• A nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with largemass numbers are split apart into lighter nuclei when struck byneutrons.

– Nuclei – center of an atom, making up0 most of the atom’smass

– Isotopes – two or more forms of a chemical element thathave the same number of protons but different massnumbers because they have different numbers of neutronsin their nuclei.

– Neutron – elementary particle in all atoms.

– Radioactivity – Unstable nuclei of atoms shoot out “chunks”of mass and energy.

Energy Resources18

Important Nonrenewable Energy Sources

Nuclear Energy

• Fission reactors• Uranium-235• Fission

• Resulting heat used to produce steam that spins turbines to generate electricity

• Produces radioactive fission fragments

Great danger of

losing coolant!

Light water generator – used in

all U.S. and 85% world wide.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ta3z3pGK0vU

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rcOFV4y5z8c

Energy Resources19

Important Nonrenewable Energy Sources

Nuclear Energy Cycle

Produces highly radioactive

materials that must be stored

safely for 10,000-240,000 years.

Energy Resources20

Important Nonrenewable Energy Sources

Conventional Nuclear Power: Trade-offs

Cost over-runs

High operating costs

Three Mile Island

Chernobyl

Energy Resources21

Important Nonrenewable Energy Sources

Dealing with Nuclear Waste

• High- and low-level wastes• Terrorist threats – storage casks hold 5-10 X more

ling-lived radioactivity than the nuclear power plant• Disposal proposals

• Underground burial• Disposal in space (illegal under international law)• Burial in ice sheets (“ “)• Dumping into subduction zones (“ “)• Burial in ocean mud (“ “)• Conversion into harmless materials (no way to do this with

current technology)

Energy Resources22

Important Nonrenewable Energy Sources

Dealing with Nuclear Waste

Storage Containers

Underground

Ground Level

Energy Resources23

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V2BU1HYBnLg

Electricity fundamentals24

Electric Charge (Q)

• Characteristic of subatomic particles that determines their electromagnetic interactions

• An electron has a -1.602∙10-19 Coulomb charge

• The rate of flow of charged particles is called current

Electricity fundamentals25

Current (I)

• Current = (Number of electrons that pass in one second) ∙ (charge/electron) -1 ampere = (6.242∙1018 e/sec) ∙(-1.602 10-19Coulomb/e)

Notice that an ampere = Coulomb/second

• The negative sign indicates that the current inside is actually flowing in the opposite direction of the electron flow

Electricity fundamentals26

Current

• i = dq/dt – the derivitive or slope of the charge when plotted against time in seconds

• Q = ∫ i ∙ dt – the integral or area under the current when plotted against time in seconds

Electricity fundamentals27

AC and DC Current

•DC Current has a constant value

•AC Current has a value that changes sinusoidally

Notice that AC current

changes in value and

direction

No net charge is

transferred

Electricity fundamentals28

Power

• The rate at which energy is transferred from an active source or used by a passive device

• P in watts = dW/dt = joules/second

• P= V∙I = dW/dQ ∙ dQ/dt = volts ∙ amps = watts

• W = ∫ P ∙ dt – so the energy (work in joules) is equal to the area under the power in watts plotted against time in seconds

Electricity fundamentals29

Electricity fundamentals30

Units

Current Amperes A

Voltage Volts V

Resistance Ohms

Capacitance Farads F

Inductance Henrys H

Frequency Hertz Hz

Electricity fundamentals31

Very Large and Very Small Numeric Values: Units

Thank you for your attention!

Dr.Ing. Dhaker ABBES Dhaker.abbes@yncrea.fr

Ecole des Hautes Etudes d’Ingénieur . Lille. France

Personal website : www.da-engineering.com

32Thank you

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36Energy efficiency

37Energy efficiency