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Fundamentals of Fundamentals of NNuclear uclear MMagnetic agnetic RResonanceesonance
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMRNMR) : ) : discovered by F. Block and E. Purcell in 1946discovered by F. Block and E. Purcell in 1946• Standard spectroscopic techniqueStandard spectroscopic technique
NMR ImagingNMR Imaging : P. Lauterbur(1973), P. Mansfield : P. Lauterbur(1973), P. Mansfield (1973), and R. Damadian(1971).(1973), and R. Damadian(1971).
IntroductionIntroduction
Angular MomentumAngular Momentum :: TypeType ::
Orbital Orbital SpinSpin
Nuclear spinNuclear spin ;; II The spin of unpaired neutrons or protons.The spin of unpaired neutrons or protons.1.1. I = 0I = 0 ;; nuclei with even numbers of protonnuclei with even numbers of proton
s and neutron.s and neutron.2.2. I = ± (1/2)nI = ± (1/2)n ( ( n is an integer n is an integer );); Net nuclear angular momentum
vmrLa La : angular momentumm : massv : velocity
體內各核種的相對靈敏度體內各核種的相對靈敏度
spinspinr r /2/2ππ
(MHz/T)(MHz/T)自然產率自然產率
((%)%) 體內含量體內含量 相對靈敏度相對靈敏度
11HH 1/21/2 42.5842.58 99.9899.98 100M100M 11
1313CC 1/21/2 10.7110.71 1.1081.108 10mM10mM 33×10×10-3-3
1414NN 11 3.083.08 99.6399.63 10mM10mM 22×10×10-7-7
1919FF 1/21/2 40.0540.05 100100 10mM10mM 99×10×10-5-5
2323NaNa 3/23/2 11.2611.26 100100 80mM80mM 11×10×10-3-3
3131PP 1/21/2 17.2317.23 100100 10mM10mM 44×10×10-5-5
3939KK 3/23/2 1.991.99 93.193.1 45mM45mM 11×10×10-4-4
磁偶極矩磁偶極矩 (Magnetic Dipole Momen(Magnetic Dipole Moment)t)
磁偶極矩磁偶極矩 (( 磁矩磁矩;; MM))質子自旋產生磁矩質子自旋產生磁矩
rIM r : 旋磁比 (gryomagnetic ratio)I : 核自旋 (nuclear spin)
11HH 、、 1313CC 、、 1919FF 、、 2323NaNa 、、 3131PP
Larmor equationLarmor equation
Larmor frequencyLarmor frequency :: ωω
1.5 Tesla 下氫原子核的旋進頻率為 63.866MHz
0B
T1 curveT1 curve
T2 decay curveT2 decay curve
Image CharacteristicsImage Characteristics
SNRSNR ResolutionResolution TimeTime Relaxation EffectsRelaxation Effects Trade OffsTrade Offs
MRI ArtifactsMRI Artifacts Chemical Shift Artifacts Aliasing Black Boundary Artifacts Gibbs or Truncation Artifacts Zipper Artifacts Phase-encoded Motion Artifacts Entry Slice Phenomenon Slice-overlap Artifacts Magic Angle Effects Moire Fringes RF Overflow Artifacts Central Point Artifact Susceptibility Artifacts Zero-fill Artifact (Zebra Artifact)
Chemical Shift Artifacts Chemical Shift Artifacts
Aliasing or "Wrap-around " Aliasing or "Wrap-around "
Electronics and Data ProcessingElectronics and Data Processing
CoilCoil
AngiographyAngiography
DSADSA
MRAMRA
CT angiographyCT angiography
3D TOF MRA MIP SSD3D TOF MRA MIP SSD
3D CE-MRA MIP SSD3D CE-MRA MIP SSD
DWI and PWIDWI and PWI
Diffusion weighted imagingDiffusion weighted imagingPerfusion weighted imagingPerfusion weighted imaging
MRSMRS
Coronary MRACoronary MRA
Breath-hold 3D CE-MRA of coronary arteries.Breath-hold 3D CE-MRA of coronary arteries.
(a) 2D (b) 3D
MR Breast ImagingMR Breast Imaging
AbdomenAbdomen
Flash T1Flash T1 Haste T2Haste T2
MRAMRA
3D CE-MRA3D CE-MRA
SMV and Portal veinSMV and Portal vein
MRCPMRCP
MRCPMRCP
MRCPMRCP
kidneyskidneys
Renal a.Renal a.
3D CE-MRA
MRUMRU
MRUMRU
rare
3D CE-MRA
AngiographyAngiography
3D CE-MRA
SummarySummary
Non-ionizing radiationNon-ionizing radiationMinimally invasive Minimally invasive (( or non-invasiveor non-invasive ))Excellent soft-tissue contrastExcellent soft-tissue contrast Imaging in any arbitrary planeImaging in any arbitrary planeFunctional imagingFunctional imaging