Fundamentals of Water System Design - ibse.hkibse.hk/cpd/water-system/WSD_Chp_9.pdf · System load...

© 2007 ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Slide 1

Fundamentals of Water System Design

17, 18, 24, 25 January 2007

ASHRAE Hong Kong Chapter Technical Workshop


Chapter 9:Water Chillers and Load Control

1. Basic water chiller components2. Refrigeration cycle3. Heat transfer chiller4. Refrigeration power5. Chiller types and control6. Chiller piping arrangements7. Chiller energy performance8. Thermal storage


Liquid Chilling System

Chi

ller


Simple Chiller Schematic


Refrigeration Cycle on p-h Chart(Mollier diagram, vapor compression)

11

22pres

sure

pres

sure

enthalpyenthalpy

evaporatorevaporator

condensercondenser

PPee

PPcc

PP11

C B A

66

77

99

55

22--stage stage compressorcompressor

economizereconomizer

33

44expansion expansion devicesdevices

1010

88

Refrigerating Effect, ΔH



Heat Transfer Chiller

W = (Specific Heat)(Density) × flow rate × ΔT

kW = 4.19 × flow rate × ΔT

equation for water only

equation for brine or glycol mixture

mass flow rate


Refrigeration Power

COP = kW ÷ chiller power input

kW = refrigerant mass rate × ΔH

chiller capacity

chiller efficiency

(RT or ton = 3.516 × kW)

(kW/ton = 3.516 ÷ COP)


Types of Water Chiller

heat-driven compressor-driven


Vapor-Compression Cycle

compressorcompressorexpansionexpansion

devicedeviceenergy inenergy in

absorb heatabsorb heat

reject heatreject heat


condensercondenser

A B

CD


centrifugal

scroll

reciprocating

screw

Compressor Types and Controls

¾¾ ~ 100 tons~ 100 tons

70 ~ 500 tons70 ~ 500 tons 300 ~ 3000 tons300 ~ 3000 tons

¾¾ ~ 60 tons~ 60 tons


Variable-Speed Drives

variablevariable--speedspeeddrivedrive

Commonly used acronym: VSD, VFD, AFD


VFD=Efficiency?

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Load

kW/to

n Standard Unit

Std. Unit with VFD

Performance at condenser water temperature reliefPerformance at condenser water temperature relief


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%Load

kW

- High Eff. Unit- Std. Eff. Unit w/VFD

Performance vs ECWT85ºF (29.4ºC) ECWT

ECWT = Entering Condenser Water Temperature

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Load

kW- High Eff. Unit- Std. Eff. Unit w/VFD

80ºF (26.7ºC) ECWT


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Load

kW

- High Eff. Unit- Std. Eff. Unit w/VFD



0

50

100

150

200

250

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Load

kW- High Efficiency Unit- Std. Eff. Unit w/VFD




VFD=Efficiency?

0.300

0.500

0.700

0.900

1.100

15% 25% 35% 45% 55% 65% 75% 85% 95%% Load

kW/to

n

- Std. Eff. Unit w/VFD- Std. Eff Unit

Performance at Constant water temperaturePerformance at Constant water temperature


Condenser Types

water-cooled

air-cooled


Air-Cooled or Water-Cooled

0 tons0 tons[0 kW][0 kW]

1,000 tons1,000 tons[3,517 kW][3,517 kW]

2,000 tons2,000 tons[7,034 kW][7,034 kW]

chiller capacitychiller capacity

waterwater--cooledcooled

airair--cooledcooled

1,500 tons1,500 tons[5,276 kW][5,276 kW]

2,500 tons2,500 tons[8,793 kW][8,793 kW]

500 tons500 tons[1,759 kW][1,759 kW]

3,000 tons3,000 tons[10,551 kW][10,551 kW]


air-cooled or water-cooledEfficiency

outdo

or te

mper

ature

outdo

or te

mper

ature

1212midnightmidnight

1212noonnoon

1212midnightmidnight

dry bulbdry bulb

wet bulbwet bulb


water-cooledGreater energy efficiencyLonger equipment life

air-cooled or water-cooledComparison

air-cooledLower maintenancePackaged systemBetter low-ambient operation


Absorption Refrigeration Cycle

solution pumpsolution pumpexpansionexpansiondevicedevice

absorb heatabsorb heat

reject heatreject heatheat energy inheat energy in

reject heatreject heat


condensercondenser

absorberabsorber

generatorgenerator

A B

CD

Refrigerant = WaterRefrigerant = Water


Absorption Chillers Offer Choice

Avoid high electric demand chargesMinimal electricity needed during emergency situationsWaste heat recoveryCogeneration


Absorption Chiller Types

single-effect double-effect

direct-firedCapacity range:100 ~ 1600 tons


Equipment Rating Standards

Air-Conditioning & Refrigeration Institute (ARI)

Standard 550/590-2003:centrifugal and screw water chillersStandard 560-2000:absorption water chillers


chiller typeevaporatorflow rate

vapor-compression• reciprocating• scroll• helical-rotary• centrifugal

2.4 gpm/ton[0.043 L/s/kW]

absorption• single-effect

• double-effect,indirect-fired

• double-effect,direct-fired

Standard Rating Conditionscondenserflow rate






ratingstandard

ARI550/590

ARI560

*water leaving evaporator = 44°F [6.7°C]*water entering condenser = 85°F [29.4°C]



Flow Rates and Temperatures

QBtu/hr = 500 × flow rate × ΔT

[ QW = 4,184 × flow rate × ΔT ]

equation for water onlyequation for water only


Part-Load Efficiency Rating

Integrated Part-Load Value (IPLV)Weighted-average load curvesBased on an “average” single-chiller installationStandard operating conditions

Non-Standard Part-Load Value (NPLV)Weighted-average load curvesBased on an “average” single-chiller installationNon-standard operating conditions



Do not use for System Efficiency!Do not use for System Efficiency!

1IPLV/NPLV = .01 .42 .45 .12

A B C DA= kW/Ton @ 100% Load, 85ºF (29.4ºC) ECWT B= kW/Ton @ 75% Load, 75ºF (23.9ºC) ECWTC= kW/Ton @ 50% Load, 65ºF (18.3ºC) ECWTD= kW/Ton @ 25% Load, 65ºF (18.3ºC) ECWT

ARI Standard 550/590:


Example

System load 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10%Unit chillers loadChiller A-30% 100% 100% 88.8% 100% 100% 83.3% 0% 100% 0% 0%Chiller B-30% 100% 100% 88.8% 0% 100% 83.3% 0% 0% 0% 0%Chiller C-30% 100% 100% 88.8% 100% 0% 0% 100% 0% 66.6% 0%Chiller D-10% 100% 0% 100% 0% 0% 100% 0% 0% 100%

Over 80% chillers are installed in multi-chiller plant with sequencing controls, i.e. turned on/off one by one to match system load. Therefore, under normal operation, most chillers should be loaded heavily or close to full-load.

Over 80% chillers are installed in multi-chiller plant with sequencing controls, i.e. turned on/off one by one to match system load. Therefore, under normal operation, most chillers should be loaded heavily or close to full-load.


a multi-chiller system:


System load profile different from single chillerSystem energy performance determined by also cooling tower, pump and other accessoriesARI recommend energy simulation software to better evaluate part-load performance

better IPLV ≠ more energy-savingsbetter IPLV ≠≠ more energy-savings

Part-Load Efficiency:Multi-chiller System


Centrifugal Chiller IPLV comparison

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0.55

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Nominal Cooling, tons

Ener

gy E

ffici

ency

, kW

/ton

Lowest-stdHighest-stdHighest-VFDLowest-VFD

IPLV + VFD = Trap!

Standard Chillers

Chillers w/VFD


ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1

Energy standardBuilding design and materialsMinimum equipment efficienciesHVAC system design


standard 90.1 efficiency requirements (examples)Electric Vapor-Compression Chillerschiller typeair-cooled

water-cooledreciprocating

screw, scroll

centrifugal

chiller typeair-cooled

water-cooledreciprocating

screw, scroll

centrifugal

capacityall capacities

all capacities

< 150 tons [528 kW]150 to 300 tons [528 to 1,056 kW]

> 300 tons [1,056 kW]


> 300 tons [1,056 kW]


all capacities


> 300 tons [1,056 kW]


> 300 tons [1,056 kW]

minimum efficiency*2.8 COP 3.05 IPLV

4.2 COP 5.05 IPLV

4.45 COP 5.2 IPLV4.9 COP 5.6 IPLV5.5 COP 6.15 IPLV


minimum efficiency*2.8 COP 3.05 IPLV

4.2 COP 5.05 IPLV



* as of October 29, 2001* as of October 29, 2001


standard efficiency requirements (examples)Water-Cooled Absorption Chillers

chiller typesingle-effect

double-effectindirect-fired

direct-fired

chiller typesingle-effect

double-effectindirect-fired

direct-fired


all capacities

all capacities


all capacities

all capacities

minimum efficiency*0.7 COP

1.0 COP 1.05 IPLV

1.0 COP 1.0 IPLV

minimum efficiency*0.7 COP

1.0 COP 1.05 IPLV

1.0 COP 1.0 IPLV

* as of October 29, 2001* as of October 29, 2001


ASHRAE Standard 15

Safety standard for refrigerating systemsMechanical equipment room

Refrigerant monitorsAlarmsMechanical ventilationPressure-relief piping

Further reading:Trane, Applications Engineering Manual: Application Considerations for Compliancewith ASHRAE Standard 15


Chilled-Water System Components

chillerpumps

cooling coil

cooling tower


Chilled-Water System Piping

pumppump coilcoil

controlcontrolvalvevalve

airair--cooledcooledchillerchiller


Load-Terminal Control Options

Three-way modulating valveTwo-way modulating valveFace-and-bypass dampers


Three-Way Valve Control

threethree--waywaymodulatingmodulating

valvevalve

airflowairflow

bypassbypasspipepipe


Two-Way Valve Control

twotwo--waywaymodulating valvemodulating valve

airflowairflow


Face-and-Bypass Damper Control

bypassbypassdamperdamper

facefacedamperdamper

airflowairflow


Chiller Evaporator Flow

Constant flow is most commonVariable flow is possible

Can reduce energy consumption Use only with advanced chiller and system controls



Single-Chiller System

pumppumpcoilcoil

threethree--way valveway valve

airair--cooledcooledchillerchiller


Multiple-Chiller Systems

Redundancy or backup capacityPart-load system efficiency


5454°°FF[12.2[12.2°°C]C]

4242°°FF[5.6[5.6°°C]C]

5454°°FF[12.2[12.2°°C]C]offoff

onon4848°°FF[8.9[8.9°°C]C]

chillers piped in parallelSingle Pump


5454°°FF[12.2[12.2°°C]C]

4242°°FF[5.6[5.6°°C]C]

offoff

onon

60% to 70%60% to 70%of system flowof system flow

coil starved for flowcoil starved for flow

chillers piped in parallelDedicated Pumps


head

pres

sure

head

pres

sure

percent flowpercent flow

2 pumps2 pumps

1 pump1 pump

system system curvecurve

100%100%65%65%

chillers piped in parallelDedicated Pumps


Chillers Piped in Series

threethree--way valveway valve

absorptionabsorptionchillerchiller

electricelectricchillerchiller


chillers piped in seriesEqual Set Points

5454°°FF[12.2[12.2°°C]C]

4242°°FF[5.6[5.6°°C]C]

set point = set point = 4242°°F F [5.6[5.6°°C]C] set point = set point = 4242°°F F [5.6[5.6°°C]C]

4848°°FF[8.9[8.9°°C]C]


chillers piped in seriesStaggered Set Points

5252°°FF[11.1[11.1°°C]C]

4242°°FF[5.6[5.6°°C]C]

set point = set point = 4848°°F F [8.9[8.9°°C]C] set point = set point = 4242°°F F [5.6[5.6°°C]C]

4848°°FF[8.9[8.9°°C]C]


Primary-Secondary (Decoupled) Configuration

productionproductionpumpspumps

twotwo--way valveway valve

distributiondistributionpumppump

distributiondistributionlooploop

productionproductionlooploop

bypass pipebypass pipe

decoupler


Primary-Secondary System Rules

The bypass pipe should be free of restrictions Sized for minimal pressure dropAvoid random mixing of supply- and return-water streamsNo check valve


Production Loop

returnreturnteetee

supplysupplyteetee

productionproductionpumpspumps



Distribution Loop

twotwo--way valveway valve

distributiondistributionpumppumpbypass pipe

bypass pipe

returnreturnteetee

supplysupplyteetee



The bypass pipe should be free of restrictions Load terminals should use two-way modulating control valves

equal percent or linear flow


Varying Distribution Flow

pressurepressuredifferencedifference

riding the pump curvevariable-speed control

head

pres

sure

head

pres

sure

percent flowpercent flow100100505000

B

A

pumppumpcurvecurve


Multiple Distribution Pumps

distributiondistributionpumpspumps


supplysupplyto loadsto loads

returnreturnfrom loadsfrom loads


Multiple Distribution Pumps

distributiondistributionpumpspumps


supplysupplyto loadsto loads

returnreturnfrom loadsfrom loads

A

B

CA B C


Distribution Loop Characteristics

Reduced pump energy useDistribution loop sized for system diversityHigher return-water temperatures



The bypass pipe should be free of restrictions Load terminals should use two-way modulating control valvesAll chillers should be selected for the same leaving chilled-water temperature and ΔT


System Operation

distributiondistributionlooploop

productionproductionlooploop

bypass pipe

bypass pipe

returnreturnteetee

supplysupplyteetee

supplysupplyflowflow

demanddemandflowflow


Deficit Flow

1,200 1,200 gpmgpm at 56at 56°°FF[76 L/s at 13.3[76 L/s at 13.3°°C]C]



1,200 1,200 gpmgpm at 44.3at 44.3°°FF[76 L/s at 6.8[76 L/s at 6.8°°C]C]200 200 gpmgpm at 56at 56°°FF

[13 L/s at 13.3

[13 L/s at 13.3°°C]C]


Excess Flow


2,000 2,000 gpmgpm at 54.6at 54.6°°FF[126 L/s at 12.6[126 L/s at 12.6°°C]C]


1,800 1,800 gpmgpm at 42at 42°°FF[114 L/s at 5.6[114 L/s at 5.6°°C]C]200 200 gpmgpm at 42at 42°°FF

[13 L/s at 5.6

[13 L/s at 5.6°°C]C]


Control of Primary-Secondary System

condition

deficit flow for specified period of time

excess flow greater than 110% to 115% of next pump to turn off

neither

condition

deficit flow for specified period of time

excess flow greater than 110% to 115% of next pump to turn off

neither

response

start another chiller and pump

turn off next chiller and pump

do nothing

response

start another chiller and pump

turn off next chiller and pump

do nothing


Types of Fluid Flow Meters

Pressure-basedPitot tubeVenturiOrifice plateDifferential pressure

Turbine and impellerVortexMagneticUltrasonic


Temperature-Based Calculations

bypass pipe

bypass pipe

returnreturnteetee

supplysupplyteetee

systemsystem--levellevelcontrollercontroller

chiller/system Energy Performance

Chilled-Water Systems

Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC016-ENAir Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC016-EN© American Standard Inc. 2001


Electric Utility Deregulationpr

ice of

elec

tricity

, $/kW

hpr

ice of

elec

tricity

, $/kW

h

0.200.20

0.100.10

0.300.30

MayMay JuneJune JulyJuly AugustAugust SeptemberSeptember


Energy Options

absorptionthermal storage

indirectly-coupled, gas-engine chillers

control interfacecontrol interface

powerpower


Chiller Efficiency Improvementsch

iller e

fficien

cy (k

W/to

n)ch

iller e

fficien

cy (k

W/to

n)

19701970yearyear

19801980 20002000

COPCOP

kW/tonkW/ton

19901990

chiller efficiency (COP)chiller efficiency (COP)

0.90.9

0.80.8

0.70.7

0.60.6

0.50.5

8.08.0

7.07.0

6.06.0

5.05.0

4.04.0


Focus on System Energy Efficiency


Trend Towards Lower Flow Rates


4444°°F F [6.7[6.7°°C]C]

5454°°FF[12.2[12.2°°C]C]

8585°°FF[29.4[29.4°°C]C]

9595°°FF[35[35°°C]C]


ARI conditions1.5 gpm/ton[0.027 L/s/kW]

4141°°F F [5[5°°C]C]

5757°°FF[13.9[13.9°°C]C]

8585°°FF[29.4[29.4°°C]C]

100100°°FF[37.8[37.8°°C]C]


low-flow conditionsevaporator

flow ratecondenser

flow rate

evaporatorflow rate

condenserflow rate


Low-Flow Systemsan

nual

ener

gy co

nsum

ption

, kW

han

nual

ener

gy co

nsum

ption

, kW

h

base casebase casebase case

chillerchiller

cooling tower fanscooling tower fanslow flowlow flowlow flow

750,000750,000

600,000600,000

450,000450,000

300,000300,000

150,000150,000 pumpspumps

00

(Source: Kelly, David W. and Chan, Tumin, “Optimizing Chilled Water Plants,” Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning, January 1999)


Variable-Primary-Flow Systems

bypassbypass

twotwo--waywayvalvevalve

variablevariable--flowflowpumpspumps

controlcontrolvalvevalve

checkcheckvalvesvalves

optional bypassoptional bypasswith threewith three--way valveway valve


Capacity Controlw /o W ater Flow Com pensation

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

0:00:00 0:10:00 0:20:00 0:30:00 0:40:00 0:50:00Tim e (hour:m in:sec)

Wat

er T

emp

[deg

F]

-500.00

-300.00

-100.00

100.00

300.00

500.00

700.00

900.00

1,100.00

1,300.00

1,500.00

Wat

er F

low

[gpm

]

Evaporator W ater F low

Evap Entering W ater Tem p

Evap Leaving W ater Tem pChiller off Chiller

ff

Chiller on

Change Too Fastcan be a problem



Capacity Controlw ith W ater Flow Com pensation

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

0:00:00 0:10:00 0:20:00 0:30:00 0:40:00 0:50:00Tim e (hour:m in:sec)

Wat

er T

emp

[deg

F]

-500.00

-300.00

-100.00

100.00

300.00

500.00

700.00

900.00

1,100.00

1,300.00

1,500.00

Wat

er F

low

[gpm

]

Evaporator W ater Flow

Evap Entering W ater Tem p

Evap Leaving W ater Tem p

No Problem!




ARTI: 2004 March reportSavings relative to conventional primary-secondary systemTotal annual plant energy 3~8%First cost 4~8%Life cycle cost 3~5%Cure “low delta-T syndrome”


Sidestream Configuration



heatheat--recoveryrecoverychillerchiller


Heat-Recovery Chillerheatheat--recovery recovery

condensercondenser

standard standard condensercondenser



Heat-Recovery Chiller Optionsheat-recovery(dual) condenser

auxiliarycondenser

No extra condenserLarge base-heating loads or continuous operationHigh hot-water temperaturesControlledGood heating efficiency

Second, full-size condenserLarge heating loadsHigh hot-water temperaturesControlledDegrades chiller efficiency

Second, smaller-size condenserPreheating loadsModeratehot-water temperaturesUncontrolled Improves chiller efficiency

heat pump


Heat-Recovery Chiller Efficiency

chiller typecoolingmode

cooling-onlycentrifugal chiller

heat-recoverycentrifugal chiller

0.57 kW/ton[6.2 COP]

heat-recoverymode



cooling mode conditions:• evaporator ΔT = 44°F to 54°F [6.7°C to 12.2°C]• condenser ΔT = 85°F to 95°F [29.4°C to 35.0°C]

heat-recovery mode conditions:• evaporator ΔT = 44°F to 54°F [6.7°C to 12.2°C]• condenser ΔT = 85°F to 105°F [29.4°C to 40.6°C]

notapplicable


Asymmetric Design

annu

al op

erati

ng ho

urs

annu

al op

erati

ng ho

urs

50% / 50%50% / 50%

lagchillerlagchiller

60% / 40%60% / 40%

10,00010,000

8,0008,000

6,0006,000

4,0004,000

2,0002,000

00

leadchillerleadchiller

Different chiller capacitiesDifferent chiller efficiencies

chiller splitchiller split


Swing Chillerequalequal--capacitycapacitylarge chillerslarge chillers

smallsmall--capacity capacity ““swingswing”” chillerchiller


Swing Chillerpe

rcent

cooli

ng lo

adpe

rcent

cooli

ng lo

ad

chiller 1chiller 1

100100

8080

6060

4040

2020

00

swing chillerswing chiller

chiller sequencechiller sequence

chiller 2chiller 2




“Free” Cooling

Airside economizerWaterside economizer

Strainer cyclePlate-and-frame heat exchangerRefrigerant migration


waterside economizerPlate-and-Frame Heat Exchanger



plateplate--andand--frameframeheat exchangerheat exchanger

condensercondenserwater loopwater loop


waterside economizerRefrigerant Migration

from from compressorcompressor

to to compressorcompressor


condensercondensershutoffshutoffvalvevalve

shutoffshutoffvalvevalve

vaporvapormigrationmigration

liquidliquidflowflow


Chiller Controls

Start–stopChilled-water temperature controlMonitor and protectAdapt to unusual conditions


Chiller-Plant Controls

When to turn a chiller on or offWhich chiller to turn on or offHow to recover from an equipment failureHow to optimize system efficiencyHow to communicate with the operator


Chiller Sequencing

Turning on an additional chillerTurning off a chillerWhich chiller to turn on or off?


load indicatorsTemperature

supplysupply--waterwatertemperaturetemperature

returnreturn--waterwatertemperaturetemperature

chillerchiller--plantplantcontrollercontroller



load indicatorsFlow

flowflowmetermeter



load indicatorsCapacity

flowflowmetermeter

supplysupply--waterwatertemperaturetemperature

returnreturn--waterwatertemperaturetemperature



Chiller Rotation

equalequal--capacity chillerscapacity chillers


large electriclarge electricchillerchiller

absorptionabsorptionchillerchiller

small electricsmall electricchillerchiller

Chiller Rotation


Heat Recovery

preferentiallypreferentially--loaded loaded heatheat--recoveryrecoverychillerchiller

standardstandardelectric chillerselectric chillers


System Timers

Load-confirmation timerAvoids transient conditions

Staging-interval timerAllows time for the system to respond to turning a chiller on

Minimum-cycle timerPrevents excessive cycling


Soft Loadingsu

pply

supp

ly --wa

ter te

mper

ature

water

temp

eratu

re

operating time, minutesoperating time, minutes

two chillerstwo chillers

soft loadingsoft loading(one chiller)(one chiller)

set pointset point

6060303000

8080°°FF[26.7[26.7°°C]C]

6060°°FF[15.6[15.6°°C]C]

4040°°FF[4.4[4.4°°C]C]


System Optimization

ChillerDecrease condenser-water temperatureIncrease chilled-water temperature

Chilled-water pump (variable-flow system)Increase chilled-water ΔT

Cooling towerIncrease condenser-water temperature


Condenser-Water Temperaturean

nual

ener

gy co

nsum

ption

, kW

han

nual

ener

gy co

nsum

ption

, kW

h

cooling towercooling tower

300,000300,000

chillerchiller

condenser-water temperature set pointcondensercondenser--water temperature set pointwater temperature set point

85°F[29.4°C]8585°°FF

[29.4[29.4°°C]C]70°F

[21.1°C]7070°°FF

[21.1[21.1°°C]C]55°F

[12.8°C]5555°°FF

[12.8[12.8°°C]C]optimalcontroloptimalcontrol

200,000200,000

100,000100,000


0

100

200

300

400

22 24 26 28 30 32 34

Condenser water temperature (°C)

kW

Chiller kWTower kWTotal kW

Chiller-Tower Optimization

Optimal Temp.


Control of Condensing Pressure

condensercondenser

controlcontrolpanelpanelevaporatorevaporator


Operator Training and Support


Operator Interface


chiller operating logASHRAE Guideline 3

Chilled-water inlet and outlet temperatures and pressuresChilled water flowEvaporator-refrigerant temperature and pressuresEvaporator approach temperatureCondenser-water inlet and outlet temperatures and pressuresCondenser water flowCondenser-refrigerant temperature and pressuresCondenser approach temperature

Compressor-refrigerant suction and discharge temperaturesOil pressures, temperature, and levels

Refrigerant level

Vibration levels

Addition of refrigerant or oil

THANK YOUPhilip Yu

Environmental and Applications Engg.Trane

E-mail: [email protected]

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