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CDMA Fundamentals of Wireless Communications & CDMA Student Guide CDMA-050 80-13127-1 X6 January 24, 2000
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CDMA

Fundamentals of Wireless

Communications & CDMAStudent Guide

CDMA-050

80-13127-1 X6

January 24, 2000

CDMA

Copyright © 2000 QUALCOMM Incorporated. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America.

QUALCOMM Incorporated5775 Morehouse DriveSan Diego, CA 92121U.S.A.

Material Use RestrictionsThese written materials are to be used only in conjunction with the associated instructor-led class. They are not intended to be used solely as reference material.

No part of these written materials may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without the written permission of QUALCOMM Incorporated.

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Section 1

Background

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Section Introduction

Figure 1-1 Section Introduction

◆ Communications History

◆ Cellular Telephony

◆ Industry Overview

◆ Analog & Digital Communications

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Section Introduction

In this section the following topics will be discussed:

Communications History

Cellular Telephony

Industry Overview

Analog & Digital Communications

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Section Objectives

Figure 1-2 Section Objectives

◆ Describe communication systems.

◆ List major milestones in the history of telecommunications.

◆ Describe the FCC standard for cellular and PCS spectrum.

◆ Describe analog and digital communications.

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Section Objectives

The objectives of the this section are to:

Describe the parts of a communication system.

List the major milestones in the history of telecommunications.

Describe the FCC standard for the cellular and PCS spectrum.

Describe analog and digital communications.

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Communication Systems

Figure 1-3 Purpose of a Communication System

Figure 1-4 Voice Communications

Deliver as much information as possible from the source to the destination (capacity issues).

Deliver information in shortest time (delay issues).

Reduce errors in delivery of information (error detection/correction issues).

Yagi, Uda

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Communication Systems

Voice communications is the simplest mode of communications. People also use facial expressions and body language to communicate with each other.

Purpose of a Communication System

Deliver as much information as possible from the source to the destination (capacity issues). Information maybe of different natures, such as voice, video, or data produced by a computer.

Deliver information in shortest time (delay issues).

Reduce errors in delivery of information (error detection/correction issues).

Basic Communications System Elements

● Transmitter

● Receiver

● Medium: terrestrial (e.g. cable, coax, wire, etc.), and x-terrestrial (e.g. radio transmission)

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Long Distance Communications

Figure 1-5 Telecommunications

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Long Distance Communications

Tele is greek for “at a distance” or “far off”, and Communicare is latin for “to make common”.

Telecommunication is the process of long distance communications.

Early telecommunications involved smoke, flags, drums, and other such methods to relay messages and information.

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Telegraph

Figure 1-6 Morse Code

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Telegraph

The first wireline communications was the telegraph. Invented in the mid 19th century, it opened a new era in long-distance telecommunication.

The letters in the alphabet were encoded into patterns of short or long pulses. This technique is known as Morse Code. The electric pulses were transmitted over telegraph lines. This type of communication required the two parties to know the code. It also needed an actual physical connection between the transmitter and the receiver by wire (cables). Lack of any two elements would have made the communication impossible.

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Telephone

Figure 1-7 Invention of the Telephone

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Telephone

When we talk over the telephone, our voice is converted to a electronic signal by the microphone in the handset. This signal is then transmitted over telephone wires.

A telephone is a device that is capable of transmitting and receiving at the same time. Devices that can transmit and receive at the same time are called full duplex devices.

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Telephone Networks

Figure 1-8 Switching and Telephone Networks

PSTN

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Telephone Networks

Early Switching Devices

Switches are devices that cause a connection between two transmitting/receiving devices. The earliest switching devices were manually operated patch panels. In the late 19th century the electronic switch was developed.

Modern Switching Devices

Today many different types of automated switches are used which make it possible for fast placement of calls. A system, using DSS7 switching for instance, can make a connection between any two landline phones, in the country, in about 1 second.

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Wireless Telecommunications

Figure 1-9 First Wireless Telecommunications

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Wireless Telecommunications

With the invention of the radio, expensive cabling requirements were eliminated and transoceanic wireless communication became possible. Radio was invented by Marconi an Italian scientist in 1895. In radio communication the information signal is converted into an electromagnetic wave form and is broadcast in space using radiating devices known as antennas.

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Terminology

Figure 1-10 Terminology

Kilo (K) = 1,000

Mega (M) = 1,000,000

Giga (G) = 1,000,000,000

milli (m) = 0.001

micro (µ) = 0.000001

nano (n) = 0.000000001

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Terminology

Kilo (K) means 1,000 and is equal to 1x103.

Mega (M) means1,000,000 and is equal to 1x106

Giga (G) means 1,000,000,000 and is equal to 1x109.

milli (m) means 0.001 and is equal to 1x10-3.

micro (µ) means 0.000001 and is equal to 1x10-6.

nano (n) means 0.000000001 and is equal to 1x10-9.

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Analog and Digital Signals

Figure 1-11 Analog Signals

Figure 1-12 Digital Signals

1000011 1000100 1001101 1000001

C D M A

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Analog and Digital Signals

Analog Signals

Analog signals, such as voice, have frequency and amplitude components. These two components define the characteristics of the signal A woman’s voices is much higher in frequency than a man’s. Amplitude is “how loud a person talks”.

A analog communication system employs a continuous transmission that varies in frequency and amplitude.

Digital Signals

A digital signal is a series discrete values. In binary digital systems there are only two distinct values which generally are represented by “0” and “1”. Each 0 or 1 is designated as a bit or digit.

A digital communication system can use discontinuous transmission that may vary in frequency, amplitude, phase, or polarity.

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Digital and Telecommunications

Figure 1-13 Data Communications

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Digital and Telecommunications

With the development of digital technology signals could be digitized and processed very fast, using fast digital machines such as micro-processor (computers). The marriage of computers and computer controlled devices paved the way for digital technology.

This new capability provides higher-quality and more reliable methods for audio, video and data transmission.

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Mobile Telephones

Figure 1-14 First Mobile Telephones

PSTN

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Mobile Telephones

Mobile Telephones

Unlike the traditional telephone, which requires wire connections between telephones, the mobile telephone broadcasts its signals through the air. The first wireless telephone system used a single transmission which covered a large area. Very powerful transmitters and very high antenna towers were required to cover a large area.

Advantages of Mobile Telephone

● Not restricted by the location of a telephone wall jack.

● New market opportunities.

Disadvantages of Mobile Telephone

● Phones and air time was expensive.

● Phones were big and bulky.

● Limited coverage, when the edge of the cell was reached you either stopped or dropped the call.

● Limited capacity, limited number of frequencies were available for use.

● No privacy.

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Cellular Telephones

Figure 1-15 Analog Cellular Telephones

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Cellular Telephones

New Wireless Service

Federal Communications Commission (FCC) provided new and more frequencies for wireless services. Tests for cellular networks were conducted in Chicago in the early 1980’s. Commercial services started shortly after the testing. New methods of control were developed which allowed for better services. This paved the way for expanded services, more service providers, and greater mobility.

Advantages

● Truly mobile communications - calls could be carried from one cell site to another.

● Full duplex operation.

● Greater capacity.

● Greater coverage.

● Greater service area.

● More service areas available.

Disadvantages

● No privacy.

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Cellular Network

Figure 1-16 Cellular Network Components

PSTN

MTSO

Reverse

Forward

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Cellular Network

Cellular Service

The service providers used a network of cells in a geographical area to provide service. This reduced the requirement for a high-powered transceiver and accommodated more users. With the advancement of newer technology, service, and reduced service cost the system and network capacity was quickly reached and new demands were placed on service providers.

Network Components

● Cell site - transmitter and receiver for phone connection.

● Mobile telephone switching office (MTSO) - control and operational purposes.

● Public switched telephone network (PSTN) - connection to phones located in individual homes.

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Coverage in a Market

Figure 1-17 Markets and Network Coverage

City

Small Town

PSTN

MTSO

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Coverage in a Market

Cellular Markets

Markets are a geographical area designated by the FCC where a service provider could deploy a network and provide service. One or more networks would be deployed, by a service provider, to provide adequate coverage and capacity in a market.

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Cellular Carriers and Markets

Table 1-1 Cellular Spectrum

Figure 1-18 Cellular Carriers

FrequencyBand

Carriers / Market No. ofChannels

ChannelWidth

Rev / Fwd LinkSeparation

800 MHz A = 12.5 MHzB = 12.5 MHz

A = 416B = 416

30 KHz 45 MHz

A B

991-1023

1 - 333 334 - 666 667-716

717-799

A’A” B’

10 MHz 1.5 MHz1 MHz

2.5 MHz10 MHz

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Cellular Carriers and Markets

Cellular Spectrum

There is 50 MHz of band allocated for cellular operation in the 800 MHz band. There is 25 MHz used for reverse link transmission and the remaining 25 MHz is used for forward link transmission.

Each link is divided into 832 channels. The separation between each channel is 30 KHz. The channels are used in pairs so for any given reverse link channel there will be a corresponding forward link channel.

Cellular Carriers

The FCC allocated 2 different service providers in a market. Each carrier is allocated 12.5 MHz on the reverse link and 12.5 MHz on the forward link. A market is called a cellular geographical service area (CGSA).

Non-wireline service providers were designate as “A” carriers. The “A” carriers were companies that had no affiliation with companies providing phone service to homes in the market.

Wireline service providers were designated “B” carriers. The companies were affiliated with companies providing phone service to homes in the market.

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PCS Carriers and Markets

Table 1-2 PCS Spectrum

Figure 1-19 PCS Carriers

FrequencyBand

Carriers / Market No. ofChannels

ChannelWidth

Rev / Fwd LinkSeparation

1900 MHz A, B, & C = 15 MHz ea.D, E, & F = 5 MHz ea.

A, B, & C = 300 eaD, E, & F = 100 ea

50 KHz 80 MHz

300 -399

900 - 11990 - 299 400 - 699 700 -799

800 -899

A D B

15 MHz 5 MHz 15 MHz 5 MHz 5 MHz 15 MHz

E F C

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PCS Carriers and Markets

In 1995 the FCC allocated and auctioned new frequency spectrum to service providers to use in deploying new wireless communications networks. The new spectrum was for use of personal communication services or PCS. The PCS spectrum is structured for digital wireless communications.

PCS Spectrum

There is 120 MHz of band allocated for PCS operation in the 1900 MHz band. There is 60 MHz used for reverse link transmission and the remaining 60 MHz is used for forward link transmission.

The PCS spectrum is divided into 1200 frequencies designated as channels. The separation between each channel is 50 KHz. The channels are used in pairs so for any given reverse link channel there will be a corresponding forward link channel.

PCS Carriers

The FCC allocated 6 service providers in a market. Markets maybe called a major trading area (MTA) or a basic trading area (BTA).

The “A”, “B”, and “C” carriers are each allocated 15 MHz of spectrum on the reverse link and 15 MHz on the forward link.

The “D”, “E”, and “F” carriers are each allocated 5 MHz of spectrum on the reverse link and 5 MHz on the forward link.

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Analog Speech Signals

Figure 1-20 Voice signal

about 200 milliseconds

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Analog Speech Signals

Voice is an analog signal. Analysis show that in an average two way conversation, a person is talking about 40% of the time. The remainder of the conversation is made of pauses in a speech and the time spent on listening to the other party.

Most human speech is contained between 300 to 3.3 KHz while the human ear can hear frequencies up to 20 KHz.

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Analog to Digital Conversion

Figure 1-21 A/D Conversion

Time Interval: T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6Digital Values: 00 01 01 00 10 11

0001

1011

time

level

T1 T2 T3

T5 T6

T4

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Analog to Digital Conversion

Analog to Digital Conversion (A/D)

● Sampling - The amplitude of a voice signal is measured at regular time intervals.

● Quantization - A digital value is given to each discrete amplitudes level.

Accuracy is dependent on the number of discrete levels and the number of samples.

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

PCM is the most common method used to convert a voice signal into a digital signal. This process is used by telephone service providers throughout the world.

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Digital to Analog Conversion

Figure 1-22 D/A Conversion

T1 T2 T3

T5 T6

T4time

0001

1011

level

Actual Waveform

Reproduced Waveform

Time Interval: T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6Digital Values: 00 01 01 00 10 11

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Digital to Analog Conversion

Digital to Analog Conversion (D/A)

The original analog signal can be reconstructed using the digital samples. The quality of the sound is dependent on the A/D conversion device used.

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Transmission of Digital Signals

Figure 1-23 Data Over the Air

0 01 1 1

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Transmission of Digital Signals

Digital information is not transmitted over the air. It must be converted to a signal that will carry the digital information. Radio Frequency signals (RF) are used to send the digital information. An RF signal may carry the information in either the phase or the frequency.

Phase

The digital information can be used to change the phase of the RF signal. A digital “1” is represented by one phase while a digital “0” is represented by another phase.

Frequency

The digital information can be used to change the frequency of the RF signal. A digital “1” is represented by one frequency while a digital “0” is represented by another frequency.

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Advantages of Digital

Figure 1-24 Digital Advantages

DigitalDuck

Analog Artifact

Noise Reduction

Digital Signal Processing (DSP)

Coding Capability

Ease of Implementation

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Advantages of Digital

Noise Reduction

● Digital signals are more immune to noise than analog signals.

DSP Techniques

● Digital signal processing (DSP) can be used to increase the speed of the information that is sent.

● The signal can be conditioned so the information can be less distorted during transmission.

Coding Capability

● Signals can be encrypted for more privacy.

● Errors in a transmission can be detected and/or corrected.

Ease of Implementation

● Digital components are smaller than analog devices.

● Digital devices are cheaper and easily designed.

● Digital signals can be easily stored and recovered upon demand.

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Section Summary

Figure 1-25 Section Summary

◆ Communications History

◆ Cellular Telephony

◆ Industry Overview

◆ Analog & Digital Communications

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Section Summary

Describe the parts of a communication system.

List the major milestones in telecommunications history.

Describe the FCC standard for the cellular and PCS spectrum.

Describe analog and digital communications.

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Comments/Notes

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Section 2

The Cellular System

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Section Introduction

Figure 2-1 Section Introduction

◆ Cellular Architecture

◆ CDMA Equipment

◆ Types of Calls

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Section Introduction

In this section the following topics will be discussed:

Cellular Architecture

CDMA Equipment

Types of Calls

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Section Objectives

Figure 2-2 Section Objectives

◆ List the components of a cellular network.

◆ List the CDMA infrasturcture hardware.

◆ Describe the types of calls in a cellular system.

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Section Objectives

The objectives of the this section are to:

List the components of a cellular network.

List the CDMA infrastructure hardware.

Describe the types of calls in a cellular system.

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Network Components

Figure 2-3 Basic Digital Architecture

PSTN

BSC

BTS

BTS

BTS

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Network Components

A digital wireless system has 4 basic components:

● Mobile phones (personal station (PS), mobile station (MS), portable, subscriber, user terminal (UT), handheld, or mobile)

● Base Station Transceiver Subsystem (BTS), Base Station (BS), or cell site.

● Base Station Controller (BSC), Mobile Switching Center (MSC), Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO), or switch.

● Public switched telephone network (PSTN).

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Network Interconnects

Figure 2-4 Network Interconnects

Reverse Link

BetaSector

GammaSector

AlphaSector

BSC

Forward Link

PSTN

BTS

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Cellular Network Interconnects

There are 3 types of connections for connecting the network components:

● Mobile to BTS: air links (forward & reverse links)

● BTS to BSC: backhaul (T1/E1)

● BSC to PSTN: POTS (plain old telephone service) (T1/E1)

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Infrastructure Equipment

Figure 2-5 QUALCOMM Infrastructure

BSC

Typical Rack

Indoor BTS

DigitalRack

RF Rack

Outdoor BTS

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Infrastructure Equipment

Base Station Controller (BSC)

BSC functions:

● Call control processes.

● Database of subscribers.

● Record calls for billing.

● Switch the calls to the PSTN.

● Vocoding of the voice signal.

Base Station Transceiver System

BTS functions are:

● CDMA processing of all signals.

● Transmitting and receiving of all RF signals.

There are 2 types of BTS’ one for indoor installation and the other for outdoor installation.

BTS Sectorization

A BTS may have up to 9 sectors. Each sector operates like an independent BTS but only additional hardware is required. In CDMA the addition of sectors in a BTS further increases the capacity.

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Subscriber Units

Figure 2-6 QUALCOMM Subscriber

Q Phone

QCT-1000/1200 QCP-800/1900

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Subscriber Units

Names For A Phone

A wireless phone may have many names such as personal station (PS), mobile station (MS), portable, subscriber, user terminal (UT), handheld, or mobile.

Cellular or PCS Applications

● Home (wireless local loop)

● Office (wireless private branch exchange (WPBX))

● Portable

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Types of Calls

Figure 2-7 Call Types

BSC #2BSC #1

PSTN

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Types of Calls

Defined by point of origin and point of destination.

Mobile-to-Land (MTL)

Mobile phone -> BTS -> BSC -> PSTN -> land line phone.

Land-to-Mobile (LTM)

Land line phone -> PSTN -> BSC -> BTS -> mobile phone.

Mobile-to-Mobile (MTM)

Mobile phone -> BTS -> BSC -> BTS -> mobile phone. This is for a call to an individual in the same network.

Mobile phone -> BTS -> BSC #1 -> PSTN -> BSC #2 -> BTS -> mobile phone. This is for a call to an individual in a separate network with the same service provider or a different service provider.

Who pays?

Currently the owner of a wireless phone will always pay for air time. Long distance charges apply only when the call is placed from a wireless phone.

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Section Summary

Figure 2-8 Section Summary

◆ Cellular Architecture

◆ CDMA Equipment

◆ Types of Calls

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Section Summary

List the components of a cellular network.

List the CDMA infrastructure hardware.

Describe the types of calls in a cellular system.

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Comments/Notes

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Section 3

Multiple Access Systems

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Section Introduction

Figure 3-1 Section Introduction

◆ Multiple Access Systems

◆ CDMA Channel Generation

◆ CDMA Channels

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Section Introduction

In this section the following topics will be discussed:

Multiple Access Systems

CDMA Channel Generation

CDMA Channels

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Section Objectives

Figure 3-2 Section Objectives

◆ List the techniques used in multiple access systems.

◆ Describe the 5 steps to generate a CDMA signal.

◆ List the pourpose for each channel in a CDMA system.

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Section Objectives

The objectives of the this section are to:

List the techniques used in multiple access systems.

Describe the 5 steps to generate a CDMA signal.

List the purpose for each channel in a CDMA system.

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CDMA

Wireless Interference

Figure 3-3 Interference to a Mobile

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CDMA

Wireless Interference

Wireless communication systems use E&M waves to transmit signals through the air. When subscribers share the same frequency they will create interference. The amount of interference depends on what technic is used to reduce the interference.

The resource: frequency

The problem: interference

The solutions: multiple access techniques

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CDMA

Frequency Division Multiple Access

Figure 3-4 FDMA (Analog) Cocktail Party

Figure 3-5 How It Works

Frequency Channel 1

HI HI HI

Frequency Channel 2

GOO G GO

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CDMA

Frequency Division Multiple Access

Frequency Division

Each Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) subscriber is using the same medium (air) for communicating, but they are assigned a specific frequency channel. While they are using the frequency channel, no one else in that cell or neighboring cell can use the frequency channel.

FDMA Cocktail Party (analogy)

Two users have continuous access to the room. But, no one else can use the room while they are in it.

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CDMA

Time Division Multiple Access

Figure 3-6 TDMA Cocktail Party

Figure 3-7 How it Works

HI

GO

user 2

H

user 2

I

user 1

O

user 1

G

HI

GO

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CDMA

Time Division Multiple Access

Time Division

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) subscribers share a common frequency channel, but use the channel only for a short time. They are each given a time slot and allowed to transmit during that time slot only. When all of the available time slots in a given frequency are used the next user must be assigned to a time slot on another frequency.

TDMA Cocktail Party (analogy)

Subscribers have access to the same room, but only a pair of them can use the room for a short time. Then they must leave and another couple enters. Throughout the evening, the subscribers rotate usage of the room.

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CDMA

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Figure 3-8 CDMA Cocktail Party

Figure 3-9 How it works

“Hello”“Bonjour” “Shalom”

“Buenos Dias”

“Guten Tag”

MMT98010116Ac.eps

red code

green code green code

red code

HI

GO

HG

IO

HI

GO

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CDMA

Code Division Multiple Access

Code Division

Code Division Multiple Access subscribers share a common channel (frequency). All users are on the same frequency at the same time, they are divided however by codes.

CDMA Cocktail Party (analogy)

All subscribers are in the same room together. They can be all talking at the same time. They can be grouped together or standing across the room from each other. Unlike the other two multiple access systems, they do not have to leave the room!

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CDMA

Technology Overview

Table 3-1 Wireless Technologies

Cellular Band PCS Band

Channel Bandwidth

Users / Sector / Channel

Standard Channel Bandwidth

Users / Sector / Channel

Standard

CDMA 1.25 MHz 22 / 14 IS-95A 1.25 MHz 22 / 14 ANSI J-STD-008

FDMA(Analog)

30 KHz 1 IS-41 N/A N/A N/A

TDMA 30 KHz 3 IS-54 30 KHz 3 IS-136

N. American

200 KHz 8 GSM

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Technology Overview

The technique used to separate users in a channel will determine the channel capacity.

Technologies

● FDMA (AMPS, DAMPS)

● TDMA (IS-54, IS-136, GSM)

● CDMA (IS-95, ANSI J-STD-008)

Bands

Not all technologies are used in the cellular band in the USA. This is due to the structure of the channel and requirements established by the FCC.

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CDMA System Block Diagram

Figure 3-10 CDMA Block Diagram

A/DConverter Vocoder

Encoder &Interleaver

Spreader

CodeGenerator

Voice

D/ARF

Antenna

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CDMA

CDMA System Block Diagram

Steps in Generating a CDMA Signal

1. Voice is digitized (PSTN).

2. Digitized voice is vocoded (BSC).

3. Digital signal is encoded and interleaver (BTS).

4. Encoded signals are spread (channelized) (BTS).

5. The digital signal converted and transmitted as a radio signal (BTS).

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Vocoder (Voice Compression)

Figure 3-11 Speech Activity

Figure 3-12 Vocoder Operation

about 200 milliseconds

VOCODER 1 0 1 1 A/D

VocodedVoice

Pulse CodedModulation(PCM)

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CDMA

Vocoder (Voice Compression)

When we talk, we pause between syllables and words. CDMA takes advantage of these pauses in speech activity.

Analog to digital conversion

The voice signal is converted to a digital signal using PCM.

Variable rate vocoder

The vocoder (Voice Coder) is used to compress the digital signal from the Codec (Code/Decode). The vocoder, used in a CDMA system, compresses the voice signal into various data rates. The data rate is dynamically determined by the users speech activity.

The vocoders are located at the BSC and in the phone.

Vocoder rates

The voice is compressed in the vocoder into either one of four rates (Full, 1/2, 1/4, or 1/8 rate). CDMA systems can use either an 8 kbps or 13 kbps vocoder.

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Encoding / Interleaving

Figure 3-13 Encoding Example

A B C D Bit Pattern

A A A B B B C C C D D D Encoded Symbols

Burst ErrorsA A A B ? ? ? ? C D D D

Decoded BitsA ? ? D

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Encoding / Interleaving

Purpose:

The purpose of the encoder is to build redundancy into the signal.

Example:

A simple coding scheme is shown in this example. The digital message consists of four bits (A,B,C,D) of vocoded data. Each of the bits is repeated (encoded) 3 times. These encoded bits are called symbols.

The encoder is located at the BTS and in the phone.

Decoding:

Decoding at the receiver uses a majority logic rule (two out of three wins). If an error occurs the redundancy can help recover the lost information.

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Encoding / Interleaving

Figure 3-14 Interleaving Example

A B C D

A A A B B B C C C D D D

A B C D A B C D A B C D

A ? A B ? B C ? C D ? D

Bit Pattern

Encoded Symbols

Interleaved symbols

Burst Errors

De-interleaves Symbols

Decoded BitsA B C D

A B C D ? ? ? ? A B C D

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Encoding / Interleaving

Purpose:

Interleaving is a simple, but powerful, method of reducing the effects of burst errors and recovering bits when burst errors occur.

Example:

In this example the symbols from each group are interleaved in a pattern that the receiver knows.

The interleaver is located at the BTS and in the phone.

Deinterleaving:

Deinterleaving at the receiver will spread any burst errors that occur during transmission and make it simpler to decode.

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Coding and Spreading

Figure 3-15 Spreading and Channelization

User 1 Data: 01

Rx

Mobile

User 1 Code: 0101

Tx

BTSUser 1 Data: 01

User 2 Data: 10

User 1 Code: 0101

User 2 Code: 0110

0 1 0 1 1 0 1 01 0 0 1 0 1 1 0

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CDMA

Coding and Spreading

Coding & spreading

The encoded voice data is encoded using a code that will separate it from other encoded voice data. This process, known as channelization, will spread the encoded symbols over the entire bandwidth of the CDMA channel.

Transmission

The channelized data from all calls will be combined into a one signal that is transmitted is converted to an analog RF signal which is transmitted over the air.

Receiver Decoding / Despreading

The code used to channelize and spread the encoded voice data is known to the receiver. The receiver will use the code to despread/decode the signal and recover the encoded voice data.

Codes used in CDMA

Orthogonal (Walsh) codes are used on the forward link to channelize users.

Pseudorandom noise (PN) code is used on the reverse link to channelize users.

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Digital to Analog Conversion

Figure 3-16 Voice Recovery

VOCODER1 0 1 1 A/D

VocodedVoice

Pulse CodedDemodulation(PCM)

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Digital to Analog Conversion

Deinterleaving and Decoding

After the signal is despread the receiver will deinterleave and decode the signal into the original vocoded voice.

The deinterleaving and decoding is done at the BTS and in the phone.

Voice Decompression

The decompression of the voice signal is done at the BSC and then sent to the PSTN.

Voice Recovery

The receiver converts the vocoded voice into an analog voice signal.

The D/A conversion is done at the PSTN.

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Forward Link Channels

Figure 3-17 Forward Link Channels

Σ

Pilot

Traffic

Paging

Sync

Traffic

.

.

.

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CDMA

Forward Link Channels

Code Channels

A channel is a stream of data designated for a specific use or person and is separated by a code. A channel may be voice data or overhead control data.

Forward Link Channels

On the forward link there are 4 channels used to transmit control and voice data to the mobile. These code channels are:

● Pilot

● Sync

● Paging

● Traffic

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Forward Link Channels

Figure 3-18 Pilot Channel

Figure 3-19 Sync Channel

Σ

PilotPilot

Traffic

Paging

Sync

Traffic

.

.

.

Σ

Pilot

Traffic

Sync

Paging

Sync

Traffic

.

.

.

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Forward Link Channels

Pilot Channel

The pilot channel is constantly transmitted. The mobile uses the pilot signal to acquire the system. After the mobile has acquired the system the pilot is used for signal strength measurement. The strength of the pilot is used to determine the power required for mobile transmit.

The pilot contains no information but the it is the strongest signal on the forward link, containing at least 20% of the total power on the forward link.

Sync Channel

The sync channel is constantly transmitted providing critical timing information to the mobile. The mobile will decode the sync channel message during the power up sequence. Once the mobile is synchronized with the base station the sync channel is ignored.

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Forward Link Channels

Figure 3-20 Paging Channel

Figure 3-21 Forward Traffic Channel

Σ

Pilot

Traffic

Paging

Sync

Traffic

.

.

.

Paging

Σ

Pilot

Traffic

Paging

Sync

Traffic

.

.

.

Traffic

Traffic

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CDMA

Forward Link Channels

Paging Channel

The paging channel is used to transmit overhead information (i.e. commands and pages) to the mobile. When a call is being set up the commands and traffic channel assignment are sent on the paging channel. Once a traffic channel is established the paging channel is ignored by the mobile.

Forward Traffic Channel

The forward traffic channel is used when there is a call. Voice data and control overhead information, normally sent on the paging channel, are transmitted to the mobile on the traffic channel.

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Reverse Link Channels

Figure 3-22 Reverse Link Channels

Traffic

Access

Traffic

Traffic

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CDMA

Reverse Link Channels

On the reverse link there are 2 types of channels used to transmit control and voice data to the mobile. These channels are:

● Access

● Traffic

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Reverse Link Channels

Figure 3-23 Access & Traffic Channel

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CDMA

Reverse Link Code Channels

Access Channel

The access channel is used by the mobile when not assigned to a traffic channel. The access channel is used by the mobile to register with the network, originate calls, respond to pages and commands from the base station, and transmit overhead messages to the base station.

Reverse Traffic Channel

The reverse traffic channel is used when there is a call. Voice data and control overhead information, normally sent on the access channel, are transmitted to the base station on this channel.

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Call Processing

Figure 3-24 Call Processing

Initialization

Idle Mode

Access Mode

Traffic Mode

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CDMA

Call Processing

Initialization Mode

● Mobile acquires system via Pilot code channel.

● Mobile synchronizes with system via Sync code channel.

Idle Mode

● Mobile and base station communicate over Access and Paging code channels when NOT involved in a call.

● Mobile obtains overhead information via the Paging code channel.

Access Mode

● Mobile accesses the network via the Access code channel

Traffic Mode

Land to mobile call

✸ When a call for a mobile is placed the mobile will receive a page on the Paging channel.

✸ The mobile responds on the Access channel and Traffic channels are established.

Mobile to land call

✸ When a call is placed from a mobile the call is placed using the Access channel.

✸ The base station responds on the Paging channel and Traffic channels are established.

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Roaming

Figure 3-25 Roaming

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Roaming

Definition

Wireless phones are programmed to operate in a specific system, called the home system. A phone operating in a non-home system is said to be a roamer.

Roaming charges

A user may be charged an additional fee for accessing the network. The fees are established by the service providers and any agreement they may have between them.

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Section Summary

Figure 3-26 Section Summary

◆ Multiple Access Systems

◆ CDMA Channel Generation

◆ CDMA Channels

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CDMA

Section Summary

List the techniques used in multiple access systems.

Describe the 5 steps to generate a CDMA signal.

List the purpose for each channel in a CDMA system.

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CDMA

Comments/Notes

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Section 4

Features of CDMA

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Section Introduction

Figure 4-1 Section Introduction

◆ Universal Frequency Reuse

◆ Power Control

◆ Soft Handoff

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CDMA

Section Introduction

In this section the following topics will be discussed:

Universal Frequency Reuse

Power Control

Handoffs

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Section Objectives

Figure 4-2 Section Objectives

◆ List the features of CDMA.

◆ Describe the purpose for frequency reuse.

◆ Describe the purpose for power control.

◆ Describe the type of handoffs in CDMA.

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CDMA

Section Objectives

The objectives of the this section are to:

List the features of CDMA.

Describe the purpose of Frequency reuse.

Describe the purpose for power control.

Describe the type of handoffs in CDMA.

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Frequency Planning Requirement

Figure 4-3 Cell Interference

B

AC

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Frequency Planning Requirement

Cell Interference

If cell A and B were on the same frequency in a conventional cellular systems, area C would have a frequency conflict and interference.

With the deployment of a FDMA network channel (frequency) reuse is required. In the FDMA system there is a conflict when adjacent cells use the same channel (frequency).

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FDMA & TDMA Frequency Planning

Figure 4-4 Frequency Reuse of 7

DE

F

G BC

DE

F

BC

G

DE

FC

D

E

BC

GAB

C

F

B

AA

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FDMA & TDMA Frequency Planning

Frequency Reuse of 7

To avoid conflict between cells, FDMA and TDMA systems use a reuse factor of seven (six cells surrounding each cell cannot use the same frequency). Adjacent cells will be assigned to separate channels (frequencies).

As capacity requirements increase additional cells will be added to the network creating a reworking of the frequency plan in the network.

Cell Separation

A channel (frequency) can be used again within the network but cells using the same channel must be separated by an appropriate distance.

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CDMA Frequency Planning

Figure 4-5 Universal Frequency Reuse

AA

AA

A

AA

A

AA

AA

AA

AA

A

A

A

A

A

A

A

AA

A

A

A

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CDMA

CDMA Frequency Planning

CDMA Universal Frequency Reuse

CDMA has a frequency reuse of one. Each BTS in the network uses the same frequency eliminating the need for frequency planning.

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Problems in a CDMA Channel

Figure 4-6 CDMA Channel Issues

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Problems in a CDMA Channel

Near-Far Problem

If all mobiles transmitted at the same power level, signals received by the base station from mobiles further away would be weaker than those signals received from mobiles which were closer to the cell. This issue reduces, if not resolved, the capacity of a CDMA system.

Path Loss

The more distance between the cell and a phone the weaker the signal becomes.

Fading

Fading occurs when more than two signals from the same transmitter are received due to multipath.

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Reverse Link Power Control

Figure 4-7 Mobile Power Control

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Reverse Link Power Control

Power Control

The objective of power control is to ensure that signals from all mobiles are received at the Base Station with the same received power.

The CDMA network independently controls the power of each mobile.

Open Loop

Open loop is a estimate of what power the phone should use to transmit. The estimate is determined based on the strength of the mean signal power received by the mobile.

Fast Closed Loop

Fast closed loop is used when there is a call. The network will send a command to the mobile to either increase or decrease power. The command is determined on the quality of the information received at the BTS.

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Forward Link Power Control

Figure 4-8 Base Station Power Control

PSTN

BSC

BTS

BTS

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Forward Link Power Control

The BTS independently adjusts the power for each forward traffic channel based on information received from the mobile.

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Multipath

Figure 4-9 CDMA and Multipath

BSC

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Multipath

What is multipath?

Signals sent over the air can take a direct path to the mobile, bounce off objects, and arrive at the mobile’s antenna at different times. These different paths are referred to as multi-paths.

Effects of multipath signals

Multipath signals in a narrow band signal, such as FDMA and TDMA, may cause a loss of the signal through cancellation.

Multipaths in CDMA can be used to increase the quality of the signal. This is possible because CDMA is a wideband signal.

CDMA advantage

● Better voice quality.

● Reduces power requirement to maintain link.

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CDMA Receiver

Figure 4-10 Rake Receiver

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CDMA Receiver

Rake Receiver

The rake receiver is multiple receivers in one. There is a rake receiver at both the mobile and BTS. Each receiver may assigned to a received signal.

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What is a Handoff?

Figure 4-11 Handoff

Cell Cell

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What is a Handoff?

Why Handoff?

Handoffs are necessary to continue the call as the phone travels.

Handoff describes the process of transferring a call from one cell to another.

Handoff Overview

As the phone moves through a network the system controller transfers the call from one cell to another, this process is called “handoff”. Handoffs maybe done with the assistance of the mobile or the system controller will control the process by itself.

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Handoffs

Figure 4-12 Handoff Process

Cell ACell B

Cell ACell B

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Handoffs

Break-Before-Make

In a “hard” handoff, the mobile must disconnect (or break) its connection before connecting to the new cell.

As the mobile moves from one coverage area to another, the mobile will be instructed to change to the new network.

Advantages of Hard Handoff

● Continue the call beyond the current network.

● Provide expanded service.

● Reduce dropped calls.

● Overlay and integration of new CDMA networks with the existing networks.

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Types of CDMA Handoff

Figure 4-13 CDMA Handoffs

BSC

BTS

BTS

PSTN

MTSO BSC

PSTN

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Types of CDMA Handoff

Soft Handoffs

Soft handoffs occur when the mobile is involved in a call. CDMA uses the mobile to assist the network in the handoff. The term soft handoff is used to describe the “make-before-break” process which takes place during the handoff.

Soft handoffs occur between cells, sectors in a cell, or combination of cells and sectors.

Hard Handoffs

Hard handoffs occur when the mobile is involved in a call. During a hard handoff a CDMA phone is not able to assist the network in the handoff. The term hard handoff is used to describe the “break-before-make” process that occurs during the handoff.

Hard handoffs occur between CDMA to Analog systems.

Idle Handoff

Idle handoffs occur when the mobile is NOT involved in a call. The idle handoff does not require any interaction between the phone and the base station.

Used in CDMA mode only.

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Soft Handoff

Figure 4-14 Soft Handoff

Cell ACell B

Cell ACell B

Cell ACell B

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Soft Handoff

Make-Before-Break

A new connection can be made prior to breaking the old connection. This is possible because CDMA cells use the same frequency and the mobile uses a rake receiver.

In a CDMA system, while a call is in progress, the mobile assists the network in making a new connection before breaking the old connection.

As the mobile moves from one coverage area to another, the mobile detects a new pilot and the base station establishes a new connection for the mobile. A communications link is established with new BTS’ while the old link is maintained.

Advantages of Soft Handoff

● Reduces interference.

● Increases capacity.

● No dropped calls.

● Improves voice quality.

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Softer Handoff

Figure 4-15 Softer Handoff

Decoded & Combined

one voice frame

Backhaul

BSC

BTS

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Softer Handoff

Softer Handoff

Involves 2 sectors from the same BTS. The BTS will decode and combines the voice signal received from each sector and forward the combined voice frame to the selector at the BSC.

Soft-Softer Handoff

A soft-softer handoff is a combination of multiple cells and multiple sectors in one cell.

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CDMA Hard Handoff

Figure 4-16 CDMA to Analog Hard Handoff

BSC

CDMAFDMA(Analog)

MTSO

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CDMA to Analog Hard Handoff

CDMA to Analog

● A mobile using CDMA in a cellular system can also handoff to a FDMA (analog) system.

● Pilot Beacon Units (PBU) can be placed at the analog cell site. The PBU is used to alert the phone that the edge of CDMA coverage has been reached and to conduct a hard handoff.

● Following a call where a hard handoff has occurred the phone will attempt to acquire a CDMA network. If none is available the phone will switch to analog mode.

● This type of handoff is only available in the cellular band.

Analog to CDMA

● This option is not available.

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Idle Handoff

Figure 4-17 Idle Handoff

BTSBTSPilot

PilotPaging

Access

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Idle Handoff

Idle Handoffs

The mobile monitors the pilot of a BTS while searching for the pilots from the neighboring BTSs. When the mobile detects a pilot that is stronger than the current pilot an idle handoff is performed without the assistance of the base station.

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Section Summary

Figure 4-18 Section Summary

◆ Universal Frequency Reuse

◆ Power Control

◆ Soft Handoff

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Section Summary

List the features of CDMA.

Describe the purpose of Frequency reuse.

Describe the purpose for power control.

Describe the type of handoffs in CDMA.

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Comments/Notes

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Section 5

Advantages of CDMA

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Section Introduction

Figure 5-1 Section Introduction

◆ Coverage

◆ Capacity

◆ Clarity

◆ Cost

◆ Compatibility

◆ Customer Satisfaction

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Section Introduction

In this section the following topics will be discussed:

Coverage

Capacity

Clarity

Cost

Compatibility

Customer Satisfaction

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Section Objectives

Figure 5-2 Section Objectives

◆ List the advantages CDMA has over other technologies.

◆ Describe the advantages CDMA has over other technologies.

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Section Objectives

The objectives of the this section are to:

List the advantages CDMA has over other technologies.

Describe the advantages CDMA has over other technologies.

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FDMA / TDMA / CDMA Coverage

Figure 5-3 Coverage

FDMA

CDMA

TDMA

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Coverage

Coverage Issues

Providing adequate coverage is a basic requirement of a wireless system. Coverage of a BTS or network is impacted by the capacity requirements of the system, terrain of the area, and power of the base station and mobiles.

CDMA Advantage

Forward and reverse link power control helps a CDMA network dynamically expand the coverage area. The coding and interleaving techniques used in CDMA provide the ability to cover a larger area for the same amount of available power used in other systems.

Under line of sight conditions CDMA has a 1.7 to 3 times more coverage than TDMA.

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Capacity

Figure 5-4 CDMA Capacity

CDMA

Analog

TDMA

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Capacity

CDMA Capacity with 8k Vocoder

For cellular and PCS a CDMA system may have a capacity of 22 simultaneous calls per sector. When the BTS has 3 sectors 66 simultaneous calls can be accommodated on 1.25 MHz of spectrum.

For wireless local loop a CDMA system may have a capacity of 45 simultaneous calls per sector. When the BTS has 3 sectors 135 simultaneous calls can be accommodated on 1.25 MHz of spectrum.

CDMA Capacity with 13k Vocoder

For cellular and PCS a CDMA system may have a capacity of 14 simultaneous calls per sector. When the BTS has 3 sectors 42 simultaneous calls can be accommodated.

For wireless local loop a CDMA system may have a capacity of 30 simultaneous calls per sector. When the BTS has 3 sectors 90 simultaneous class can be accommodated.

FDMA capacity

An FDMA system can have only 6 calls for the same amount of spectrum used by one CDMA channel.

TDMA capacity

An IS-54 TDMA system can have only 18 calls for the same amount of spectrum used by one CDMA channel.

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Soft Handoff

Figure 5-5 Soft Handoff

Hard handoff region

Soft handoff region

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Advantages of Soft Handoff

Capacity of a system is reduced when more power is required to communicate with a mobile. The soft handoff and power control in CDMA reduces the power requirements of a call allowing more users in the system.

Hard handoff boundary

Typically occur farther away from the serving base station requiring more power.

Soft handoff boundary

Occurs closer to the previous base station which results in less power required to maintain the link.

Advantage

● Greater capacity

● Better voice quality

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Clarity

Figure 5-6 Clarity

Rake Receiver

Variable Rate Vocoder

Soft Hand-off

Power Control

Wide Band Signal

Encoding and Interleaving

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Clarity

Rake Receiver

Combines multipath and softer handoff signals to reduce errors and power requirements.

Variable Rate Vocoder

The dynamic rate of the vocoder reduces the amount of data transmitted for each person and reduces the interference.

Soft Hand-off

The soft hand off in CDMA reduces the interference and power requirements for maintaining the link. Multiple received signals can be combined to reduce the possibility of errors resulting from interference and fading.

Power Control

Dynamic power control reduces errors by keeping the power at an optimal level.

Wideband Signal

CDMA’s wideband signals does not suffer from the same effects of fading experience in an FDMA or TDMA system.

Encoding and Interleaving

Strong encoding and interleaving reduces the effects of fading.

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USA Network Cost

Table 5-1 Cellular Infrastructure Cost

Table 5-2 PCS Infrastructure Cost

Cellular Infrastructure Cost / Subscriber

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Y e a r

$

Analog

GSM/TDMA

CDMA

PCS Infrastructure Cost / Subscriber

0

5 0

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Y e a r

$

TDMA

GSM

CDMA

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USA Network Cost

Cell Coverage

Because of increased coverage for each BTS in a wireless network fewer BTSs are required in the network to cover a given area.

More subscribers

CDMA can support more subscribers in a system, increasing the service providers revenue potential.

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Compatibility

Figure 5-7 CDMA Compatibility

Data Transmission

Dual Mode Phone Standard for Cellular

Dual Band-Dual Mode Phone

DigitalDuck

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Compatibility

Data Transmission

Data transmission is easier in CDMA because of the continual transmission capabilities.

Dual Mode Phone Standard for Cellular

The phones manufactured for CDMA are designed to work in the cellular analog mode as well as CDMA mode.

Dual Band-Dual Mode Phones

CDMA phones can be designed to work in both the cellular and the PCS bands since CDMA has been accepted for operation in both bands.

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Customer Satisfaction

Figure 5-8 Customer Satisfaction

Voice Quality

Battery Life

No Cross-Talk

Privacy

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Customer Satisfaction

Voice Quality

Market reports state that voice quality will be the leading contribution to the increased popularity of CDMA (Wireless Communications Industry, Spring 1997; Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette).

Battery Life

Because of the reduced power requirements the battery in a CDMA portable will last longer.

No Cross-Talk

Because of the coding in a CDMA call the cross-talk is eliminated.

Privacy

CDMA coding tremendously reduces the possibility of obtaining phone data over the air while providing a more secure conversation.

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Section Summary

Figure 5-9 Section Summary

◆ Coverage

◆ Capacity

◆ Clarity

◆ Cost

◆ Compatibility

◆ Customer Satisfaction

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Section Summary

List the advantages CDMA has over other technologies.

Describe the advantages CDMA has over other technologies.

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Comments/Notes

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Section 6

Future Of Wireless Communication

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Section Introduction

Figure 6-1 Section Introduction

◆ Trends in the Wireless

Markets

◆ Data Services

◆ Wireless Local Loop

◆ Globalstar

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Section Introduction

In this section the following topics will be discussed:

Trends in the Wireless Markets

Data Services

Wireless Local Loop

Globalstar

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Section Objectives

Figure 6-2 Section Objectives

◆ Describe the future of wireless.

◆ Describe the data services available in CDMA.

◆ Describe the application of CDMA to wireless local loop and Globalstar.

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Section Objectives

The objectives of the this section are to:

Describe the future of wireless.

Describe the data services available in CDMA.

Describe the application of CDMA to wireless local loop and Globalstar.

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CDMA Commercial / Deployments or Trials

Figure 6-3 The World of CDMA

CDG Home Page: http://www.cdg.org/

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CDMA Commercial / Deployments or Trials

Table 6-1 CDMA Commercial / Deployments or Trails

Cellular PCS WLL

Trials

Asia-Pacific: China;Europe-Russia:Germany, Poland, United Kingdom;Middle East: Israel;South America: Argentina, Brazil, Peru, Venezuela;

South America: Chile;

Asia-Pacific: China;South America: Brazil;

Commercial / Deployments

Africa:Congo, Zambia;Asia-Pacific: Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Philippines, Thailand;Europe-Russia:Russia;North America: Canada, Domnican Republic;South America: Peru;United States: over 30 major markets;

Asia-Pacific: Korea;North America: CanadaUnited States: over 50 major markets;

Africa:Nigeria;Middle East:Yemen;North America: Domnican Republic;

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World Wireless Subscribers

Figure 6-4 Wireless Subscribers

World Wireless Market

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

400,000

450,000

500,000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Y e a r

No

. o

f S

ub

sc

rib

ers

in

T

ho

us

an

d

Total

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World Wireless Subscribers

In 1997 there were over 150 million wireless subscribers, outside of the USA. In the next 4 years the growth of wireless subscribers, outside of the USA, is expected reach 500 million. In 1997, after two (2) years of CDMA deployments, 16% of subscribers outside of the USA were using CDMA. The growth of CDMA subscribers in the 3rd year of commercial services is expected to be 248% while GSM subscribers are expected to grow by 60%.

The number of wireless subscriber in the USA, in 1997, was over 50 million. During the next 4 years the number of subscribers is expected to be over 95 million people. During the next decade it is expected that almost 50% of the people in America will own a wireless phone.

Cellular

The rate of growth for digital service will grow with the greatest growth being in CDMA. This growth is possible because of the ability to overlay CDMA on existing FDMA networks and migrate from FDMA to CDMA over time.

PCS

PCS service is rapidly growing as service providers deploy their networks. The deployments of CDMA networks will be expediential in comparison to other technologies. Following the PCS auctions in 1997, 37% of all licenses selected CDMA while 30% selected TDMA technologies such as GSM or TDMA (IS-136). The remaining 33% were not yet decided.

Cellular vs. PCS

It is expected that about 65% of all wireless customers, in the next decade, will subscribe to cellular service.

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Wireless Data Services

Figure 6-5 CDMA Data Services

Modes

● CDMA digital, analog, and wireline

Speed

● Land line 33.6 kbps

● Wireless upto 2 Mbps

Protocol

● TCP/IP

Voice and data mixed

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Wireless Data Services

By the year 2000 approximately 8 million users will be using data services.

Current Wireless Data Services

Currently there are two types of data services available: 1) Modems using ordinary voice cellular (most popular); 2) Custom cellular protocols (i.e. cellular digital packet data (CDPD) or GSM data).

CDMA Data Services

Modes

The “Data on the Go Fax/Modem Card” senses the type of connection needed and automatically switches between CDMA digital and analog cellular service depending upon the operating mode of the phone. Wireline mode is enabled by simply connecting the standard telephone adapter cable (RJ-11) to the Data on the Go Fax/Modem Card.

Speed

✸ Wireline: 33.6 Kbps.

✸ CDMA mobile: 144 Kbps

✸ CDMA walking: 384 Kbps

✸ CDMA WLL: 2 Mbps

Protocol

CDMA digital fax and data services are based on industry standard (TCP/IP) protocols.

CDMA packet data-capable

CDMA data services will grow to take advantage of future packet service features such as the ability to receive data while simultaneously talking on your phone.

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Wireless Local Loop (WLL)

Figure 6-6 Wireless Local Loop

BSC

PSTNBTSWireless Local Loop

Local Loop

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Wireless Local Loop (WLL)

Many countries throughout the world do not have an extensive telephone system. Wireless local loop system is a cost effective solution.

Local Loop is the wireline connection between the PSTN and a phone.

Wireless Local Loop has no wires connecting the phone to the PSTN.

Telecom competition has created a need for alternatives to wireline local loop systems. Traditional wireline systems are expensive, inflexible and have limited capabilities. Alternatives to wireline systems must be able to meet subscriber and operator demands. Subscribers demand comparable quality and service levels as wireline. Operators demand flexible and cost-effective alternatives to wireline. CDMA wireless local loop is a viable and cost-effective alternative to wireline with the capability for rapid deployment, flexible capacity planning, and competitive economics.

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QUALCOMM Wireless Local Loop Subscribers

Figure 6-7 QCT-6000 / 6200

Figure 6-8 QCT-1000 / 1200

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CDMA

QUALCOMM Wireless Local Loop Subscribers

QCT-6000: Cellular band / QCT-62000: PCS band

Allows multiple wireline connections.

Provides voice, fax, and data connections.

Optional panel antenna that can be externally mounted.

QCT-1000: cellular band / QCT-1200: PCS band

Provides the ability for phone service in places landlines can’t be installed -- like some business and residential areas, boats and RVs.

Land line phone services.

Optional panel antenna that can be externally mounted.

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Wireless Local Loop Market

Figure 6-9 Telephone Lines per Population

Telephone lines per 100 inhabitants

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Wireless Local Loop Market

World Facts

● 4+ Billion people without phones.

● ~50 Million people on waiting lists for phones.

● Cost & time to provide wired service cannot support the needs of developing countries.

Competition in the Local Loop

The potential for alternative solutions to the wired local loop is enormous. Worldwide telephone penetration is less than 5% outside Europe and North America. There is a significant correlation between economic development and telecom development.

Deregulation and liberalization of telecommunications are becoming the norm. The introduction of competition into mobile communication is relatively easy. The introduction of competition into fixed communications is less easy.

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Wireless Local Loop Cost Comparison

Figure 6-10 WLL Cost

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CDMA

Wireless Local Loop Cost Comparison

The estimated cost per subscriber, for a WLL system, will be significantly lower than cellular or PCS. This is due to the increased capacity of a WLL system and the number of subscribers serviced.

Higher capacity per carrier makes wireless local loop systems less expensive than PCS or cellular systems for equivalent usage.

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Globalstar

Figure 6-11 Globalstar Overview

Globalstar home page: http://www.globalstar.com/

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CDMA

Globalstar

Globalstar System and Services

Globalstar system is a satellite-based, wireless telecommunications system designed to provide voice, data, fax, and other telecommunications services to users worldwide.

Calls on the Globalstar System

Users of Globalstar will make or receive calls using hand-held or vehicle mounted terminals similar to today’s cellular phones. Calls will be relayed through the Globalstar satellite constellation, in a 1414 kilometer orbit above the Earth, to a ground station, and then through local terrestrial wireline and wireless systems to their end destinations.

Services

Cost

Airtime is expected to cost about $0.50 to $0.60 per minute.

Fixed Services

Wireless local loop type applications. It is anticipated that 55% of its subscribers will be fixed services.

Mobile Services

Personal Services (hand held)

The Globalstar/GSM Dual-mode User Terminal offers a global roaming solution for GSM cellular phone users. Globalstar enhances wireless service options by providing worldwide GSM cellular-like services in areas outside traditional cellular coverage. Inside the GSM service area subscriber may roam to other GSM cellular networks or switch to the Globalstar network. Inter-operability between Globalstar and GSM is assured and subscribers maintain a convenient single point for billing.

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Globalstar Satellites

Figure 6-12 Satellites Overview

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Globalstar Satellites

The Globalstar satellite is a simple low cost satellite designed to minimize both satellite costs and launch costs. Globalstar satellites do not directly connect one Globalstar user to another. Rather, they relay communications between the user and a Gateway. The party being called will be connected with the Gateway through the Public Switch Telephone Network (thus maximizing the use of existing, low cost communications services) or back through a satellite if the party is another Globalstar user.

56 Globalstar satellites will be placed into low earth orbit, 48 of which will be operational, with eight orbital spares. The satellites will be placed in eight orbital planes of six satellites each with a 1,414 kilometer circular orbit inclined at 52 degrees. The satellite is three-axis stabilized and consists of a trapezoidal main body (configured to facilitate the launching of multiple satellites on one space launch vehicle), and two deployable solar arrays. The satellite mass is approximately 450 kilograms, and requires some 1,100 watts of power for normal operations. The satellites in the first-generation constellation are designed to operate at full performance for a minimum of 7 1/2 years.

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Globalstar Gateway

Figure 6-13 Gateway Overview

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Globalstar Gateway

The Gateway is an integral part of the Ground Segment, which includes the Gateways, Ground Operations Control Centers, Satellite Operations Control Centers, and the Globalstar Data Network. The Gateway interconnects the Globalstar satellite based wireless network and the Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN), such as AMPS and GSM, or directly into the local telephone office (PSTN). As such, it is a termination point for network transmission and network signaling.

The Gateway can be connected to existing PSTN using standard E1/T1 trunk supporting a variety of signaling protocols. To GSM networks, the Gateway appears as a GSM Base Station Subsystem. To those mobile switches in the EIA/TIA environment, it appears as another mobile switch supporting the IS-41 Intersystem Operation Standard. In all cases, inter-operability between Globalstar and telephone/cellular companies is assured and the subscriber maintains a convenient single point for billing.

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QUALCOMM Licensed CDMA Manufactures

Figure 6-14 QUALCOMM Licenses

Infrastructure Equipment

Test Equipment

Subscriber Equipment

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CDMA

IQUALCOMM Licensed CDMA Manufactures

Infrastructure Equipment

Test Equipment

Subscriber Equipment

FujitsuHitachi Ltd.Hughes Network SystemsHyundai LGIC (Goldstar)

Lucent TechnologiesMotorolaNEC CorporationNORTELSamsung

AdvantestAnritsu CorporationComarco WirelessGrayson ElectronicsHewlett-PackardIFR SystemsLCC

Racal InstrumentsRohde&SchwarzRotodataSafcoSage InstrumentsTektronixWavetek

AlpsDENSOFujitsuHughes Network Systems HyundaiKenwoodKyoceraLGIC (Goldstar)Lucent TechnologiesMatsushita/Panasonic

MitsubishiMotorolaNEC CorporationNokiaOKISanyoSamsungSiemens Wireless TerminalsSonyToshiba

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The Future

Figure 6-15 The Future

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CDMA

Comments/Notes

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Section Summary

Figure 6-16 Section Summary

◆ Trends in the Wireless Markets

◆ Data Services

◆ Wireless Local Loop

◆ Globalstar

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CDMA

Section Summary

Describe the future of wireless.

Describe the data services available in CDMA.

Describe the application of CDMA to wireless local loop and Globalstar.

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Comments/Notes


Recommended