FUNGI1. OrganismsthatexhibitdimorphismandgrowonSabouraud'smedium(lowpH):Fungi2. Typeofagarusedformostfungi?Sabouraudagar3. Organismthatcausesathletesfoot(tineapedis)àTrichophyton4. Whichfungalinfectionleadstosuperficialskindisease?Trichophyton

-Epidermophyton&Microsporumcausedermatophytosis.Txw/Griseofulvin5. Whichfunguscausescerebral/braininfarct?

a. CryptococcusàmayspreadintothemeningesandcauseCryptococcalMeningitisb. Aspergillusàcausesaspergilloma“fungusball”inthelungscausingpulmonaryinfectioninpplwith

AIDSorhaveundergoneorgantransplantc. MucormycosisàPt’sw/diabeticketoacidosis,burns,orleukemiaareparticularlysusceptible.Itresults

inblack,deadtissueinthenasalcavityandblocksthebloodsupplytothebrain.-Mucormycosisisfoundinbloodvessels(endothelium)&isoftenrelatedtodiabeticpts

6. Aflatoxiniswhatproducedbywhatfungus?Aspergillus7. Cellimmunityismostimportantfor?Intracellularparasite8. Whichonecanbeseenasanintracellularorganism?Histoplasmosis

-Ininfectedtissues,yeastcellsofHistoplasmosisarefoundwithinmacrophages.9. Disseminatedfungi?Histoplasmosis

Yeastinmacropages,bird-batdrooping,viarespiratorydropletsdifferentthantherestofthem10. WhichpathogencausesgranulomatouslesioninlungresemblingTB,similarsymptoms?Histoplasmosis11. Whatdoesn’tgiveyougranulomas?àGonorrhea

-Histoplasmosis,Mtuberculosisandtertiarysyphilisaregranulomatous(immunesystemwallsoff) 12. Whatdoesnotcauseamucosalorepidermalrash?Histoplasmosis13. Avian/birdrelatedfungiàHistoplasmacapsulatum14. Mostcommoncauseoffungalmeningitis?D.Cryptococcosis15. Whatisdimorphisminfungus?Mycelium(mold)orasyeast16. Whichfungusaredimorphic?

i. Histoplasmacapsulatumii. Blastomycesdermatitidisiii. Coccidioidesimmitisiv. Sporothrixshenckiiv. CandidasAlbicans

17. FungalOrganismsNOTfoundinthesoil(knowthatAspergillus,Blastomycosis,Histoplasma,Coccidioides,andCryptococcusneoformansareinsoil)

BACTERIA18. Pthasswellingofsubmandibular,tenderness.Ptisalcoholic.Radiographic-massradiopaque(sialolith)-

circumscribed,1cmx1cm,whatisthereasonforswelling?Bacterialinfection19. Bestmethodforbacteriatoreplicate&transfermostgeneticinformation?Conjugation

-Transformation=bacteriatakesupextracellulardonorDNA-Transduction=donorDNApackedintovirus(bacteriophage)thatinfectsthebacteria(1step)-Conjugation=plasmidDNAtransfer

20. ActionofthepilliinorganismspathogenicityàAttachment&adherencetohostcells21. Differencebetweenstaphandstrep?Catalaseenzyme

Staphhascatalasewhichgetsrideofh202

22. Lancefieldgroupingisaserotypeclassification(thatis,describingspecificcarbohydratespresentonthebacterialcellwall)LancefieldisdeterminedbyC-carbcompositionofcellwall

23. Streptomycininhibitsproteinproduction(translation)24. WhataspectofStaphisresponsibleforfoodpoisoningàEnterotoxin25. MOAofstapaureusfordrugresistanceàproducesenzymethatbreaksdownpenicillin,betalactamase

26. WhatbacteriacausesendocarditisinIVdruguser?StrapAureus27. MostcommontypeofendocarditisàStreptococcusViridian(α-hemolyticstrep)

AcuteàStaphSubacutewhichismorecommonisViridans28. WhichofthefollowdiseasehasJanewaylesions?InfectiveEndocarditis29. WhichtoxinproducesscarletfeveràErythrotoxin(erythrogenicexotoxin)30. RashforScarlettFeveràErythrogenicToxinofGroupABetaHemolyticS.pyogenes31. Strepmutansproducesdextran,whichisglucoselinkedinalpha1,6linkage32. Whatenzymedooralbacteriausetocreatedextran&participatesinbacterialaggregationonteeth?

Glucosyltransferase33. Whatenzymeprimarilybreaksdownsucrose?Glucosyltransferase(dextransucrase)34. Streptococcusbreaksdownsucroseintowhatproducts?Glucose+Fructose

-GlucansàDextrans+Mutans+Levans35. Dextransforpolymersof?Glucose

-Dextrans+Mutansarepolymersofglucose,Levansarepolymersoffructose36. Howisglucoseandfructoseassociatedwithcaries?Dextransandlevans37. Whichofthefollowingisnotanoralbacterium&notfoundindentalplaque?Streppyrogens38. WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTcausepneumonia:

a. Strepmutansb. Hinfluenzac. Spneumoniae

39. MostcommonbacteriaonthedorsumofthetongueàS.salivarius40. LipidAwithapolysaccharidecoreisinwhichorganism?Gramnegativebacteria41. Gramnegativebacteriahavelipopolysaccharides(LPS).Grampositivebacteriahaveteichoicacids.42. N-MuramicacidispartofàBacterialCellWall

-ItoccursnaturallyasN-acetylmuramicacidinpeptidoglycan-Functionisastructuralcomponentofbacterialcellwalls.Chlamydiahasnone.

43. GlycanbindswhatinbacterialcellwallàD-alanine44. RickettsiaisaTyphus45. Rickettsiadiseasesaredestructivefor/target?Endothelialcellsofcapillaries

-Rickettsiaaresmall,gram(-),aerobiccoccobacillarybacteria46. Whichoneneedsarthropodsvector(insects)orfleas?RickettsiaexceptCoxBurn47. WeilFelixtestisusedfor?TestforRickettsiainfections48. Whichisnotfromaninsect/fleabite?QFeverCoxBurn49. EtiologyofQfever=Coxiellaburnetii(canbeinsalivarygland)alsoCMVcanbeinsalivaryglandaswell50. Thetoxinofthegasgangreneorganismhaswhatkindoftheenzymaticactivity?(C.perfringens)Lipase

lecithinase51. ClostridiumTetaniareallthefollowingEXCEPT…

I. Gram-PositiveII. AnaerobicIII. SporesIV. Rod-shaped

52. Mechanismofactionofthetetanustoxin?inhibitionofneurotransmitterrelease(preventreleaseofGABAandGlycine)

53. Over-treatingwithantibiotics,C.difficile,wouldshow?PseudomembranousColitis(?)-Clostridiumdifficilecausesdiarrhea&intestinalcolitis.CLINDAMYCIN

54. Spore-formingbacteriaàClostridium&bacillus55. Whationisrelatedtospores?Calciumdipicolinic(heatresistanceoftheendospore)56. MycobacteriumTuberculosishasmycolicacidthatblockantibioticsfrompenetrating.57. Legionnairespneumophilaismainlyfoundinair-conditioningsystems.(preferaerosolizedwater)58. Aninfectionoftheepithelialcellsoftheeyethatcansometimesenterbackintothenasopharynx?TRACHOMA

duetoChlamydiatrachomatis

59. Blindnessresultsfrom-->Chlamydiatrachomatis(trachomaandadultinclusionconjunctivitis)60. Mostcommoncauseofnon-gonococcalurethritisàChlamydia61. Bacillarydysentery(Shigellosis)iscausedbyShigella.62. Whichproducesthesetoxins:protectiveantigen(PA),edemafactor(EF),andlethalfactor(LF)?Bacillus

anthracis(causesanthrax)à63. Treponemapallidumbacteria(causessyphilis)?Darkfieldmicroscopy

-Syphiliscausesoralhardchancre,notpainful,useWassermanntest64. Hutchinson’steethisasignofcongenitalsyphilisinfection65. Whatprotozoaarespreadincatfeces?Toxoplasmagondii

VIRUS66. HowisArbovirustransmitted?Arthropods

-acryonym:ARthropod-BOrnevirus67. Whichvirusdoesn'thavelatentphase?Rhinovirus&Poliovirus

-theseDOestablishalatentinfectionàEBV,HVS-1&2,VZV,CMV(allherpesvirus)HEHCV68. Herpesvirusistheonlyvirusthatgetsitscellwallfrom?HostNuclearMembrane

-HerpesVirusàdsDNA,enveloped,nuclearmembrane,icosahedralnucleocapsid,establisheslatentinfection69. Cytomegalovirusareassociatedwithsalivaryglands(TORCHES)70. EBVandVaricellaZosteraremembersof?Herpesviridae

-EBVcancauseBurkitt’slymphoma,nasopharyngealcarcinoma,B-celllymphoma,hairyleukoplakia,infectiousmononucleosis

71. WhathappenswithprimaryexposuretoHSV1?PrimaryHerpeticGingivostomatitis72. Whatviruscausechickenpox?varicellazostervirus(VZV)73. EpsteinBarrVirusisrelatedtoàBurkitt’sLymphoma74. Whatcausesinfluenzatochangeyeartoyear?AntigenicCapsule(genereassortment)

-InfluenzaVirusisanorthomyxovirusw/outerenvelopehasspikes(H&N)forattachmenttohostcells.Txw/Amantadineàinhibitsviralattachmentanduncoating.

-Themainmodeofpreventionisthevaccine,whichconsistsofkilledinfluenzaAandBvirus.75. WhatarethevirulencefactorsofNeisseriameningitis?EndotoxinLPS(gramnegative)WATERHOUSE

FRIDERISCHENSYNDROME76. WhichisnotassociatedwithN.meningitis?Enterovirus(ex.Picornavirus)77. Whatdiseasecausingagentshaveapolysaccharidecapsule?H.influenza,Streptoccocus,cneoforman

EvenSomeSuperKillersHavePrettyNiceCapsulesE.coliS.pneumoniaSalmonellaK.pneumoniaHinfluenzaP.aeruginsosaN.meningitisCneoformans

78. Rubellacanbetransferredfrommothertofetus&isassociatedwithcongenitalabnormalities-Teratogen:ToRCHeS(toxoplasmosis,rubella,CMV,Herpessimplex,Syphilis)

79. Measles(Rubeola)&mumpsbelongtowhichgroupofvirus?Paramyxoviruses-Mumpcauseparotitis&sometimesinadults,orchitis(inflammationoftestes)

80. Koplik’sSpotsàMeasles(ssRNAparamyxovirus,transmittedbyrespiratorydroplet)81. HepatitisBvirion:“Daneparticle”82. Whathasthelongestincubationperiod?HepatitisB83. HepatitisCVirusisanRNAvirus&isblood-borne.(ssRNA,flavivirus)84. Whatversionofhepatitisischronic?HepatitisC

DRUGS85. Penicillinresistancecomesfrombacteriathatcontainwhatenzyme?Beta-lactamase86. MOAofamoxicillin?Disruptscellwall&inhibitscross-linkingbetweenpeptidoglycanchainsforgram(+)/(-)87. Whydoesn'tAmphotericinBworkagainstbacteria?Ergosterol(fungihaveincellwall,bacteriadon’t)88. Polyeneanti-fungalarespecifictofungusb/citattacksthesterolthatarepresentinfungibutnotbacteria89. AminoglycosidesàBindsto30sribosome&inhibitsmRNAtranslation(proteinsynthesis,bactericidal)90. Whatdon’tyoutreatpatientswithpenicillin&erythromycin?Penicillinonlyworksongrowingcells91. WhichoneisthemechanismofactionofFluorouracil?àSuicideinhibitorofthymidylatesynthase

-Fluorouracilisapyrimidineanalog,anti-neoplastic,interferesw/DNAsynthesisbyblockingthymidylatesynthetaseconversionofdeoxyuridylicacidtothymidylicacid.

92. Naproxen(Aleve)isareversiblenon-selectiveCOXinhibitorthatismorepotentthanaspirin.93. Whatmedicationblocksprostaglandins?Aspirin

-Aspirinirreversiblyinhibitscyclooxygenase(COX1&2)todecreaseformationofprecursorforThromboxaneA2(aplateletaggregatorthatisreleasedbybloodplatelets)&prostaglandins

94. Labtestforwarfarin?Prothrombintest(increases)- Warfarin=anticoagulant,inhibitsvitaminKreductaseàaffectingextrinsicpathways&prothrombin

conversionso↑ProthrombinTime(normalPPT&bleedingtime)HAEMOPHILAHASINCREASEDPPT95. SulfonamidescompetewithwhichmoleculeintheirmechanismofactionàPABAtoinhibitfolicacidsynthes

Thereforecannotmakepurinesorpyrimidines96. Sulfonamidesblockdihydrofolate&blockwhat?Purine&pyrimidinessynthesis97. Detergentkillsbacteriabyinterferingwiththefunctionofcellmembrane.(destroyfattycellparts)98. MOAofdigoxinisinhibitionofNa/KATPasethatcausesanincreaseinintracellularNalevels99. WhatmedicationisaDNAgyraseinhibitor?Ciprofloxacin

- Fluoroquinolone,endin–oxacins100. MOAofclindamycin?Inhibits50sribosome101. Mainsideeffectofclindamycin=pseudomembranouscolitis(diarrhea)102. RifampinworksasaRNASynthesisInhibitorTXOFTB!!!!

- inhibitsDNA-dependentRNA-Polymerase,whichstopsmRNAtranscription103. WhatisthemostcommonbacteriavaccinegivenintheUS?DTP(diphtheria,tetanus,andpertussis)104. Bordertellapertussis(whoopingcough)vaccineis?Killedvaccine105. Liveattenuatedvaccine(ex.Poliosabinvaccine)isanactiveimmunity

- Poliovaccines:sabin(oral/attenuated/alive)vssalK(injectionofkilledbacteria)106. AntibioticusedformeningitiscausedbyHaemophilusinfluenzaàCeftriaxone107. MOAofViagra:InhibitscGMP-specificphosphodiesterasetype5(PDE-5),whichregulatesbloodflowintothe

penis108. Allwilldepressrespiration,EXCEPT?

a. GeneralAnesthesiab. NitrousOxidec. Cocaine

SALIVA109. Whyissalivahypotonic?SalivaryductcellsreabsorbNa+&Cl-inexchangeforK+andHC03-

- Salivaishyposmolarb/creabsorptionofwaterbystriatedductcellsislessthanreabsorptionofNa+110. Whatnerveinnervatesthesalivaryglandsofthepalate?CN7111. Whichsalivaryglandsareonlymucussecreting?Palatinesalivarygland(inthesubmucosa)

-Onlyserousglands:VonEbner’s&parotidgland112. Howwouldtheparotiddifferfromsublingual(staining/histology)ormucous/serousgland:Parotid=serous,

moreeosinophilicwhilesublingual=pale-stainduetomucus,bubblyappearance(foamydarknuclei)113. Serousdemilunesareinwhichgland?Sublingualgland

-Serousdemilunesaretheserouscellsatthedistalendofmucoustubuloalveolarsecretoryunitofsublingualsalivaryglands.Theysecretetheproteinsthatcontainlysozyme,whichdegradesthebacteriacellwalls.

114. Whattypeofcellsmakeupthedemilunesofmucoussomethingofsublingualglands?Serouscells

115. WhatisnotderivedfromNeuralCrest?Salivaryglands&enamel116. Epitheliumofstriatedductsofsalivaryducts?simpleCOLUMNARepithelium117. Whatparotidsalivaryglandsresemblepancreaticductalcells?Serousgland&Intercalatedducts118. Whichsalivaryglandcellismorelikeproximalconvolutedtubuleinthekidney?StriatedDuctcell119. WhatisintheParotidgland?FEAR

-FEAR:FacialN.ExternalCarotidA.AuriculotemporalN.RetromandibularV120. Parotidglandduct(Stenson’sduct)piercesthebuccinatormuscle&islocatednearmaxillary1stmolar121. Alloftheprimaryionsareinsalivaexcept?Calcium

SUGAR&INSULIN

122. Whathormonestoresglucoseinadiposetissue?Insulin123. Decreasedinsulinwillresultinincreasedgluconeogenesis124. Whatisphosphorylatedinaninsulinreceptor?tyrosine125. Whatneedsaproteintransportertocrossthecellmembrane?GlucoseviaGLUT4

FACBIDIRECTIONALTRANSPORTION126. Glucagonsignalsthrough?cAMP(intercellular2ndmessenger)

-Glucagonreceptorisa7-transmembranereceptorcoupledtoaG-protein+cAMP127. Whatisintracellularelementofglucagon?

a. cAMPb. AMPc. ATPd. ADP

128. Glucagon&Epinephrineboth/haveincommon?Glycogenolysis+GLUCEONEOGENESIS129. Oxidativephosphorylationoccursinwhatenzyme?Pyruvatedehydrogenase130. Whatenzymeisusedfordecarboxylation?pyruvatedecarboxylase131. Ratelimitingenzymeforglycolysis?Phosphofructokinase(PFK)132. Glucose-6-phosphate(G6P)isnotfoundinthemuscles133. GlucoseissequesteredbywhichenzymeàHexokinase134. WhatisNOTtrueregardinghexokinase&glucokinase?TheyhavesameKm(glucokinaseishigher,more

affinity).-Glucokinaseisaisoformofhexokinasefoundonlyintheliver&onlyusessubstrateglucose

135. UTP-Glucosereactswithwhichofthefollowinginglycogensynthesis?Glucose-1-Phosphate(G1P)136. WhatstepsrestoresoxaloacetateinTCA?Malate,malatedehydrogenase137. Whatenzymesproduceoxaloacetate?PyruvateCarboxylase(pyruvateàoxaloacetate)138. WhatisthemainsourceofGlycerol?Glucose/pyruvate139. Whereisphosphoenolpyruvatefound?Liver

LUNGS&BLOOD

TV=airinspiredduringnormal,relaxedbreathingIRV=additionalairthatcanforcibleinhaledafterTVERV=additionalairthatcanbeforcibleexhaledRV=airremainingaftermaxexhalationTLC=maxairinalung,IRV+TV+ERV+RVIC=maxairinspired,IRV+TVFRC=airremaininginlungs,ERV+RVVC=IRV+ERC+TV

140. Tidalvolume=normalvolumeofairdisplacedbetweennormalinhalation&exhalationwhennoextraeffortisapplied(500mg)

141. Vitalcapacity=IRV+ERV+TV142. Residualvolume=airremainingaftermaxexhalation143. Pressureonamountainis250mmHg,whatisthepartialpressureofoxygen?50mmHg

-Oxygen=20%,Nitrogen=80%so250x0.2=50mmHg144. Epitheliumofrespiratorytract–pseudostratifiedciliatedcolumnarepitheliumwithgobletcells

145. Stretchreceptors(Hering-Breuerreflex)ofthelungiscarriedbyvagusnerve(CN10)topreventover-inflation

146. WhatproducesmucousinlungsàClaraCells(nonciliatedbronchiolarsecretorycellsthatmakeGAGstoprotectthebronchiolelining)

147. ObstructivelungdiseaseàCompliancegoesUP-ObstructiveLungDiseaseischaracterizedbyincreasedresistancetoairflow(lowerthannormalexpiratoryflow

rates)andhighlungvolumes.Decreasedelasticity,Increasescompliance.Examples:Chronicbronchitis,emphysema,asthma

-RestrictiveLungDiseaseischaracterizedbylowlungvolumesandSlightlyHigherthanNormalExpiratoryFlowRate(increasedlungelasticity).Decreasedcompliance.

ExamplesareInterstitialFibrosis(lunghardening),Asbestosis,andTuberculosis148. Inwhichcanweseemoresquamousepithelialmetaplasia?Bronchus

AnothersourcesaidESOPHAGOUS149. Whichorganmostlikelytoundergoredinfarction?Lung

-Whiteinfractaffectsolidorgans(ex.spleen,heart,andkidney)whileredinfraction(hemorrhagicinfarct)affectslungs&otherlooseorgansliketestis,ovary,SIduetoloosetissuesthatallowRBCtocollectintheinfarctedzone.

150. Emphysemacanleadtoàrespiratoryacidosis151. Hyperventationcancausealkalosis152. Metabolicacidosisàhyperventilation

RUBMUB-RespiratoryUsesBicarb,MetabolicUsesBreathing153. Aftermetabolicorrespiratoryacidosis,whichabnormalityofelectrolytesismorelikely?Hyperkalemia154. Whenisintrapleuralpressurethemostnegative?Endofexpiration155. Whenisalveolipressurethemostnegative?Beginningofinhalation156. Whatkindofepitheliumisfoundinthenasopharynxregion?CiliatedPseudostratifiedColumnarEpithelium157. Infanthastroublebreathing,whatcellsarecausingproblems?Type2Pnuemocytes

158. Whatdescribesoxygentransport?Bohreffect159. Whatistrueaboutmyoglobin?Graphishyberbolic(hemoglobin=sigmoidal)160. CarotidbodymeasurepartialpressureofO2161. Carbonmonoxide(CO)decreasesO2contentbutPO2isnormal162. Patientisonnitrous,bestwaytomeasureefficiency?Reserveminutevolume163. Mineralforcoagulation?Zinc&Ca+164. WhatcarriesironintheplasmaàTransferrin165. Prothrombinactswithwhichonetoformthrombin?Ca2+

-Prothrombin+Ca+/Pl/Factor10aàthrombin(liver)

166. Whatisthesubstrateofthrombin?Fibrinogen167. IfweputRBCinhypotonicsolutionàHemolysis168. Bloodtype:Anti-A&anti-Bbothagglutinate.Whatbloodtypeisit?AB169. WhichoneofthesehelpsintheretractionofbloodclotsàFactorXIII170. Boybleedsduringextraction,hismaternaluncle&malecousinhavesameproblem.Whatfactorisinvolved?

FactorVIII(HemophiliaA&sex-linked)-HemophiliaB(Christmasdisease)isduetoaFactor9deficiency,HemophiliaCisNOTsexlinkedandisduetoa

Factor11deficiency-characterizedbyhavingProlongPartialThromboplastinTime(PTT)andNormalPT/bleedingtime

RANDOM&ENZYMES&AA171. KnowCytochromeP450.Chooseexception

- Presentinalltissuesofthebody&helpw/hormonesynthesis/breakdown,cholesterolsynthesis,VitDmetabolism

- Metabolizetoxiccompounds,mostlyinliver172. Enzyme:CompetitiveInhibitoràIncreaseKm&VmaxRemainstheSame

-NoncompetitiveInhibitorsàKmstaysthesameandVmaxisreduced173. Incells,N-glycosylationoccursinwhere?Roughendoplasmicreticulum(inallcells)

-N-glycosylationistheattachmentofsugarglycantonitrogen(ex.amideofasparagine)174. Pyrimidinesynthesisbeginswithwhat?Ribose5-phosphate

-R5P=Resultofpentosephosphatepathway,makesribosefornucleotidesynthesis&NAPDforfattyacid/steroid

175. WhatprocessmakesNADPH?PentosePhosphateShunt176. Primarymoleculeforreductionbiosynthesis?NADPH177. PurinemetabolismintermediateandprecursorofadenosineandguanineàIMP(inosinemonophosphate)178. Whentakingawayphosphategroupfrom(namedanucleotide)?àNucleoside179. What’sthedifferencebetweenthymidine&uracil?Methylgrouponthymine

180. Phosphodiesterbonds–connectDNA|bone–connects2aminoacids181. What'sasmallmoleculethatcan'telicitimmuneresponseonitsown?Hapten

-Haptensareantigenicdeterminants,butaretoosmalltoelicittheformationofantibodiesbythemselves.Theycanelicitimmuneresponsewhenattachedtobiggermolecules.

182. Whatelicitsanimmuneresponsewhenboundtocarrierprotein?Hapten183. Alphahelix&betasheetsform(2ndaryproteinstructure)viahydrogenbonds184. WhatisthemainAAinthetertiarystructureofprotein?Cysteine(disulfidebones)185. Whatkindofforceholdsproteinsinthelipidbilayer?HydrophobicInteraction186. tRNAwobbleisinthe3rdpositionofthecodon187. Whichoneplaysanimportantroleindetectingthestartingcodon(initiation)forRNAtranscription?Sigma

Part188. Whatdeterminesproteinturnover?H-bonds&peptidebones:breakdown&synthesisofproteins189. ProductofenzymeisocitratedehydrogenaseinTCAcycle?Alpha-ketogluterate190. Intheaminoacidmetabolism,whatarethe2primaryacceptorsofaminegroups?OAA&alpha-

ketogluterate191. Phenylketonuriaisadeficiencyofphenylalaninehydroxylase(PAH)

-PhenylalaninehydroxylaseisresponsiblefortheconversionofphenylalanineAAtoanotheraminoacid,tyrosine.

192. Whataminoacidisassociatedwithtastesensationofumami?L-glutamate193. Whatisthechargeofglutamicacid@pH=1?+2194. Whataretheketogenicaminoacids?Leucine&Lysine

-KetogenicAAcanbedegradeddirectlyintoacetylCoA,whichisaprecursorforketonebodies195. NisslbodyisroughER196. Whatresiduesarephosphorylatedtoactivate/deactivateanenzyme(likeglycogensynthaseorglycogen

phosphorylase)?Serine197. Ifpatientisonalowcarbdiet,he/shewantslowlevelsof?Reduceproductionofinsulinwithlowlevelof

MalonylCoA198. Apoptosis?Hormonedependentphysiologicinvolution

IMMUNESYSTEM199. AlternativecomplementpathwaystartswithàC5(C5a=Chemoattractant)200. Interferongamma(IF-G)receptorcomplexproducesdimerizationofchainsàsecretedbyTcells,anti-

viral/tumor,partofClassIIinterferons201. CytotoxicTcellsrecognize?MHCI202. T-cellreceptors(TCR)aresimilartowhichone?Fab203. Whichofthefollowingisforadelayedhypersensitivity/latentinfection?Tcells&macrophage,lymphocytes

204. SimilaritybetweenTypeI&TypeIIhypersensitivity:bothrequireprevioussensitization205. WheredoestheantigenforMCHIcomefrom?Virus&infectedcells206. Whichofthefollowingisusedtophagocytizebacteria?GammaFcreceptor+C3b

207. Thepredominantcellinacuteinflammatoryresponse&inabscesses?PMN208. Whatcausespus?neutrophils209. WhatsecretsTNF-Alpha&IL-l?Activatedmacrophages210. WhichWBCismostabundant?neutrophils211. WhichtypeofWBCshowsthelowestinblood?Basophils

-NeverLetMonkeysEatBananas(Neutrophil,Lymphocyte,Monocyte,Eosinophil,Basophil)NERVES

212. PosturalReflexàStretchReflex

213. SpasticityisdefinedasHyper-ResponsiveStretchReflex-Spasticityisahypertonusstateoftheaffectedmusclesduetoareleasesofthetonicinhibitionofthe

brainstem,facilitatoryinfowhichleadstogammamotorneuronexcitation.Thus,hyperactivityofthegammafibers

214. Wheredoesthisariseinthespinalcord:sympatheticpreganglioniccervicalganglion(SCG)?T1-T8215. Wherearethecellbodiesofthepreganglionicsympatheticnervesthatinnervatetheheadà

Intermediolateralhornofspine(T1-L2)216. Norepinephrineisapost-synapticsympatheticNT.

217. Whatneurotransmitterisfoundinnervesthattransferpain?SubstanceP218. Endomysium(areolarCTaroundeachmuscleFIBER)/endoneurium(CTaroundmyelinsheath/neuronaxon) 219. CNSmyelinsheathformedbyoligodendrocytes.PNSmyelinformedbySchwanncells220. Animpulsecantravelfromonenervetoanotherinonedirectionbecausethesynapselimitsthedirectionof

travel.221. AbsoluterefractoryperiodisbyNAchannelinactivation222. Whatsoluteaffectsmembranerestingpotential?K+223. Na+-K+pumpisanexampleofwhattypeoftransport?Activetransport224. Restingpotentialis-70mV&extracelllalarK+increases&comesoutofnowhere?Nochange225. WhathappenswhenthereisadecreaseinextracellularK+?Hyperpolarization

-LowextracellularK=hyperpolarization|highextracellularK=depolarizationCOLLAGEN&BONES

226. VitaminCàHydroxylation(ofproline&lysineduringcollagensynthesis)227. Incollagensynthesis,whatparthappensoutsidethecell?àlysyloxidase(LOX)forcross-linkingcollagen228. Lysyloxidase–Cuisneeded(cofactor)229. Whatthe3rdAAsequenceincollagen?Glycine–proline–lysine(Glycine-Proline-XorGlycine-X-

Hydroxyproline)230. Whataminoacidsotherthanglycineisfoundincollagen?Proline&Lysine

-Lysineisinvolvedincrosslinking231. Whatispresentincollagen,thatisn’tinelastin?Hydroxylysine

-tropocollagenisonlyfoundincollagen&reticularfibers,alsohashydroxyproline&hydroxylysine.-Elastinhasglycine,alanine,proline,&hydroxyproline.Italsohastropoelastin.

232. WhatisNOTneededforsynthesisforcollagen?VitaminKorFolicAcid233. Whatisresponsibleforcalciumregulation?Parathyroidhormone(IncreaseSerumCalcium)234. Mainroleofcalcitonin?Boneresorption235. Osteoclastsàmonocytes236. Whatisnotinperiosteum?Osteocytes237. WhatcytokinesarefoundinOsteoclasticBone?IL-1,IL-6,PGE2,TNF-alpha,MMPs238. WhatarehousedinHowship’sLacunae?Osteoclasts

-Howship’slacuna=groove/cavityusuallycontainingosteoclaststhatoccursinbonewhichisundergoingreabsorption)

-Trabecularboneis1stresorbedbyosteoclasts,creatingashallowresorptionput(Howship’slacuna).Then,osteoclastdepositcompactboneinthepit.

239. Endosteum:thinlayerofCTthatlinethesurfaceofbonytissuethatformthemedullarycavityoflongbones240. Whattypeofbonedoyouseeafter2-3yearsatthesiteofinjury?Compactbone241. Whichofthefollowingisnotfoundincompactbone?fibroblast242. Whatisthechemicalformulaofthemostcommonsaltfoundinthebone?HACa10(P04)6(OH)2243. VitaminDdeficiencyàKids:Rickets,Adult:Osteomalacia244. VitaminD:25hydroxycholecalciferolgetsconvertedto1,25dihydroxycalciferolwhere?Kidney

245. WheredoyougetVitaminDfrom?Skin,liver,kidney

THEBODY(NERVES&MUSCLES)246. InnervationoftheThenarmuscle(thumb)àMedianNerve

-Thenararegroupofmusclesonthepalm&atbaseofthethumb247. Whatinnervatestheanteriorwrist?Mediannerve

248. WhatpartofthearmismostsusceptibletoulnarnerveinjuryàElbow249. Whichmuscleinthearmisinnervatedbytheradialnerve(suppliesupperlimbs)àTriceps250. Whatbrachialnerve&muscleisforcircumductionofthearm?Axillary(b/cofdeltoids)251. SupinationoftheRadio-ulnarjoint?bicepsbrachii252. Whatmuscleadductsthescapula?Rhomboids

-Adduct=trapezius&rhomboids(major,minor)-Abduct=serratusanterior,pectoralis

253. Whichonedoesnotcontributedtotheposteriorwalloftheaxilla?Serratusanterior,Humerus(?)-Posteriorwall=Subscapularis,TeresMajor,LatissiumusDorsi,&Scapula

254. InnervationthatcausesRotationoftheArmàC5(docsaysC5-C6)255. Ifapersoncan’tflextheirwrist,whatnervesareinvolved?C6-C7(Ulnarn.,FlexorCarpiUlnarism)

256. WhatinnervatestheBrachialis(bicepsmuscles)?Musculocutaneous(C5-C7)257. Whatisthemostdistalportionofthebrachialplexus?Branches(Musculocutaneous,Axillary,median,radial,

ulnarnerve)

258. Axillarysheathsurroundstheaxillaryvein,axillaryartery&3cordsofthebranchialplexusàNOT

trunks/rootsofbranchialplexus259. Wheredothe4th,5th,and6thintercostalveinsdrain?AccessoryHemizygous(formedbythe4th-8thintercostal

veins)260. Rightsuperiorintercostalmusclesdrainintotherightsideazygosvein261. Azygousveinleavesimpressiononrightlung262. WhatsuppliestheSAnodeàRightcoronaryArtery263. Whereisatherosclerosismostcommon?AbdominalAorta264. WhatexitsthethoraxatT12àDescendingAorta265. Thoracicductisbehindwhat?Esophagus&aorta266. EsophagusbeginsatwhatlevelàCricoidCartilage(atC6),inferiortothecricothyroid267. Whatisposteriortotheaorta

a. RightKidneyb. Liverc. Colon(&pancreasareanteriortotheabdominalaorta)

268. Whatarethevisceralarteriesoftheabdominal/descendingaorta?Celiactrunk&inferiormesenteric-Includes:Celiactrunk,renal&superior/inferiormesenteric(notinferiorphrenic)

269. DirectbranchoftheCeliacTrunk?SplenicArtery(alsoLeftGastricandCommonHepaticA)270. Hepaticportalveincontainsbloodfromthe?Superiormesenteric&SplenicVein271. HepaticSinusoiddrainwhatàPortalBloodtoCentralVein

BODYPARTTWO

272. What’snotfoundinepithelium?Meissner’scorpuscle(finetouch)273. Meisseinerplexusàonlyparasympathetic274. Auerbach’sPlexusàbothParasympatheticandSympathetic(motorinnervationtobothlayersoftunica

muscularis)275. Differencebetweenlaminapropria&dermis?DermishasdenseirregularCT276. Whattypeofcellsareinstratumgranulosumlayer?Keratohylain277. Whatisnotpresentinanorthokeratinizedlayer?Stratumlucidium(listedalltheotherstratums)278. Floorofthemouthisnon-keratinizedstratifiedsquamousepithelium

-Softtissuestructuresthatarenonkeratinized?Softpalate,buccalmucosa279. Epitheliumofpalate=keratinizedstratifiedsquamousepithelium

-hardpalate,attachedgingiva,dorsumoftongue=keratinizedSSE280. Whatwillcoverthehardpalateafteranulcerheals?ParakaratinizedStratumSquamousEpithelium281. Mostabundantpapillae?Filiformpapilla

282. Tastebudsareinvolvedinallpapillaeexcept?Filiform

283. Youonlyhaveminoramountsofthistastebud?Circumvallatepapilla

284. Antibodyinmucosalsurfaces?IgA

285. TonguemovestotheRightàRightCNXIIDamage-Damage/lesiontoCN12showsdeviationtowardsparalyzedsidewhenprotrudedb/cofweakergenioglossal

muscle.286. Whatprotrudesthetongueàgenoioglossus287. Whatprotrudesthemandible?Lateralpterygoid288. WhatPROTRUDESthehyoidboneàGeniohyoidhelpsmovetongueandhyoidanteriorly289. Whatnarrowsthemaxillarybuccalvestibulewhenyouopenyourmouthalltheway?CoronoidProcess290. Allofthefollowingelevatethelarynxexceptthesternothyoid291. WhatcreatestheLaryngealProminenceàThyroidCartilage292. Mostsuperiorpartoflarynx?Aryepiglotticfold(Epiglottis)293. Whatmuscleconstricttoproducesound?Lateral&transversecricoarytenoids

294. Whatistheonlymuscletoabduct(contract)thelarynx(vocalfold)?Posteriorcricoarytenoidm.

295. Whatinnervatesmusclesbelowthevocalfold&mostofthelaryngealmusclesàrecurrentlaryngealnerve(ofCN10)

296. Internallaryngealnerveinnervatesthyrohyoidmembrane297. WhatoccursduringTracheostomy?ReducedAirwayResistance,ReducedDeadSpace298. TracheaBifurcationàSternalAngle299. Thyroidhormoneisstoredinthecolloid300. WheredoestheINFERIORthyroidarterycomefromàThyrocervicalTrunk301. Thearteriesthatsupplythethyroidglandarefromthethyrocervicaltrunk&ECA(superiorthyroidA)302. Terminalbranchesoftheexternalcarotidartery?Superficialtemporal&maxillaryartery303. Inthecarotidtriangle,whatbranchoftheECAwouldn’tyousee?Superficialtemporalartery

304. Whatmakesupthecarotidtriangle?AnteriorborderofSCM,posteriordine,superioromohyoid

305. Submentaltriangleconsistofanteriordigastric,hyoidbone&mandible.306. WhatstructureisposteriortothecarotidsheaththatrunsalongtheLongusCapitasmuscleàSympathetic

ChainGanglia307. WhatinthecarotidsheathàCommoncarotid,internaljugular,vagusnerve,NOTansacervicalisorphrenic

N308. Whatdoesthesigmoidsinusdraininto?Internaljugularvein309. Wheredoesdeepfacialveindraininto?PterygoidPlexus

-Deepfacialveinconnectstheanteriorfacialvein&thepterygoidplexus310. Whatspecificorgansdoestheportalveindrain?Stomach(Alsodrainsspleen,pancreas,SI,LI)311. Whichoneisnotafunctionofthespleen?Produceplasmacells312. Thedifferencebetweentheinferiorvenacava&portalveinsàportalcontainnovalves313. MostcommoncauseofportalhypertensionàLivercirrhosis(canalsoleadtoesophagealvarices)314. Esophagealvaricescommonlyseeninwhat?Alcoholicsorportalhypertensionfromcirrhosis315. Esophagealvaricescancausehematemesis(vomitingblood)316. Alcoholics&livercirrhosisàMallorybodies(inclusionfoundinthecytoplasmoflivercells,damaged

intermediatefilamentsinthehepatocytes,usuallyfoundinpeoplew/alcoholicliver)

317. Mostfrequentformofvaricosities/varicoseveins?SuperficialveinsintheLegs318. VeinsàThickTunicaAdventitia|MuscularArteriesàThickTunicaMedia319. Initialvenousdrainageofthejejunum?Superiormesentericvein

ADRENALMEDULLA320. Whichendocrineglandisnotessentialforlife?Adrenalmedulla321. Whatorganisnotstimulatedbytheanteriorpituitary?Adrenalmedulla322. Whichofthefollowingisacanceroftheadrenalmedulla?Pheochromocytoma

-Cardinalsignispersistentorepisodichypertension,oftenbenign&resultsinirregularsecretionsofepi/norepi323. Cellproducingepinephrine&norepinephrine?chromaffincellsofadrenalmedulla324. Whichoneistheendorganofthesympatheticsystem?AdrenalMedulla325. KnowthefunctionofB1&B2receptors.

-B1=heart|B2=dilution,smoothmuscle-Alpha1&2:nonepinephrine

326. Cortisolisproducedinzonafasciculate,androgensproducedinzonareticularis

REPRODUCTIVE&DEVELOPMENT327. Femalesecretingendometrium–whatcycleisshein?luteal328. WhichorganDOESN'Tmakeestrogen?

a. graafianfollicle(after1stmeioticdivision,2Nhaploidstage)b. corpusluteumàhCGstimulatescorpusluteumtosecreteestrogenc. adrenalmedullaàtheadrenalCORTEXsecretesestrogen,themedullasecretescatecholamined. thecainterna

329. Whichisanintracellularreceptor?Estrogen-Includessteroid,estrogen,progesterone,VitaminDderivatives

330. Whichofthefollowingactsasnuclearreceptor?VitaminD-Nuclearreceptorsincludeendogenoushormones,VitaminA&D

331. WhathormonepromotesspermatogenesisàFSH-FSHpromotesfollicledevelopmentinfemale&stimulatesSertolicellstoproduceandrogen-bindprotein,which

stimulatesspermatogenesis.-LHpromotestestosteroneproductioninmales&estrogenproductioninfemales).

332. Granulosacellsoffemalesaresimilartowhatcellsfoundinmales?SertoliCells-Sertolicellshelpwithspermatogenesisintheseminiferoustubules,activatedbyFSH

333. Whereistestosteronemade?Leydigcells334. Whichisnotinseminiferoustubules?Leydigcell(foundadjacenttoseminiferoustubulesininterstitial

tissues,regulatedbyLH)335. Spermstored/matureinepididymis336. WhatsustainstheCorpusLuteumafterthe1sttrimesteràhCG

-Humanchorionicgonadotropinmadebyplacenta,allowscorpusluteumtomaintainhighprogesterone337. Immunoglobulintransferfrommothertofetus?IgGviaplacenta338. CellcycleimmediatelyafterfertilizationàMeiosisII339. Whatisnottranscriptionallyactive?Heterochromatin(highlycondensed,stillzippedupinchromosome)340. Whatphaseismostvariableindurationofthecellcycle?G1341. WhatstageisDNAsynthesisinthecellcycle?S`342. HistonesaresynthesizedinwhichphaseofthecellcycleàSphase343. Hepatocytesfromwhatembryonictissue-endoderm

-Endoderm-Gastrointestinaltract,Respiratorytract,Thyroid,Thymus,Endocrineglandsandorgans,Auditorysystem,UrinarySystem,Liver,Pancreas

-Ectoderm-Epitheliumofskin,Nervoustissue-Mesoderm-Connectivetissue,bone,cartilage,bloodcells,allmuscles(cardiac,smooth,skeletal),bodycavities

andsomecardiovascularandurinarysystems344. Ureterinkidney=mesoderm345. WhataresymptomsofTrisomy21(Downsyndrome)?Wideneck,Flatnose,Smallmouth346. Klinefeltersyndromeà47:XXY347. Turnerssyndromeà45:XO348. Whatisthenameofthecellularmassafterfertilizationbutbeforeimplantationàblastula349. Whichstageofthezygotedoesimplantationontheuterusoccur?Blastocyst350. Theligamentumarteriosumisaremnantofwhatembryologicalstructure?fetalleftductusarteriosus

-Ductusarteriosusconnectsthepulmonaryarterytothedescendingaortatobypassthefetallungs,doesn’tdisappearimmediatelyafterbirth

351. Whatgoeswithligamentumarteriosum?LeftrecurrentlaryngealN.352. Ligamentumvenosumcomesfromwhat?Ductusvenosus

-shuntsleftumbilicalveinblooddirectlytotheinferiorvenacava,bypassliver-ligamentumteres=remnantofumbilicalveinontheliver

353. Structurepresentinfetalheartthatallowsbloodtopassfromrighttoleftatrium?Fossaovalis(remnantoffetalforamenovale)

354. CristaterminalisislocatedontheRightatrium

-Itisthejunctionbetweenthesinusvenosus&theheartintheembryo

DEVELOPMENT(ARCHES)

355. Anomalousdevelopmentofexternalacousticmeatus?problemwith1stpharyngealcleft

-Also1starch=incus&malleus,2ndarch=stapes

356. Meckel’sCartilagemakeswhatàMalleus&Incus(1stBranchialArch)357. MandibleisLATERALtoMeckel’scartilageindevelopment.358. Hyoidbonedevelopsfromwhicharch?2ndarch&3rdarch359. Buccinatormuscledevelopsfromwhicharch?2ndarch360. Reichert’scartilage=2ndarch,makesstapesbone,styloidprocess,stylohyoid,CNVII361. InferiorParathyroidisfromà3rdPouch362. Thymusglandisfromthe3rd&4thbrachialpouches363. WhatdevelopsfromRathke’spouch(ectoderm)?anteriorpituitary(adenohypophysis)364. Philtrumofthelipisformedfrommedialnasalprocesses&maxillaryprocesses365. Unilateralcleftlipiscausedbythemaxillaryprominencesontheaffectedsidejoiningwiththemerged

medialnasalprominence.366. Whatformsthepalate?FusionofIntermaxillary&PalatalShelves367. Macrostomia(largemouth)isfailureoffusionofmaxillary&mandibularprocess368. Whatstructureinbranchialarchesfailedifbabyhasbifurcatedtongue?Tuberculumimpar369. Hypoglossalnerve(CN12)comesfromoccipitalsomites(notpharyngealarches)370. WhichonecomesfromtheupperlayeroftheneuraltubeàAscendingSensoryPathway

Ascendingtracts–thepathwaysbywhichsensoryinformationfromtheperipheralnervesistransmittedtothecerebralcortex.Itconsistofdorsalcolum-mediallemniscalpathway(finetouch/proprioception)&anterior/lateralspinothalamictract.

371. OriginoftheponsandmedullaàRhombencephalon(hindbrain,includes:medulla,pons&cerebellum)-3primaryvesicles:Prosencephalon+Mesencephalon+Rhombencephalon

372. Whatistheponsderivedfrom?Metencephalon(pons&cerebellum)-5SecondaryVesicles:Telencephalon+Diencephalon+Mesencephalon+Metencephalon+Myelencephalon

PATHOLOGY

WORDS DEFINITIONS

ANAPLASIA AbsenceofdifferentiationAPLASIA Organorpartoforganmissing,lackofcellgrowthHYPOPLASIA Inadequateorbelowaverage#ofcellHYPERPLASIA Proliferation/increasein#ofcellsNEOPLASIA Abnormalcell/tissuephenotype,maturationabnormalityDYSPLASIA Growth,lossofnormaltissuearrangement,pre-malignantMETAPLASIA Reversibleconversionincelltype

373. Whichtermisthebestforacarcinomathatdoesn'tperforatebasementmembrane?Dysplasia

-Dysplasiaisnon-malignantcellulargrowth,butmayprecedemalignantchangesinthetissue.Itisassociatedwithchronicirritationofatissue,tissueappearssomewhatstructurelessanddisorganizedandmayconsistsofatypicalcellswithoutinvasion.

374. MostindicativeofcanceràDysplasia375. Whichtermdescribesalackofdifferentiation?Anaplasia(foundinmoremalignanttumors)

-Anaplasiaisdedifferentiation(less-welldifferentiatedisanaplastic)376. MetaplasiaàReversiblereplacementofonetissuetypewithanother377. Whichofthefollowingwouldyounotexpectwithaneoplasm/notacharacteristicofmalignancy?Aplasia378. Neoplasmdifferences:

Benign WelldifferentiatedSlowgrowthEncapsulated/well-circumscribedLocalizedMoveable

Malignant Lessdifferentiated(anaplastic)RapidgrowthInvasion/metastasisImmovable

379. MultipleMyelomaàCancerofPlasmaCellsinbonemarrow380. HavingBenceJonesproteininurineindicatesàmultiplemyeloma

-MultiplemyelomahasbenchJonesprotein(immunoglobulinlightchainsproducedbyneoplasticplasmacells),Russellbodies(IgEinclusion),punchedoutappearance,increasedsusceptibilitytoinfection

381. Whatarethelabresultsofapersonthathasprostatecancer?Increasedserumacidphosphatase&Increaseprostaticspecificantigen-Prostatecarcinomaw/metastasestotheboneresultsinincreasedPTH,highalkalinephosphatase&increasein

ProstaticSpecificAntigen(PSA)382. Manhasbonyexocytosiswithanaplasticglandularepi.Whatisit?Prostatecarcinoma,whichmetastases383. MostprobablecauseforprolongedbleedingtimeinapatientwithLEUKEMIAàDecreasednumberofblood

platelet-LeukemiaisadiseasesofthereticuloendothelialsysteminvolvinguncontrolledproliferationofWBC.People

withleukemiamayhavethrombocytopenia.384. Reed-SternbergcellsàHodgkin’sLymphoma385. InadditiontoKarposi’sSarcoma,whichothermalignantneoplasmisoftenobservedwithAIDS?Non-

HodgkinsLymphoma-HIV(retrovirus)isanoncogenicRNAvirus.Non-Hodgkin’sLymphomaarecancersoflymphoidtissuewiththe

involvedtissuebeingenlargedandareaccompaniedbynightsweats&fever.386. Patienthasulcersinthegingiva.Labvaluesare1200WBC,98%lymphocyte,normalplatelet/RBC?Whatdoes

thepthave?Chroniclymphocyticleukemia(CLL)-ALL&CLLhavehigh#oflymphocytes.Theleukemiacellssurvivelongerthannormalcells,andbuildup,

crowdingoutnormalcellsinthebonemarrow.387. WhatdoyoufindinthesweatofapersonwithCysticFibrosis?Increasedchloride&chloride(NaCl)388. Patientwithrashonsidedofface,droopyeyelid,constrictionofpupil,whatnervedysfunction?Horner’s

Syndrome=damagetoSYMPATHTIC(SuperiorCervicalGanglion)389. Tay-SachsDiseaseisadeficiencyiswhatenzymeàHexosaminidase

-Tay–Sachsdisease(hexosaminidaseAdeficiency)isanauto-immuneautosomalrecessivedisordercausingdeteriorationofnervecellsduetoaccumulationofgangliosides(spinolipid)causingnervedeath.

390. Sphingomyelin/Sphingophospholipid:knowcharacteristicsàNotResponsibleforRBCRecognition-SphingomyelinFunction:PlasmaMembraneConstituent,NerveTissueConstituent(myelinsheath),lysosomes-Majorconstituent:ceremide&choline,accumulationisNeimann-PickDisease

391. Whatdiseasesarelysosomaldeficiency?Niemann-Pick,Gaucher’s,Tay-Sachs392. PrionsaffectwhichorganàBrain393. MitralValveismessedup,whatwillyousee?PulmonaryEdema394. Whatdoesnotcauseedema?Highalbumin(somesourcessayShock)395. Patienthadastroke.Whatcommonarteryisoccluded?Middlecerebralartery

-Strokecanbecausedininfractinthebrain396. Patientgotepiduralhemorrhage,whicharterywassevered?Middlemeningealartery397. Personhasacutehemorrhage,whatoccurs?HeartRateincreases&BPdecreases398. MyocardialInfractionàCoagulativeNecrosis(ischemia,bloodloss,<3/kidney)

-Liquefactivenecrosis:enzymedigestion,infection(CNS)-Gangrenousnecrosis:largeareas(lowerextremities,bowel)-Fat/calcifiednecrosis:pancreas,breastetc

399. Whichoneisautosomaldominant?Gardner’sSyndrome400. X-linkedàagammaglobulinemia(lackofgammaglobulininthebloodcausingimmunedeficiency)401. Atelectasisàdeflated/collapsedalveoli(reductioningasexchange)402. WhatdiseaseblocksacetylcholinereceptorsattheNMJ?MyastheniaGravis403. Whattumorisassociatedwithmyastheniagravis?Thymoma(tumorinthymusgland,t-cellmaturation)404. Whatwouldatumoroftheanteriorpituitarycause?affectedACTHspecifically

405. ExcessingsecretionofACTHcausesCushing’ssyndrome

406. ExcessiveACTHcauseshyperglycemia&weightgain

407. AcromegalyasaresultoftumorofwhatàAnteriorPituitary(causinghighlevelsofgrowthhormone)

408. DiabetesinsipidusàLackofADH409. HowwouldyoudescribeDiabetesType1?Autoimmune&isletcellsappeardegenerated

410. Whatcausesmicroanginemaindiabetics?Damagetosmallcapillaries411. WhatisresponsibleforPOLYURIAindiabetes?Capacityofthekidneystoreabsorbglucoseissurpassed,

glucoseislostintheurine,alongw/ofwater&electrolytes.412. NeurofibromatosisischaracterizedbyàMultiplelargepigmentedskinlesions(café-au-lait,lightbrown

spotsontheskin)413. GERD(Gastroesophagealreflexdisease)–Barret’sesophagus&itspremalignantmetaplasia?

Adenocarcinoma-Replacementofnormalepitheliumliningoftheesophagusw/simplecolumnarepithelium+gobletcells(which

arefoundinlowerGI)414. WhereinGItractareyoumostlikelytoseeachalasia?Esophagus

-Affectsabilitytoperformperistalsis,nerverelated415. Knowthesekidneyinfections:

-AcutePyelonephritis:infectionoftheRENALPELVIS(kidneyandureters),usuallyE.colimostoftenfromaUTIorVesicoureteralrefluxàActiveinfectionandabscesscandevelop,renalpelvisfilledwithpus(PMNs)

-ChronicPyelonephritisàimpliesrecurrentkidneyinfections&canresultinscarringoftherenalparenchyma&impairedfunction,esp.duetoobstruction(usuallyE.coliinfectionoftherenalpelvis).

-Acuteglomerulonephritis(inflammationoftheglomeruliofthekidney.Presentwithhematuriaandproteinuria,oracuteorchronicrenalfailure.Primarycauseareintrinsictothekidney)

416. WhatGIdiseaseischaracterizedbynon-caseatinggranulomas?Crohn’sdisease417. GIcarcinoma/malignancycausedbyvillousadenoma418. Whatparthasthemostchanceofanadenocarcinoma?Rectum

-Rectum/Sigmoid:assocw/VillusAdenomas,suchasulcerativecolitis,Crohn’sdisease,Gardner’ssyndrome&FamililialPolyposis.(colorectal:villouspolyps)

419. Positiveanti-nuclearantibodytest(ANA)&positiveanti-smithantibodyisspecificfordisease?LupusSLE-RH+factorsuggestedthatthepatienthasSLE,alsohasjointproblems(RA)

420. Whichoneisnotanautoimmunedisease?a. Arthusreactionb. Erythroblastosisfetalisàmom=Rh(+)/babyRh(-),causeshemolyticanemiac. SLEd. MultipleSclerosis

421. SickleCellAnemiaHbSwhathappens?(HbS=hemoglobinS,abnormalβ-globin)a. Agglutination&Oxygenationb. Agglutination&Deoxygenationc. Deglutination&Deoxygenationd. Deglutination&Oxygenation

422. Sicklecellanemiaàmissensemutation(singlepointmutation)423. Perniciousanemiaresultsfromwhat?LackofvitaminB12424. Megaloblasticanemiaisduetoadeficiencyof?FolicAcid(B9)425. Mostcommontypeofanemia?Irondeficiencyanemia426. Chroniculcerwithchronicslowbloodloss;whatisthemostlikelycomplication?IronDeficiencyAnemia427. ChronicbloodlossfromduodenumleadstoàMicrocytic&HypochromaticAnemia(IronDefAnemia)428. Chronicbleedingpepticulcer,whatisasign/symptom?Fecaloccult(bloodinstool)429. WhatdoesNOTcauseCanceràAnthracosis

-Anthracosisiscausedbychronicexposuretocoal,pollutedairorcigarettes.Blackpigmentisdepositedinlungparenchyma

430. MostcommoncancerofthelungàSquamouscellcarcinoma431. MostcommonsiteinthelungtohaveSquamousCellCarcinoma?CenteroftheLung432. Patienthaddysphonia,dysphagia,weightloss,longtermheavysmokeràlaryngealcarcinoma433. Whereinthelungsdoescancerariseifpatientsmokescigarette?Bronchiolarcells434. Withhypertension,theheartshowsleftVentricularHypertrophy435. AllofthefollowingarereasonsforHTNexcept

a. Renin

b. AngiotensinIIc. PartialOcclusionoftheRenalArteryd. Pheochromocytoma

436. Theanterioroftheright&leftventricleshavenecrosis,whatarteryisblocked?Anteriorintraventricularartery

437. Swollenlymphnodesinthesupraclavicularregion(Virchow’snode)indicatecancerof?Gastriccancer438. Whatsyndromeincreaseriskofcoliccancer?Peutz-Jegherssyndrome(causesgrowths/polypsintheGI)439. Manisinthesunalot,developsgrownspottothesideofthenosethatisgrowing?Lentigomaligna440. WhichdiseaseiscaseousnecrosisàTuberculosis

-Caseousnecrosishascheese-liketissueappearance&granuloma,celldeathcausedbyenzymaticdegradation.CommoninTB,Leprosy,Histoplasmosis

441. AgirlfromAfricahadTB,whatwouldnotbeacauseofapositiveTBtest?Leprosy442. Whatdocerebralvascularaccidents,Parkinson’s,andAlzheimer’shaveincommon?Dementia

-Parkinson’s=substantianigraaffected,tremors/uncontrolledmovement443. AmyloiddepositrelatedtoSjögren'ssyndrome(andAlzheimer’s)àTRUE444. Ifhypophysisisn’tworking?Hypogonadotrophy445. Basalcellcarcinomaisupperlip&squamouscellcarcinomaislowerlip446. Whatcausesoldmentopissalot?BPH(benignprostatehyperplasia)

447. Mostcommoncauseoflump/palpablemassonawoman’sbreast?FibrocysticLesions/changes-Fibroadenoma=mostcommontumor,benign,unilateral

448. Hypothyroidismcauses?Positivenitrogenbalance449. MetastaticCalcification&nephrolithiasis(renalCa+stones)areduetoHyperparathyroidism450. AdenosineDeaminasedeficiencycauseswhatdiseaseàSevereCombinedImmuneDeficiency(SCID)

-Adenosinedeaminaseisinvolvedinpurinemetabolism&isneededforthebreakdownofadenosinefromfood.Primaryfunctioninhumansisthedevelopment&maintenanceoftheimmunesystem.

451. Whatisthelikelycauseofapulmonaryembolism?Thrombophlebitis(espfromdeepveinthrombosis)452. MostcommonendometrialcanceràLeiocarcinoma453. Goitersareduetohyperplasia(nothypertrophy)454. Whatdoeshypoplasiamostlike?Smallorgandevelopment

HEADINNERVATIONS

455. LacrimalglandinnervatedbyàSuperiorSalivatoryNucleus-itsynapsesonthePterygopalatineganglion

456. Painfromwhichtract?LateralSpinothalamicTract457. patientisgiventopicaltorelievewhatfibers:Adeltafibers

-NTforAdeltafibers=glutamate458. Sensationonthefaceandteethinvolvedwhatnucleus?MainSensoryNucleusofV459. Whataretheprimarysensoryneuronsofterminationinvolvedinpainfromthemaxillary2ndmolar?Spinal

NucleusofV-NucleusofCNVinclude

I. Mesencephalicnucleus:proprioceptionofface,jaw-jerkreflexII. Mainsensorynucleus:lighttouchIII. SpinalTrigeminalnucleus:pain&temperature

460. WhichsubnucleusofthespinalnucleusofVisresponsibleforpainsensation?parsinterpolaris461. Painfromfacegoesto?VPM

-Facialpain=VPM(Ventralposteromedialnucleus)|bodypain=VPL(Ventralposterolateralnucleus)

462. Branchiomericnervescomefromwhere?CN5,7,9,10

-Branchiomericnervesarenervestostriatedmusclesofthehead&neckthatdevelopfrombranchialarches.NervesincludesCN5(1starch),CN7(2ndarch),CN9(3rdarch),andCN10(4th/6tharch).

463. WhatnerveinvolvedinblinkingàCNV1&CN7464. Whatnerveinnervatestheskinabovetheupperlip?InfraorbitalN465. Patientcomplainsaboutburningsensationinthemandibularanterior?Mentalnerve

466. Whatinnervatestheposteriorhardpalate?GreaterpalatineN(anteriorhardpalate=nasopalatineN)

467. Whichnerveinnervatesoftplate?Lesserpalatinenerve(CNV2)468. WhichisnotpartpftheCavernousSinusàOpticNerve

-nervesthatAREassocwiththecavernoussinusare:CN3,4,6,V1,V2(mnemonic:OTOMCAT)

469. Whatparasympatheticnerverunsthroughtheforamenlacerum?GreaterPetrosal470. Whatforamentransmitspre-ganglionicparasympatheticfibers?ForamenOvale(forlesserpetrosalN)471. Beforesynapsinginthesubmandibularganglion,pre-parasympathetictraveltowhichnerve?Chorda

tympani472. Whatactionofthelingualnervestayswiththenervethroughitscourse?Sensorytoanterior2/3oftongue473. Whichnervedoesnottransmittastefibersfromthetongue?Answerchoices:V,VII,X474. Whatisthepositionofthelingualnerveinrespecttotheinferioralveolarnerve?anterior&medial475. Whatgangliondoesthepostsympatheticforthesubmandibularganglion?Superiorcervicalganglion

476. Intraoralapproachtogettothesubmandibularganglionàcutthroughthemucousmembraneonly.477. Ifsomeonehasmotorlossunderneaththeirrightzygoma,whatnerveisdamaged?CN7whenexitingthe

stylomastoidforamen478. Ifyoucutthenerveforthestylomastoidforamen,whatdoyouloseinnervationto?Orbicularismuscle(oculi

&oris)479. CNVII&VIIIgoesthrough?InternalAcousticMeatus480. Whatnervebringspreganglionicparanervefiberstotheoticganglion,theneventuallytotheparotidgland?

LesserpetrosalnerveviaglossopharyngealN(CN9)481. Whatgoesbetweenthesuperiorpharyngealconstrictor&middlepharyngealconstrictor?CN9482. WhatnervesgoesbetweenPalatoglossus&Palatopharyngeus?TonsillarbranchofCN9483. Circumvallatepapillaareinnervatedbywhatnerve?CN9

484. Whatcranialnerveinnervateslevatorvelipalatini?CNX485. Whatnervedoesnotcomeoutofthejugularforamen?CN12

-Jugularforamen=CN9,10,11|hypoglossalcanal=CN12486. Gagreflexàsensorylimb(afferent)mediatedbyCN9,motorbyCN10487. Whatisnotinnervatedbythehypoglossalnerve?Palatoglossal(CN10)488. MusclesinnervatedbyAnsaCervicalis(Cl-C3)include?Infrahyoidmuscle

BRAIN489. Whatistheprimarysensoryrelaystationofthebrain(conduit)?Thalamus490. WhatpartofthebraincontrolshungeràHypothalamus491. Theswallowingcenter:2ndstageofdeglutinationislocatedàMedulla

492. Sectioningofinfundibularstalkofhypothalamusw/normalhypophysealtractleadstoadecreaseinwhathormones?ADH-Infundibularstalk=connectionbetweenHT&PP

493. Whatdividesthediencephalonintotwo?3rdventricle494. Whatlinestheventricleofthebrain?Ependymalcells495. Whatmakesuptheblood-brainbarrieràAstrocytes,endothelialcellsincapillariesconnectedbytight

junction,water/lipidspassorselectivetransport496. Largestparanasalsinus?Maxillarysinus497. Wheredoesthemaxillarysinusdraininto?Semilunarhiatusofthemiddlemeatus

-Nasolacrimaldrainsintotheinferiorconcha498. Rightmaxillarysinusisinfected,wheredoesitspreadtonext?RightEthmoidsinus499. Whatistheouteredgeofthelateralwalloftheethmoidsinus?Orbit500. Anteriorcerebralarterysupplieswhatlobes?Frontal&ParietalLobes(MedialSurfacesofboth)501. Arachnoidvilla&granulationtransportCSFfromsubarachnoidspacetovenoussystem502. IncreaseinCSFpressurecauseswhat?brainherniation503. Vertebralarterypassthroughwhatforamen?Foramenmagnum504. WhatisnotpartofthecircleofWillis?Basilarartery505. BranchesofthemaxillaryA.gothroughallofthefollowingforamenexcept?ForamenLacerum506. Maxillaryvein&superiortemporalveinsdrainintoretromandibularvein507. Eachofthefollowingstructuresliebetweenthehyoglossus&mylohyoidmuscleexpectone?Lingualartery

(passesdeeptohyoglossusm)508. Whatmusclegoesbetweenthesuperior&middlepharyngealconstrictormuscles?Stylopharyngeusmuscle509. Knowthestructurethatmakeupthesplenoidbone:body,2greaterwings,2lesserwings,pterygoidprocess510. WhatformstheSuperiorOrbitalFissureàGreaterandLesserWingoftheSphenoid511. Foramenovaleislocatedinthegreaterwingofthesphenoid512. MedialborderoftheInfratemporalfossa?PterygomaxillaryFissure513. Guyshotinbackofthehead,bulletexitsaboveeyebrows.Whichboneisleastlikelytogetdamaged?

Maxillary514. Allofthefollowingpassthroughthemedial&lateralpterygoidexcept?BuccalNerve

-Passesthroughlateralpterygoidheads515. Whatisanteriortothepharyngealtonsils?Palatoglossalfold516. Whereissynovialfluidproduced?InternalsynoviallayeroftheFibrousCapsule(jointcapsule)517. Whatcellsareresponsibleforits(synovialfluid)production?TypeBSynoviocytes

KIDNEY518. Whatorganisfoundbytherightkidney?Colon519. AllofthefollowingareinthekidneymedullaEXCEPT?Glomerulus(cortex)520. Inahealthykidney,whatdoesnotgetpassesthrough?Albumin&glucose(clearance=0mg/mL)521. WhatcellslinetheviscerallayerofBowman’scapsules?podocytes522. Mostkidneyreabsorption&ATPusedinthenephronofkidney?ProximalConvolutedTubule(Contain

truncatedpyramidalcells)523. Whereisthehighestosmolality?LoopofHenleinthemedulla524. MaculaDensaàDCT(senseNaClconcentrationinthickascendinglimb,cansignalafferentarteriolesto

vasodilate&increasereninreleasedfromJGcomplex)525. WhatwouldincreaseGFR?Dilationofafferentarteriolesinkidney526. WhichoneisthebestforGFR?Inulin527. Kidneysubstancefilteredandsecreted.Theclearancerateis

a. =inulinb. >inulinc. <inulin

-Inulin(plantstarch)isfilteredbutnotreabsorbedorsecretedbyanypartsofthekidney=GFR

528. Whatisthepara-aminohippurate(PAH)testusedfor?Measurerenalplasmaflow-PAHàfreelyfilteredandsecretedbythekidney=RenalPlasmaFlow

529. Aldosteroneisproducedinthezonaglomerulosa&affectsDCT530. IfyouinhibitACE,whathormoneisdecreased?Aldosterone531. ADHisproducedwhere?Supraopticnucleusofhypothalamus532. ADHincreaseswaterpermeability/resorptionatDCTbyinsertsAquaporin-2channelsintotheDCT&

collectingductepithelialcells533. DeficiencyofADHàdiluteurine534. Whataretheprimarystonesingout?Urate(UricAcid)crystals(uricaciddepositsinthejoints)535. Whatdoyouwanttoinhibitinapersonwithgout?XanthineOxidase

-UricAcidisanendproductofpurinemetabolism,specificallyviaxanthinemetabolism.536. Youcoulddecreaseplasmaosmolaritybyinjectingserum?ADH(?)537. WhattypeofenzymeisFumerase?Isoenzyme538. ORINTHINEisanintermediateoftheUREACYCLEinmitochondria539. Fumerase/fumarateconnectsureacyclevia?TCACycle

-Hydrationreaction540. Intheureacycle,wheredoestheNitrogencomefrom?ammonia&aspartate541. Whatisanintermediateintheurea&precursorforornithine?Arginine

CHOLESTEROL/LIPIDS542. Denovocholesterolinvolveseverythingexcept?Oxygen(NeedATP,NADPH,acetylCoA,malonylCoA)

-acetyl-CoAcarboxylaseenzymeoffattyacidsynthesisàfunctionistoprovidemalonylCoAsubstrateforbiosynthesisoffattyacids

543. RatelimitingstepofcholesterolbiosynthesisàHMGCoAReductaseStatindrugsareHMG-CoAreductaseinhibitors.

544. Howdoanimalcellsprimarilyusecholesterol?CellMembrane-Asidefromphospholipid,cholesterolisthemostcommoncellmembranecomponent

545. LDLReceptoràAPOB-100(ApolipoproteinB)546. Triglycerideiscarriedfromthelivertoorgansbychylomicrons547. Hyperlipidemia:fatinblood;chylomicronsàliveràVLDLàbloodàtissueàLDLàHDL

GITRACT

HORMONE STIMULATION ACTION

CCK Fats,fattyacids,AAinduodenum increasepancreaticdigestiveenzymesecretionincreasegallbladdercontraction(bilesecretion)

GIP Fats&glucoseinDuodenum decreasegastricmotilitydecreaseacidsecretionincreaseinsulinrelease

Gastrin Peptidehormones,AAsingastriclumen,stomachdistensionreleasedbyGcellsofstomach&duodenum

StimulatesHClsecretionfromparietalcellsgastricmotility

Secretin decreasepHinduodenumHClinduodenum

increaseHCO3frompancreas(neutralizesH+intheduodenum)decreasegastricmotilitydecreasegastricacidsecretion

548. WhatsecretesGastrinàGcellsofthestomach&duodenum

-stimulateHClfromparietalgland,histamine,pepsinogensecretion,andincreasedgastricbloodflow549. Wherearechiefcellsproduced?Stomach550. Whereispepsinogensecretedfrom?Stomach(bychiefcellstodegradeproteins)551. Whatdoesnotsecretebicarbonates?Chiefcellsofthestomach552. Whereisintrinsicfactorsecretedfrom?FundicportionofStomach(byparietalcellsforVitB12)553. StimulateHistamineH2receptortomake?parietalcell(releaseHCl)inthestomach554. Whereissecretinmade?ScellsoftheDuodenum555. WhereisLactasemade?BrushBorderMembrane

-MicrovillibrushborderofSmallIntestinecontainsenzymesthatsplitdisaccharideslactose,sucrose,andmaltoseintomonosaccharides.

LactoseàGlucose+GalactoseSucroseàGlucose+FructoseMaltoseàGlucose+Glucose

556. CryptsofLieberkühn(intestinalglands)arein lamina propria of small intestine557. Whichsugarisnotabsorbedinsmallintestine

a. Riboseb. Maltosec. Sucrosed. Fructosee. Glucose

558. Mainmovementinthesmallintestineisthroughsegmentation-segmentationcontractionschurning&mixingwithoutpushingmaterialsfurtherdown

559. WhatisNOTabsorbedinthejejunum?WhatISabsorb:iron,Na,K,andCl560. Mesenteryisatissuethatattachestheposteriorwalloftheperitonealcavitytothejejunum.561. DifferencebetweencolonandallotherpartsofthedigestivesystemàColondoesnothavevilli562. WhichisinnervatedbyVagusnerve?Transversecolon&Lung

-Itsuppliesmotorparasympatheticfiberstoalltheorgansfromtheneckdowntothesecondsegmentofthetransversecolon(includesascending&transversecolon)excepttheadrenalglands

563. Whatcellssecretebicarbonate?Epithelialcellsliningthepancreas564. CentroacinarcellarefoundinwhatorganàPancreas

-intercalatedductcells,secretebicarbonatewhenstimulatedbysecretiontoprovidealkalinepHforenzymeactivityinthestomach.

565. Trypsinogen(pancreaticenzyme,digestproteins)becomestrypsinbyalteringNterminalpeptide566. Whatactsadjunctivelywithlipase?Bile

MUSCLES

567. Whichoneisaroundamyofibril?Endomysium568. Whencardiacmusclesstarttocontract?InfluxoftheCa2+fromtheoutside569. Parasympatheticnervesfromvagusnerve(CN10)actsontheheartbyloweringheartrate570. Regulationofthecontractioninsmoothmuscle?calmodulin

-Smoothmusclehascalmodulininsteadoftroponin.Allmuscleshavetropomyosin.571. Ca+bindstocalmodulin,whichactivatesmyosinlightchainkinase572. ATPaseactivityforsmoothmuscleoccursby?Myosin

-NoT-tubules,poorSR,notroponinsomyosinisalwaysreadytoreact&canholdlongcontractions573. Whatmodulatessmoothmuscleactionpotential?Acetylcholine574. WhatdoesAchcausetheerectorpilitodo?àincreaseCa+enteringthecelltoerectsthemuscle

-IncreaseinintracellularCaàgreateractivationofcontractileproteins575. Skeletalhasmultinucleatedcellswhilesmooth/cardiac=1nuclei576. Directsourceofenergyforskeletalmuscle?ATPàADP+phosphate577. HowdoesATPgettransportedoutofthemitrochondrialmemebrane?ATP–ADPtranslocase(?)

578. Sarcolemma/sarcomereisonlyinstriatedmuscle(skeletal&cardiac)579. Isotonicmusclecontraction?H&Ibandgetshorter580. Increasingtheloadofmusclesdoeswhattovelocity?Slowitdown581. Gammaefferentmotorfibersisforstretchreceptors(spindles),regulatestretch/musclelength&tone582. InorganicphosphateisreleasedfromADPinmyosinwhen?Forapowerstroke583. Whatisresponsiblefordissociationofphosphategroupduringmusclecontraction?CockingAction584. MyosinhasATPaseactionthatturnsATPàADP+Phosphate,releaseofthephosphategroupcausesthe

myosinpowerstroke

HORMONES&VITAMINS585. Whichoneisnotaglycoproteinhormone?

a. GH(somatrophin,peptidehormone)àinhibitsinsulinb. LHc. FSHd. TSHe. HCG

586. SomatomedinsàPromotecellgrowth587. GrowthHormonestimulatedchondrogenesisindirectlybyusingwhat?somatomedians

Somatomediansareagroupofhormonesthatpromotecellgrowth&divisioninresponsetostimulationbygrowthhormone(GH,somatotropin)

588. VitKàbloodclotting589. WhatisbiotinusedforàPyruvateCarboxylase,acetylCoA(cofactor)

-anycarboxylaseneedsbiotincofactor590. Whatreactionrequiresthiamine(B1)àPyruvatedecarboxylase591. B1(Thiamine)àcoenzymefordecarboxylationrxns592. B2(Riboflavin)àcoenzymeFAD&FMN593. B3(niacin)àcoenzymeNAD594. B6(pyridoxine,PLP)àTransaminationRxn(aminoacidandnucleicacidmetabolism)595. WhatisthecofactorinvolvedinTransamination?PLPVitB6

-deficiencycanleadtoperipheralneuropathyanddermatitis596. B12(cobalamin)àneedintrinsicFactorforabsorption597. LumbarpunctureàL3/L4598. PhosphatidylcholineàLecithin(phospholipid+choline)599. WhichdoesNOTcauseVasoconstrictionàHistamine600. MuscarinicAcHreceptorseffectssweating&salivation601. Whathormoneisresponsibleformilksecretionpostpartum?oxytocin

-OxytocinEJECTSbreastmilk,producedintheparaventricularnucleusofthehypothalamus&storedintheposteriorpituitary.

RANDOM

602. AdvantageofusingdryheatsterilizationoverautoclavingàNodulling,itkeepsinstrumentssharp603. Bestmethodtosterilizeinstrumentswithoutcorrosion?Dryheat604. Ethyleneoxideforsterilizationisgoodfor?HeatLabileTools605. Ifunabletouseheat,whatmethodshouldbeusedtosterilizeinstruments?Ethyleneoxide606. What’sawaytomeasurehumanbasalenergy?Temperature607. WhatenzymesarenotinvolvedinmakingcDNA?Telomerase

-ReverseTranscriptase&RNA-dependentDNA-polymeraseareused608. DNAfingerprinting?Restrictionsite609. WhichofthefollowingtypesofblottingcanbeusedtoIDDNArestrictionfragmentsàSouthernblotting

-RestrictionendonucleaseareusedtocutDNA-Northern=RNA,Southern=DNA,Western=proteins

610. KnowthestepsofPCR:amplify&makemorecopiesofDNA1-Initialization:DNApolymerasethatneedheatactivation2-Denature:heatreactionfor20-30secsoDNAmelts/disruptH-bondstoyieldssDNA3-Annealing:reactionTisloweredforhybridizationofprimertostrain4-Extension:DNApolymeraseaddedtosynthesizenewDNAcomplement,x2DNA5-FinalElongation:ensureallDNAstrandshaveelongated

611. WhendoespH=pKa?Isoelectricpoint(isoelectricpointisthepHsuchthatnomigrationoccursduringelectrophoresis)

612. MechanismofFluorideàEnolaseInhibitor(whichinhibitsglycolysis)613. RegulationofFàbone/urine614. Whatinnervatestheerectorspinaemuscles?DorsalBranchesoftheSpinalN615. WhichlymphnodesarealongtheexternalveinàDeepCervicalLymphnodes616. WhichstructurehasbothafferentandefferentvesselsàLymphNodes617. Tetrodotoxin(pufferfish)isachannelblockerforvoltage-gatedNa+channels=noactionpotential

DENTALANATOMY

DATESOFCALCIFICATION:

Primaryteethcalcifyinutero(2ndtrimester)

Birth1stmolars

1yearanterior

2yearpremolars

3years2ndmolars

7-9years3rdmolars

Tootheruptswhenrootis½formed,primarytake~1.5yearswhilepermeantteethtake~2.5years.

CALICIFICATION&ROOTFORMATION

1. Primaryteethcalcificationstart@4-6months(2ndtrimester)2. Earliestevidenceofenamelformationofpermanentteeth?Birth(6year1stmolarsbegancalcification@birth)3. Atwhatagedoallthepremolarsbegincalcification?2yearsold4. 8yroldboybreakpermanentmaxillarycentral,howlongdoyouhavetowaitforarootcanal?2moreyears

5. Sevenweekspregnant,whatdoesnotoccuràenamelCalcification6. Whatdoesman2ndmolarcompleteroot/apexformation?15yrsold

PRIMARYTEETH

Central Lateral Canine 1stMolar 2ndMolar

PrimaryEruption(General) 6m 9m 18m 13m 24m

Characteristics:whiter,lesscalcifiedenamel,thinnerDEJ,moreprominentpulphorns,biggercervicalbulge(especially1stM),enamelrodsthatgofromDEJocclusally,moreflaredroots

7. Whatcolorareprimaryteethcomparedtoadultteeth?Whiter,lighterthanadults8. Primaryteetharemorebulbous&constricted(smallerocclusaltable).9. Whereistheprimatespaceonthemandibleforprimaryteeth?Betweenthecanine&1stmolar10. Orderoferuptioninprimarymaxillaryarch?Centrals>laterals>1stmolar>canine>2ndmolar11. PrimarymaxillarycentraliswiderM/Dthaninciso-cervically12. Whatpermanenttoothisliketheprimary2ndmolaràpermanent1stmolar13. Whichprimarytoothhasacrownsimilartoapremolarandrootssimilartoamolar?PrimaryMaxillary1stMolar

-3roots,pre-molarcrown14. Primarymaxillary&mandibular1stmolar=prominentcervicalridge15. Primaryman1stM=unlikeanyotherteeth16. Primarymandibular1stmolarhas2roots:4cusps17. Mostprominentcuspsonaprimaryman1stmolarisbetweenwhichcusps?MB&ML18. Primaryman2ndMhas4cusps,2roots&aprominentcervicalridgeonthefacial(MB).19. Whichcuspisthetallestcuspoftheprimarymandibular1stmolar?MesialLingual

-4cuspsàMB(largest),ML(tallest,sharpest),DB,DL(smallest)20. 12yearoldpatientstillhaswhichprimaryteeth?K,T(primaryman2ndM)

MAXILLARY

21. Mostscallopedtooth?mesialofmaxcentralincisor22. Ifyoulookedatthemidlineoftheincisaledgeofthecentralincisors,wherewoulditbeinrelationtotherootof

thetooth?Centered-Rule:maxillaryincisaledgesarecenteredwhilemandibularincisaledgesarelingualtorootaxisexcept

maxillarycanine,whichisfacialtoroot.23. Maxillarycentralisleastlikelytohaveadividedcanal.24. Whenextractingatooth,duetoitsrootshape,whatistheeasiesttoothtorotate?Maxillarycentral25. Maxillarycentralincisoriscut@theCEJ.Whatshapeisthetoothoutline?Triangular26. Howdopermanentmaxcentralsdifferencefromprimarycentrals?

a.LongerRootb.NoMamelonsc.NoCingulumd.NoMarginalRidge

27. TeethwithMamelonsonincisaledgeintactonaadultover30yearsoldindicateswhat?anterioropenbite

28. Comparedtothemaxillarycentralincisor,themaxillarycanineiswiderfaciolingually&longerroot

29. Densindentehashighestfrequencyinwhichtooth?Tooth#7&10(maxlateralincisors)30. Whichtoothismostlikelytohaveapeglateral?Maxillarylateralincisor31. Girlhasnocariesexceptonmaxlateral.Thisisduetolingualgroovethatgoesintothegingiva32. Maxillarylateralhasalingualgroovethatextendsfromenameltocementum=palato-radiculargroove

33. Problemwithrootplanningamaxillarylateral?Inciso-apicalfissure34. Mostlikelytobecongenitallymissing:3rdmolars>maxillarylateralincisor>mandibular2ndPM35. Whichtoothismostlikelytobetrifurcated?Maxillary1stPM

36. Maxillary1stPMistheonlypermeanttoothwithalongermesialslopethandistalslopeonthefacial.-Primarymaxillarycanine=onlyprimarytoothwithlongermesialslopethandistalslope

37. Lingualcuspofthemax1stPMcomparedtothefacialcusp?Shorter38. Max1stPMismostsimilartowhatman2ndPM?Htype,Ytype,Utype39. Inwhichtoothisthelingualdimensiongreaterthanbuccaldimension?Maxillary1stMolar

-becauseoftheCuspofCarabelli40. Onthemaxillary1stmolar,theobliqueridgeisformedbetweenwhich2cusps?ML&DB41. Whatarethe2obtuseanglesofthemax1stmolar?ML&DB

-2acuteanglesareMB&DL.42. Whichtoothismorelikelytohave3cusps?Maxillary2ndmolar&Mandibular2ndPM

MANDIBULAR

43. MandibularcentraliswiderF/LthanM/D.(smallest,mostsymmetricaltooth)-Onlyopposes1tooth(maxcentral),incisaledgeislingualtilted,rootshaveM&Dconcavity-Incisaledgeistwisteddisto-lingually

44. Mandibularlateralincisorhasalingualcurveonthedistalincisaledge&acingulumoffsettothedistal45. Mandibularcanineeruptsbeforepremolars(oppositeformaxillary)

46. Whichanteriorteethismostlikelytobebifurcated?Mandibularcanine47. YouhavetodoRCTonamandibularcanine,whatisthemostlikelycomplicationyoumayencounter?Bifurcated

root48. Mandibularcaninehasmesialoutlineformthat’sstraight.49. Premolarmostlikelytoexhibitpits&hasasquareocclusalsurface?Mandibular2ndPM50. HighestcuspinamandibularY-type2ndpremolaràLingual(Buccalcuspisshorterandblunterthanthelingual

cusp)-Yshaped=3cusp,HorUshaped=2cusp-Ushapedman2ndPM=crescentshapedcentralgroove

51. Y-shapedmandibular2ndpremolarismadebyacombinationofwhatgrooves?Central&lingualgroove52. Rootsofthemandibular1stMarespreadwiderthanrootsofmandibular2ndM53. CuspsizesofMand2ndMolaràMB>ML>DB>DL

Width:MB>ML>DB>DLLength:ML>DL>MB>DB

54. Whatisthesmallestcusponthemandibular1stMolar?Distal55. Whatisthe1sttoothtoeruptafterthelastsuccedaneoustoothhascomein?Man2ndmolar56. Whichofthefollowingcuspsisnotaprimarydevelopmentalcuspofthemaxillary1stMolar?distolingual(?)

MEDICATION

57. Fluorosiscausesmottlingofteeth58. Achildhasbrownpitsontheirenamel,whatisthecauseofthis?Fluorosis(stainsyellow-browninpits)59. Patienthadbrown&greytoothdiscolorationonpremolar,canine,and2ndmolarsbuttheanteriorwerespared.

Whenwasthepatientgiventetracycline?Tetracyclinebeforetheageof260. TetracyclineMOAàinhibitsproteinsynthesis/translationbyblocks30sribosomesubunit

ARTICULAREMINENCE&OVERBITE/OVERJET

Rule:Thesteeperthearticulareminence,theLONGERtheposteriorcuspsMAYbetopreventocclusalinterferenceinlateralmovement

61. Steeperteeth=moreoverlap(increaseoverbite,decreasedoverjet)

62. WhatdoesNOTcauseflatteningoftheposteriorcusptips?Deepoverbite63. Toincreaseanteriorguidance,whatwouldyoudothevertical&horizontaloverlapàincreaseverticaloverlap,

decreasehorizontaloverlap64. Increaseincondylesteepnesscausesanincreasesverticaloverlap

-Increaseverticaloverlapàsteeperposteriorcusp,increaseinanteriorguidance,moreverticalcomponenttomandibular

65. Increasecontourofmaxillarycentralincisorswilldowhat?Increaseoverjet66. WhathappenstotherightTMJwhentheleftcaninesgofromnormalocclusiontotip-tipocclusion?Goesdown

theeminence67. CurveofSpreeàAnterior-PosteriorCurvatureoftheOcclusalSurface|CurveofWilsonàMedial-Lateral

CurvatureoftheOcclusalSurface68. SumofCurveofWilson+CurveofSpee=CompensatingCurve

PERIODONTALDISEASE69. Maincauseofperiodontalpocket?Bacteriodesgingivalis(Pgingivalis)70. Immunoglobinassociatedwithperiodontaldisease?IgG71. Periodontaldiseasepathogensareusuallyanaerobicorcapnophilic72. Mostcommonbacteriainperiodontitis:prevotellaintermedia(alsoinANUG)73. Whatbacteriaislikelytocauseperiodontitis&bleedinggumsina19yroldboy?Actinomyces

actinomycetemcomitans(Aabacteria)74. Whichpathogenismostlikelyinvolvedindentalabscessofangleofmandible?Actinomycesisraelli(LumpyJaw)

-Actinomysosiscauseslumpyjaw=growinglargeabscessthatgrowsonthehead/neck.75. Purulentdischargeafterextraction&hassulfurgranules–Actinomyces

TMJ

76. TMJisaloadingjoint&asynovialjoint.Bothstatementsaretrue.77. InferiorcompartmentofTMJ=rotation,superiorcompartmentofTMJ=translation(>25mmopening?)78. Whatpartofthecondyleisinvolvedintranslation?anteriorsuperior79. Whatligamentrestrictsprotrusivemovement?Stylomandibularligament

-ligamentgetstaut(undertension)infullmouthopeningcausingthecondylestomoveforward80. Whenyawning,whichligamenttightensupsothatthecondylestaysinfossa&preventsretrusion?

TemporomandibularLigament-TMligamentattachestozygoma&preventexcessiveretrusion

81. Whatligamentisconnectedthelingualofthemandible?Sphenomandibularligament

-Origin&insertionofsphenomandibularligament:Spineofthesphenoid&lingulaofthemandible

-Preventsexcessiveopening

82. Origin&insertionofthepterygomandibularraphe?Hamulusofthepterygoidplate&mylohyoidline

83. Origin&insertionoftemporomandibularligament?Articulareminence/posteriorzygomaticarch&neckofcondyle

84. Collateral(Discal)ligamentsusedduringlateralmovements&keeparticulatorcartilageonthecondylehead.

85. DiscofTMJiswhattothecondyleàattachedlaterally86. Whattypeoftissuecoversthecondylarsurfaceofa10yrold?Densefibrousconnectivetissue87. WhatcoversthearticulatingsurfaceoftheTMJ?Fibrocartilage88. ArticulatingsurfaceofTMJinolderpersoniscoveredin?fibrousconnectivetissuecontainingchondrocytes89. WhereisthephagocytelocatedintheTMJ?Synovialmembrane90. Whatisthedirectsourceofnutrientstothearticulatingsurfaces?Diffusionfromsynovialfluid91. Whattypeofconnectivetissueisinthemiddleportionoftheretrodiscalpad?LooseCTwithbloodsupply92. Patientisanesthetized&painattheTMJisgone,whatnerveiswasanesthetized?AuriculotemporalN(CNV3)93. TMJinnervationisfrom?AuriculotemporalN94. Whichcriteriadeterminestheprogressiveshiftofnonworkingcondyle?Medialwallanatomyoftheglenoid

fossa95. Cusptipoftooth#6&27touchonlaterotrusivemovement,whereisthecondyleonthenon-workingside?

medialwallofglenoidfossa-Laterotrusiverotateswhilemediotrusivesidetranslatesforwardandopensabit

96. Whenrestoringalingualcuspofman2ndMolar,whichmovementismostlikelytocauseinterference?Mediotrusive

97. Onyourarticulator,alteringhorizontalcondylarguidancewillaffectallofthefollowexcept?Laterotrusive(?)98. PatientwithaClassIIIcrossbitedoesretrusion.Whatmandibularteethwillthemaxillarylateralincisorcontact?

Canine&lateralincisor99. InClassIIocclusionduringprotrusivemovement,whichteethdoesthemandibularcanineoccludewith?Max

mancanine&1stPM100. #13lingualcuspbroke,whatmovementcausedit&withwhattoothdiditbreakagainst?MFcuspof#19ina

rightlateralnon-workingsidemovement101. Pt’scondylehadankylosessocanonlydothehingemotion,notranslation.Whatisthemaxopening?30mm102. Whenswallowing,teethshouldbeinICP

103. CentricRelationàMostrepeatableposition104. Restpositionàbymusculature105. Spacebetweenteethintherestpositionis?2-4mm106. WhatisnotseeninPosselt’senvelope?Restposition

-Mostanteriorpoint=protrusion,mostinferior=maximumopeningMUSCLES

Muscle Origin/Insertion Action Innervation

Massester O:maxillaryprocessofzygomaticboneI:lateralramusofmandible

Elevatesthemandible CNV3

Temporalis O:temporalfossaofparietalboneI:coronoidprocess

Elevatesthemandible(posteriorfibers)retrude

CNV3

MedialPterygoid O:lateralpterygoidplateofsphenoidboneI:medialramusofthemandible

Elevatethemandible CNV3

LateralPterygoid O:lateralpterygoidplateofsphenoidboneI:neckofmandible

Protrude,depressing/openingmandible,Lateralmovements

CNV3

Geniohyoid O:hyoidboneI:mandible

Raiseshyoidbone,assistindepressingmandible

C1viahypoglossalN

Digastric O:mandibleI:hyoidbone Assistsindepressing/openingthemouthRaiseshyoidbone

Anterior(CNV3)Posterior(CNVII)

107. Whatmuscleinsertsintothepterygoidhamulus?Tensorvelipalatini

108. Whatinsertsintocoronoidprocess?Temporalismuscle-Elevatemandible(anterior,superiorfibers),Retrudemandible(posteriorfibers)

109. Whichofthesemuscleretractsthemandible?Temporalismuscle110. Rightmandibularexcursionisdonebytheleftlateralpterygoidmuscle111. Failureoftheleftlateralpterygoidmusclecausesthemandibletodeviatetotheleft.(Ipsilateraldamage)112. Whatmakestheslingofthemandible?Medialpterygoid&massetermuscle113. Whatmandibularmovementarethedigastricmusclesprimarilyinvolvedwith?depression/retraction114. Whatmovementisbeingbonewhenboththelateralpterygoid&boththedigastricmusclesareinvolved?

Depressing(open)&retractthemandible-lateralpterygoidmuscleisresponsibleforprotruding&depressing/openingthemandible

115. Whichgroupofmusclesisusedinopeningthemouth?Suprahyoidmuscles(includesdigastric)-musclesinvolvedindepressingthemandible:Geniohyoid,mylohyoid,digastric,lateralpterygoid,infrahyoid

DEVELOPMENT&ANATOMYOFTEETH

116. Firststageoftoothdevelopment?Differentiationofodontoblast117. DEJisdevelopedatwhatstage?Bellstage

-DEJ=1stsiteofenamelformation118. Dentallaminaisformedaround6weeks

-proliferatesintobud@week8119. Dentin&pulpisformedfromwhat?Dentalpapilla(DP)120. Whatcomesfromthedentalfollicle?cementoblast,osteoblast(AVbone),fibroblast(PBL)121. Allofthefollowingcomefromdentalsacexceptepithelialattachment(comesfromreducedenamel

epithelium/enamelorgan)122. Stratumintermediumisneededforenamelformation123. Whichcellsarenotfoundinthepulp?Cementoblasts(foundinPDL)124. LinesofOwenresembleàStriaeofRetzius(enamel)

-ContourLinesofOwen=incrementallinesindentin|StriaeofRetzius=incrementallinesinenamel

125. WhatareaffectedinLinesofOwen?odontoblasts126. Secretionofameloblastsisdependenton?Layingdownofpredentin127. CrackthatgoesfromtheenameltotheDEJ?EnamelLamellae

-EnamelLamellaearedefectsintheenamelresemblingcracksorfractureswhichtransversetheentirelengthofthecrownfromthesurfacetotheDEJ.Hyocalcified,cancontainoraldebris.

128. Whatisdentincalledwhenapatienthaschronicdisruptionbybacteria?Reparativedentin

129. Secondarydentincontainsnocells130. Rashkov'splexusarenexttoodontoblasticprocess

-Fibersconcentratedinplexusunderneathodontoblast,monitorspainfulsensations131. Knowgranularlayeroftomes:Thindentinlayeradjtocementum,granulesaretransversesectionofcoiled

dentinaltubules132. Peritubulardentinismorecalcifiedthanintertubulardentin133. Primarycementum=acellular,secondarycementum=cellular134. WhichofthePDLfibersismostabundant&mostloadbearing?Oblique135. WhattypeofcollagenispredominatesinPDLfibers&notinboneordentin?TypeIII136. Bithardonapopcornkernel,whatstopsthebitingàPeriodontalMechanoreceptors

RANDOM

137. Whatnerveinnervates#3-5?MiddlesuperioralveolarN&posteriorsuperioralveolarN-PSA:M3,M2,M1(DBroot)-MSA:MBrootofM1,PM2,PM1-ASA:caninetocentral

138. Whatistheprominenceonthesurfaceofthemaxillarybonecausedbythecaninetooth?Canineeminence139. Mesiodens=supernumerarytoothlocatedbetweenmaxillarycentralincisors.140. Swollenliporpuffyfaceafteramalgamfilling?angioedema141. Patient’scondylecanbeobstructedbytuberosity142. Patienthadaheartstentplaced6yearsago&hipreplaced10yearsago,whichofthefollowingdoyouNOTdo?

Antibioticprophylaxis143. Whatallowstheradicularpulptocommunicatewiththeperiapicaltissue-radicular?apicalforamen144. Cervicalridgeistheonlyridgethatcan’tbeseenfromtheincisalview.145. Knowcontactpoints

-Maxlingualcuspwillcontactcentralfossa+distalMRofman-Manbuccalcuspwillcontactcentralfossa+mesialMRofmax

146. HeightofContouronteeth

-AllfacialHOC&anteriorlingualside=cervical1/3-AllremaininglingualHOC=middle1/3(exceptman2ndPMHOCisinocclusal1/3)

147. Lingualheightofcontourofmaxillary1stmolar?Middle3rd148. Contactpointofmesialofmancanineàincisal1/3149. Contactpointondistalofmaxlateralincisoràmiddle150. 17yroldpatienthas2molars,permanentPM,&primarymolarsonintherightmandibularquadrant,what

toothislikelymissing?Permanentman2ndPM-Mostlikelyreasonforstillhavingprimaryteeth=successorismissing

151. Whatisthe1stsuccedaneouspremolartoerupt?Man1stPM152. Howmanyposteriorteetharesuccedaneous?8(allpremolars)153. Whatisformedbythemarginalridge&cuspsoftheteeth?Developmentalgroovesorocclusaltable(?)154. Patienthasinfectedman1stpremolar,whichlymphnodewillbeinfectedfirst?Submandibular155. Lymphofanteriormandibularteeth(#24)draintowhere?Submental156. Whatisthemostcommoncauseofinfectionindentalclinics?Airborneinhalation157. Childhascentralincisor,lateralincisor,andcanineeruptwithbrownpitsintheincisalthirdofenamel,what

happen?Hypoplastic(pitting)158. Allofthefollowshouldbeconsideredbeforeanextractionexcept?Densityofthemylohyoidline159. Whatwouldbetheradiolucencyabovethefirstmaxillarymolar?Maxillarysinus160. Whatwouldbetheradiolucencybetweenthemaxillarycentral?Intermaxilllarysuture161. Thepartofthehardpalatethatisdirectlyposteriortothemaxillarycentralsformedfrom?Intermaxillary

Segment162. WhatisthecauseofhalffacialparalysisafterInferiorAlveolarNerveBlock?Injectionintoparotidgland163. Ptcomesin1dayafterextractionofmax3rdmolarwithahematoma.Whatisthecauseofthehematoma?

Needlehasviolatedinpterygoidplexus164. MandibularToriismadeof?Denselamellarbone165. Afteradentalprophy,bacteremiaiswhenbacteriagetsintothebloodfromscalingofteeth.(Notsepticemia)166. WhathappensasatoothagesàDecreaseinCellularity(?)167. Whereisfatfoundinthepalate?Anterolateral168. Whichrootshapeismostlikelytohaveonecanal?Round169. Taurodontism-body&pulpchamberofamolarisenlargedverticallyattheexpenseoftheroots/moved

apicallydowntheroot.MOAisthefailureorlateinvaginationofHertwig'sepithelialrootsheath,whichisresponsibleforrootformationandshaping,causinganapicalshiftoftherootfurcation.

ETHICS

Veractiy(Truthfulness) Thedentisthasthedutytocommunicatetruthfully

Justice(Fairness) Dentists(1)shallnotrefusetoacceptptsintotheirpracticeordenydentalservicetoptsbcofthept’srace,creed,color,sex,ornationalorigin(2)havethegeneralobligationtoprovidecaretothoseinneed(ex.refusingtotreatHIV+ptisunethical)(3)shallbeobligatedtomakereasonablearrangementsfortheemergencycareoftheirptsofrecord.

Autonomy(Self-Governance) Dentisthasadutytorespectthept’srightstoself-determination&confidentiality

Beneficence(GoGood) Dentistisobligedto(1)givethehighestqualityofserviceofwhichheorsheiscapable(2)preserveahealthydentitionunlessitcompromisesthewell-beingofotherteeth(3)participateinlegalandpublichealth-relatedmatters.

Non-maleficence(DoNoHarm) Thedentisthasadutytorefrainfromharmingthept.

170. Youextractaprimarytoothandyouinjurethepermanenttoothbud,whatistheethicalwordlistedabovethatdescribesthefactthatyouhavetoinformthepatientwhathappened?Veracity

171. Acaseofachildwithevidenceofchildabuseandtheyaskedyouwhatyoushoulddo?Reportyoursuspicions.172. Ifthedoctordoesn’tfeelcomfortablepracticingonsomeone?Non-maleficence173. Duringextraction,youbreaktheadjacentmarginalridgeofanamalgamtreatedtooth?

a. Continuewithextraction.b. Stopeverythingandnotifypatient.c. Smoothoutedgesofbrokenamalgamsoyoudon'tlaceratetissue.d. Callpatientsemergencycontact.

174. Besidesmaintainingapatient’soralhealth,whatwouldadentistprioritize?Autonomy

CASESTUDY/TESTLETQUESTIONS

1. (CaseStudy)Examofcadaver.Traumavictimwithbrokenbone&evidenceof“wovenbonerepair”(?)a. Howlongasitbeensincethetrauma?Wovenbone=afewdays,3weeksb. Whatfacialbonedidshebreakifitwasadjacenttothecanthus?Zygomaticbonec. Penetrationatlowerleft(stab),whichorganwasmostlikelyhurt?Kidney

2. (CaseStudy)Deadgirlhasswollenrightcheekwithhematomaonthelateralrimoftherightorbit.Erupted

uppercaninesbutnotlowercanines.Rattlesnakebitesherlateraloftherightforearm.a. What’stheageofthisgirl?9-10yrs(maxcanine=11-12yrs)b. Whichboneoftheorbitisprobablybroken?Zygomaticc. Onthex-ray,thereisalineofradiolucencyontheleftorbitallateralmargin?Normalsutured. Whatwouldthecoupcontrecoupinjurybe(oppositesideofimpact)Rightsphenoide. Whatnerveismostpronetoinjuryintheforearm?Radialnerve(elbow)

3. (Casestudy)Patientwithpainintheshoulderthatextendsdowntothearms&hands.

a. Whatnerveisdamaged?T1-T2b. Whatinnervatesthemiddlefinger?C7c. WhatinnervatestheRingFinger?C8d. Whatnerveisinvolvedwhenshehaspainturningherhead?AccessoryN

4. (CaseStudy)Diabetescase:PatienthasanHbA1C=11%

a. Howtotellherstatusforthepastfewweeks(HbA1Ctestforwhatcondition)?Diabetes(TypeII)b. Allarelikelytobeassociatedwiththisperson’sexistingconditionexcept?Angioedema

-HgA1c(glycatedhemoglobinassay)isproportionaltobloodglucoseconcentration.

5. (Casestudy)Femalewithhypothyroidismthatsuffersfromdrymouth&istakingthyroidmedication.a. Whathappensifsheoverdosesonmedication?Tachycardiab. Whatisthecauseofherdrymouth?Sjogren'sSyndrome

-Sjogren’ssyndromeisthe2ndmostcommonautoimmunerheumaticdisorderafterRA.Characterizedbydiminishedlacrimal&salivaryglandsecretion(siccacomplex)

-Cancausedistortionoftaste(dysgeusia)- Hypothyroidism:Positivenitrogenbalance(intake>loss),coldintolerance(Decreasedbloodflowtoskin),

weightgain,fatigue

6. (CaseStudy)Manhasfairskinandhasamolerapidlygrowinglateraltonose(oronalarpartofnose).Thelesionisgrowingfast.

a. Whatisit?melanoma

7. (CaseStudy)Examofcadaver:Female.LEFTbackstabatL1-L2,adjacenttovertebrae,12cmdeep.HasMalory-Weisstearonheresophagusandmultiplemassonheruterus.

a. WhatisthecauseoftheMalory-Weisstear?Alcoholism(Mallory-Weisstear=bleedingfromtearsatesophagus/stomachjxn)

b. Whatisthemultiplemassonheruterus?Leiomyoma(benignneoplasmofuterus)c. Whichorganismostlikelydamaged/hitàKidney

8. (CaseStudy)Patienthasgestationaldiabetes&is10weekspregnant.

a. Whathasnotformed?TMJformation(12weeks)-Palatecloses@10weeks,toothbudforms@8weeks

b. Whathappenstoherhormones?↑inHcG,↓inFSH&LH

9. (CaseStudy)6weekspregnantlady.a. Howlongdoyouwaittotreather?6weeksb. Tellhertotakecareoforalhealth,why?Gingivalbleeding

10. (CaseStudy)Patienthasasthma&isonAlbuterolandhighbloodpressuremeds.

a. Whatisadentalcomplication?OrthostaticHypotensionb. Asthmatreatment=Beta-2agonistcausesbronchiolarrelaxation

11. (CaseStudy)Womancomesintoyourofficecomplainingthateverytimesheeats,shegetsaswellingthatis

painfulandlarge.X-Rayshowsradioopacity,1cmx1cm.Inflammationofthesubmandibularduct/gland,tenderness.

a. Whatisthereasonforswelling?Bacterialinfectionb. What'sthediagnosis?Sialolith(calcifiedmassinsalivarygland,usuallysubmandibular.Symptoms:

pain/swellingwhensalivaryglandisstimulated)c. Whatkindofcellswouldyoufindwhenbiopsythesalivaryduct/gland?neutrophils

12. (CaseStudy)Dentistisaskedtohelpw/anautopsy.Therewere2bulletwounds,evidenceofTB.Onebullethit

abovetheear&theotherwasabulletthroughtheribsthatinjuredthelowerlobeofthelung.a. Thebulletthathitabovetheearcameoutofwhere?Temporalboneb. Manisshot&abulletenteringbetweentheright7th&8thintercostalribs&exitstotherightofT7.

WhatlobeofthelungdiditpunctureàInferiorRightlobec. T/Fàhemothorax(bloodinpleuralcavity)

13. (CaseStudy)PatienthasMyastheniaGravis

-Mechanism:autoimmunedisease,antibodiesagainstpost-synapticNMJAchreceptora. Causesdecreasedacetylcholinereceptorsb. Howtomedicatestreat/helpovercomesymptoms:acetylcholinesteraseinhibitorhelpsincrease

amountofavailableacetylcholinereceptorsc. Patientrefusetreatment&canonlyaffordtodoaprophy,whatdoyoudo?Presenthimwithall

options&referhimtospecialtyasneeded.

14. (CaseStudy)GirlwithfromanothercountryhasTB;knowaboutthedrug&dentalproblems.a. WhatantibioticismostfrequentlyusedintreatmentofTB?rifampin=inhibitsRNAsynthesis

(transcription),usedfor6-9months-ElectivedentalTxshouldbedeferreduntilthepatienthasbeendeclarednon-infectiousbyaphysician.-Urgentdentalcareshouldbeprovidedinafacilitythathasthecapacityforairborneinfectionisolation(OSHA).

15. Testlet:50yroldmancomesinfororthotreatment.HehasanFPDon#12-14.Needtoremovetheanterior

abutment.a. Whatofthefollowingisnotlikelytobeacomplicationintheextractionofthistooth?Oneroot

§ #12ismax1stPM,2roots b. What’sacomplicationofCoxsackievirusVirusthatcanbemanifestedinoropharynx?Herpangina

§ Herpanginaaffectsoftpalate&oropharyngealmucosa

16. (CaseStudy)ObesemanwithTypeIIdiabetesmellitus&drinksalcoholcomesinforextractionof#3.a. Whydoeshehavebadbreath(halitosis)?Oralhygieneb. Whatisitmostrelatedto?Overweight/dietc. AlloffollowingarerelatedtodiabetesTypeIIexcept?Autoimmune,nodestructionofBetacellsd. Afterextractionofthetooth,younoticehistologicalpseudostratifiedciliatedepitheliumattheroottip,

whatisitfrom?Maxillarysinus

17. (CaseStudy)6weekspregnantwomentakingtetracyclineforrosacea.a. Whatdoesnotoccurduring6weeksoffetus?Palatalshelvesfusion(7weeks)b. Whichoneisseeninthefetusbutnotthemother?Ductusvenosousc. Whatistheproblemwithusingtetracyclineforthefetus?Changesthecoloroftheteeth/discolorationd. Atwhattimeisbestforelectivedentaltxasitwouldafterorganogenesisofthefetus?After10weeks

§ organogenesisoccurembryonicweeks3-8&iscompletedby10weeks

18. (CaseStudy)Diabeticfirefighterwithabadupperleftbridgelookingforanimplant.a. Whenplacinganimplantinbone,whatepitheliumisencountered?Pseudostratifiedcolumnarciliated

epithelialcells(thatlinethemaxillarysinus,similartorespiratoryepi)b. Ifpatientwantsanimplantbutitistooclosetothesinus,whatethicsareinvolved?Non-maleficence&

autonomyc. Implantpatient:WhichcellswillbemostactivelydividingàOsteoprogenitor

19. Testlet:Leftmaxillarycanineexperiencessharpshootingpain.

a. Whatkindoffibersareresponsibleforthepain?A-deltab. Nosignofdecay.Whatisthemostlikelycauseofthepain?

a. MaxillarySinusInfectionb. Brokenroot

20. (CaseStudy)PatientwithGrave’sdisease

-MechanismagainstGraves’Disease:bindingIgantibodiestoTSHreceptorinthethyroid(mimicTSH)àstimulateproductionofthryroxina. Graves’sdiseasecauses/labtestshow?HighT3/T4,lowTSH(onagraph)b. WhatarethesymptomsofGraves’disease?Exophthalmos(bulgingeyes)

21. (CaseStudy)Dentalassistantwhosehand’sshakesduetoParkinson’sdisease

a. Whichpartofbrainaffected?Substantianigrab. Neurotransmitteraffected?Lackofdopaminec. Thisdentalassistantisstillperformingworksowhatmoralvalue?Maleficence

-Commonsymptoms:Lossofautomaticmovements,suchassmilingandblinking(dryeye)&lossoffacialexpression

22. (CaseStudy)HIVpatienthadanulcerneartooth#15thatisverysore.a. Biopsywasdoneonulcer&itwasundifferentiatedsomething,whatisitmostlikely?KaposiSarcoma

(?)b. Whichinjectionwouldugive?àPSAc. Opportunisticinfectionsassociated&notassociatedwithAIDSd. Howtotreatpatientideally?Limit/controlinfection(?)

23. (CaseStudy)PatienthasRPD

a. WhatwoulddiagnosisbeforslightredinflammationbelowRPD?Denturestomatisb. Whatisthismainlycausedby?Ill-fittingRPDdevicec. Typeofepitheliumofhardpalateunderdentures?Parakeratinized/orthokeratinizedstratified

squamousepithelium(?)d. Typeofepitheliumfoundonbuccalmucosa?Nonkeratinizedsquamous

24. (CaseStudy)SomegirlgotHPVvaccine

a. Linkedtocervicalcancerb. Typeofepitheliuminvaginathatwouldbesusceptibletometastasize?Stratifiednonkeratinized

25. (CaseStudy)PatientwithRCT#3&theradiolucencydidnotresolve.Thehistologicalsectionshowednon-

keratinizedepitheliuma. Whatistheradiolucency?Cyst(Otheransweroptionswereabscess,granuloma,etc)

a. Cystisafluid-filledsac=don’tresolvedafterRCT(abscessestendto),non-keratinizedstratifiedsquamousepitheliumw/PMNs.Bothabscess&cystarenon-keratinizedepithelium

b. Wherewouldtheinfectiongo?Infratemporal

26. (CaseStudy)PatienthasAlzheimer’swithcervicalcaries.a. Alzheimer’s–allofthefollowingaretrueexcept?Mostpeopleexperiencedementiabeforeage50b. Youfracturetheadjacenttoothduringaprep,youcan?Tellthewifewhoisthelegalguardianc. WhatwouldyouleastrecommendtoanAlzheimer’spatient?BleachingTrays

-DepressionisariskfactorforAlzheimer

27. (CaseStudy)Hygienistaccidentallycutspatientdistaltomandibular2ndmolar,1cmfrommidline.a. Whichmuscleisnotdamaged?MusculusUvula

28. (CaseStudy)Womanwalksintodentaloffice,complainingofTMJpain.SheistakingNSAIDsforTMJandtaking

Prednisone.ShehasPolymyalgiaRheumaticaandOsteoarthritis.a. ShehascrepitusintheTMJ,whatisthecause?Osteoarthritisofthecondyle

§ Allofthesearecorrectaboutosteoarthritis,EXCEPT?Feverb. Wherewouldshehavepain?Pectoralgirdle(shoulder/neck)&hipsc. Whatkindofdiseaseispolymyalgiarheumatic?Inflammatorydiseased. Patientwithpolymyalgiarheumatic,whatproblemmightshenothavenow?Splenomegaly

-YouperformadentalprocedureonpersonwhoistakingNSAIDsandisAnemicandshestartstohemorrhage,why?Becauseplateletsaren’tstickingduetoNSAIDs–NSAIDSinhibitplateletaggregation(Tbx2),DuetoherAnemia(ifAPLASTICANEMIA,bodydoesn’tmakeenoughRBC,WBC,&platelets)

29. (CaseStudy)65yroldpatientishypertensive,hashighcholesterol,andisondiuretics.Daddiedofaheart

attackat55yrsold.Heneeds3extractionsofthemaxillary.a. Whichofthefollowingisthemostimmediatenecessaryreferral?Hypertension(increasedriskof

bleedingduringextraction)

30. Testlet-ladyhadrheumatoidarthritis,osteoarthritisonhipandkneesandcouldn’topenhermouthaffectedhertalkingandeating.Shetooklotsofmedsforarthritisandantidepressant.20pack-yearsmoker.

a. Whatiscauseofherxerostomia?Medication

b. Whatisdysguesiaassociatedwith?Xerostomiafromanti-depressantmedsc. Allofthesearecorrectaboutosteoarthritis,EXCEPT?Feverd. Whatiscauseofherchiefcomplaint?–herTMJprobfromosteoarthritis?e. Shehaspainontheposteriorpartofher2ndmolar,whatmightthismean?Trismusf. Ptcomplainsofwakingupstiffeverymorning,whatiscauseofthis?Rheumatoidarthritis

31. Testlet-75yroldladyhastype1diabetesmellitus&takesinsulin.ShealsohasmedicationsforhighBPand

hypercholesterolemia.a. Shecomesinwithherbreathsmelling“fruity”whatisthecauseforthis?Hyperglycemia(ketoacidosis)

32. (CaseStudy)Ethics:Mancomesinwithherpesvirus.

a. Whichofthefollowingtwoprincipleswoulddemonstratenon-ethicalcomplicationwithreferringthepatient?Justice&Beneficence

b. Whatprincipleisviolatedifyoureferapatientbecausehehashepatitis?Justicec. Patientwantstoputincompositeeventhoughnotneeded,whatdoyoudo?Putcomposite

(autonomy)

33. (CaseStudy)Malepatientcomesinwithpainonhismaxillatuberosityby#3.Itgetworstatnight,sharppainandcomessuddenlyandleavessuddenly.Hecomestoyourofficeforaclinicalexam.EverythingisNORMALexceptpalpationofthebuccalgingivahurts.

a. Whatisthediagnosisforthecase?Trigeminalneuralgia.b. Patientcomesbackandcan’ttakethepainanymore,soheasksyoutotakeallhisteethoutandmake

himaremovable.Whichtwoprinciplesconflict?Autonomy&non-maleficence.-Trigeminalneuralgia(TicDouloureux)-axondemyelinationingasserianganglion,dorsalrootorboth

RandomSTUFFTOKNOW:

-Bronchi(psuedostatifiedepi),bronchiole(simplecolumnarepi),alveolus(squamousepi)-Adenosinenucleosidecrossesmitochondriahow?Cotransport?-Whichoneastherightrelationshipbetweencycle,enzyme&positiveAllostericregulatorofglycolysis?

Glucose:PFK:AMP?-Glut-1 transporter is what kind of transporter? active or co? -Arginine – can be converted back into glucose how & where? -Chronic granuloma is ccaused by what type of organism? -Most square PM? -Know everything about maxillary lateral, maxillary canine, & mandibular lateral. -Scoliosis = lateral deviation of spine -what’s in birth control (estrogen + progesterone)

EDEMA

Osteomalacia:softeningofthebonesduetodeficiencyofVitDOsteosarcoma:malignantbonecancerOsteomyelitis:boneinfection(commonw/stapaureus)àwhatbacteria/virusisisinvolvedinthis?Osteopenia:lowbonedensity,beforeosteoporosis