FUO Quarterly Journal of Contemporary Research, Vol. 8 No.4, September, 2020 POLICE-COMMUNITY COLLABORATION APPROACH AND THE GROWING SECRET CULT ENTERPRISES IN RIVERS STATE, NIGERIA.THE DILEMMA AND PANACEA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN OGONILAND ZORANEN, TOMIBON KINGSLEY Department of Sociology Ignatius Ajuru University of Education Rumuolumeni Port Harcourt. [email protected]MADUAWUCHI ELEM Department of Sociology Ignatius Ajuru University of Education Rumuolumeni Port Harcourt. [email protected]. ABSTRACT The research was undertaken to explicitly examine police-community collaboration approach in crime reduction and the growing secret cult enterprises in Rivers State, Nigeria, its dilemma and panacea for sustainable development in Ogoniland. in an attempt to suture development challenges and its sustainability in Ogoniland. The study was conceived on the negative consequence of growing secret cult enterprises which brews insecurity and disjointed sustainable development in Ogoniland. To effectively pursue the purpose of this study, research objectives and questions were proposed to judiciously guide the work. The study utilized both primary and secondary sources of data to elicit useful information. The data collected were assembled, collated and analyzed through the use of bar chart and simple percentages. From the analysis, it was revealed among other findings, that the police-community collaboration approach can effectively brings about crime reduction but the lack of trust by members of the community in the Nigeria Police Force is a major dilemma. Based on this, the research recommended that the police community public relation should be overhauled and strengthened to build public confidence and trust, unrestricted access to free flow of information (intelligence) among others. Keywords: Police-community, collaboration, crime reduction and growing secret cult. INTRODUCTION In an attempt (effort) to reduce crime more effectively and efficiently, establishing collaborative partnerships within their communities become imperative. These relationships help to facilitate trust between community members and police organizations (Skogan et al 2002 p.10). Collaborations or partnerships may include police officers, business owners, community leaders, social service and healthcare providers and other community members.
ABSTRACT The research was undertaken to explicitly examine police-community collaboration approach in crime reduction and the growing secret cult enterprises in Rivers State, Nigeria, its dilemma and panacea for sustainable development in Ogoniland. in an attempt to suture development challenges and its sustainability in Ogoniland. The study was conceived on the negative consequence of growing secret cult enterprises which brews insecurity and disjointed sustainable development in Ogoniland. To effectively pursue the purpose of this study, research objectives and questions were proposed to judiciously guide the work. The study utilized both primary and secondary sources of data to elicit useful information. The data collected were assembled, collated and analyzed through the use of bar chart and simple percentages. From the analysis, it was revealed among other findings, that the police-community collaboration approach can effectively brings about crime reduction but the lack of trust by members of the community in the Nigeria Police Force is a major dilemma. Based on this, the research recommended that the police community public relation should be overhauled and strengthened to build public confidence and trust, unrestricted access to free flow of information (intelligence) among others.
Keywords: Police-community, collaboration, crime reduction and growing secret cult.
INTRODUCTION In an attempt (effort) to reduce crime more effectively and efficiently, establishing
collaborative partnerships within their communities become imperative. These relationships help to facilitate trust between community members and police organizations (Skogan et al 2002 p.10). Collaborations or partnerships may include police officers, business owners, community leaders, social service and healthcare providers and other community members.
Zoranen, T. K. & Maduawuchi E.
In the past decades, the community’s involvement in law enforcement efforts has been limited. Many policing agencies are learning, however, that community members can be a valuable source of support and information with particular reference to intelligence gathering. Citizens can provide the police with insight into the specific crime problems occurring within their neighborhood and can aid officers in their investigations. The collaborations are beneficial to both the police community and the community.
The community relies upon the police to “protect and serve”, and the police in return rely upon the community’s support and cooperation in order to be effective in the overall reduction in crime. When there is good police-community relations or collaborative approach, police have a better understanding of the public’s concerns (especially those that are crime related), and citizens are more inclined to report crimes that occur to the police, provide tips/intelligence to law enforcement, willingly serve as witnesses and are happy to participate in jury trials (Joe project store, 2019). By extension preventing crimes before they occur or minimize their impact instead of simply react to calls for service. Good police-community collaboration approach prevents the possibility that the public thinks that police are simply a mechanism for intelligence collection.
The concept of police-community collaboration approach has gained a secure level of acceptance in the law of enforcement establishment and in urban government. Acceptance, in a working sense, means that proposals to establish and maintain such programs have a fair chance of success (Cox, 1996). The concept of Police-Community Relationship (PCRs) is very important to understanding of the role of the police in society and the ways in which communities can render assistance to the police in discharging these roles as effectively as possible. For example, in order for the police to carry out their crime control, peace/order maintenance, traffic control and emergency management functions effectively it must work with residents of their host community to see themselves as partners in the same community if the community residents have cause to suspect the police or consider them as an army of occupation they will withdraw their cooperation and unrest will reign in such a community. Therefore, “police-community collaborative approach must be two-way partnership” because “in a democratic society, the legitimacy of the police depends on broad and active public acceptance and support” (Dempsey and Forst, 2008: 288).
The past two decades have witnessed a period of revitalization for the field of law enforcement marked by the emergence of a new paradigm of policing that embraces data-driven decision-making, emphasizes partnerships with the community and underscores the belief that police can be effective in making neighborhoods safer. During the same period, community supervision agencies have experienced a parallel shift in focus and philosophy, suggesting the potential for such agencies to enhance their role in improving public safety (Jannetta et al 2009). A community policing orientation with a focus on building partnerships and engaging in problem-solving efforts to address crime, social disorder, and the fear of crime proactively, provides a strong foundation for collaboration between police and community supervision agencies. The two are allies and partners in the work of reintegrating parolees into their communities and managing probationers so that they refrain from criminal activity. Building on the distinct strengths of both police and community supervision agencies, such
partnerships can aid in the prevention of crime and enhance public safety (Jannetta & Lachmara, 2011).
Strong enough to cause even the most balance ankles knocking against each other is the mention of the name cultism. It is an item of dread to the common man. A cult is a religion or religious sets generally considered to be extremist or false with its followers often living an unconventional manner under the guidance of an authoritarian, charismatic lead (Erhabor, 2015).
Giving birth to other cult was Bolaji Casew, a former member of pirates who was expelled because of his anti-pirate practices. Bolaji (also called Lake Ahoy Rica Ricardo) moved ahead with some members of the pirates group to form another group called Buccaneers. This was followed by the introduction of other countless members of confraternities like the black Axe formed in the university of Benin, the supreme Eye confraternity which broke away form Buccaneer, the supreme Vikings confraternity (SVC) also called the Adventurers and Norseman club of Nigeria and a host of others which also encompasses various women group. Black Brazier (Black Bra), the viqueens, daughters of Jezebel, white Angels and Damsel, etc (Erbabor, 2015). Following the outpour of cultism in the 1990s the various groups transcended from the university walls into every street of Nigeria. In contemporary day Rivers State, there are also other splinter groups such as Icelander/Deywell and Greenlanders/Deygbam and are very dreaded.
The volume of in-human act as perpetrated by members of these groups are clear contrast to the initial aim. Today, even the most clueless and academically uninitiated individual presents himself as a member of one cult or the other. Members of these groups are lured in with endless promises of power and connections. The methods of initiations are barbaric and gory as the case may be. Blood covenants are made to seal up their brotherhood, new intakes are made to drink cocktail in order to prove their strength.
In a dint to maintaining superiority, these cultists fight rival groups beheading and slaughtering each other leaving a horrible scene, sometimes, destruction of lives and carnage of unimaginable proportion. Often time, the reasons behind their clashes may be as flimsy as fighting over a woman. Most political violence are carried out by cultist who gain the backings of some high and mighty in the society. They have reduced themselves to weapons of intimidation.
Second and third quarters of this year (2019) were beehive of activities of these cult groups that led to the destruction of several live and houses in Emohua, Gokana and more intense in Khana Local Government area of Ogoniland. Although, there is no such thing as a perfect society, however, every citizen of the state has the right to live freely. Therefore, police community collaboration approach in crime reduction should be strengthened to nib in the bud and centralize the excesses of these cultists who in most cases are also armed robbers, assassins and kidnappers.
Statement of the problem As the healthcare improves globally, there is also corresponding increase in human
population, even into the remote communities across the country. Growth and development as indices for improve standard of living precipitate anti social behaviours or crimes such as gangsterism, armed robbery, cultism, kidnapping, cyber crime, oil thieves among others.
Zoranen, T. K. & Maduawuchi E.
Notable among the aforementioned social vices is growing secret cult enterprises in Rivers State.
In less than three decades its spread and speed has been so disturbing. Today, secret cult activities have transcended the walls of our tertiary institutions to secondary schools and even primary schools. Shockingly, it has spread to all the villages across the 23 local government areas of Rivers state between 1999 till date, there is hardly a day that passed without reports of cult related crisis or the other. It was at its peak in 2018 and before, during and immediately after 2019 general elections. Cult clashes, maiming, killings, properties destroyed and burnt, same cult gangs engaging in serial kidnapping across the width and breath of Rivers State. Worse still, these armed gangs engage security forces in gun battles. Police, stations and its personnel are highly vulnerable. They attack, kill these security agents and cat away their riffles or arms and ammunitions. Because they have a well defined network of operation, they occasionally overpower the fewer police personnel probably remove stationed in one dilapidated van. Furthermore, these antisocial behaviours (cult activities) found its way into the agricultural sector with unimaginable economic consequences of national dimension. Farmers in and around our villages could no longer access their farmland for agricultural production. These valuable innocent farmers who are mostly women are raped, kidnapped and even killed in course of cultivating their farmland especially during planting season. This blanket of cult activities across the state overwhelm the fewer police formation (stations) and inadequate personnel with crude intelligence unit. In 2019 alone, cult clashes have been reported in Khana, Gokana, Andoni, Opobo Nkoro Port Harcourt City, Obio/Akpor, Ikwerre, Etche, Emohua, Eleme, Degema, Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni, Akukutoru, Asari toru, Tai, Ogu/bolo, Oyigbo and many more. The dearth of police personnel in the force makes it challenging to officers and men of the force to cover all red spots across the state to intervene in violent crimes. Most of these violent crimes take several hours or days before intervention force arrives. Again, poor intelligence gathering about crimes or criminal behaviour in addition to inefficiency of the police force. There seems to be an inverse relationship between crime reduction and growing secret cult enterprises, in Rivers State, Nigeria.
Against the background of growing secret cult enterprises and their attendant violence across the state that they study is undertaken with the intent to examine how police-community collaboration will help in crime reduction and cursion in Ogoni land will help in crime reduction.
Research Questions 1. Are there challenges (Dilemma) confronting police-community collaboration approach
in reducing crime in Ogoniland. 2. Are there solution (panacea) to effective police community collaboration approach in
crime reduction in Ogoniland? Research Objectives In order to answer the aforementioned research questions, the research paper examines the following objectives:
i. to determine the challenges or dilemma militating against police –community collaboration approach in crime reduction efforts in Ogoni land of Rivers State, Nigeria .
ii. to identify and proffer panacea for effective police-community collaboration approach for sustainable development in Ogoni land.
LITERATURE REVIEW The hydra-headed monster called secret cult or cultism has in contemporary day Rivers
State, and in Nigeria a national burning issue. Activities of these armed groups and gangs have overwhelmed once peaceful communities and to a large extent, the fewer police personnel with obsolete equipment to combat crimes. Police-community collaboration approach has become inevitable and imperative to deal with this scourge, menace or criminality with vigour in order to change the narrative.
Based on the above assertion, community relation service Toolkit Policing (2019) observed that strong relationship of mutual trust between police agencies and the communities they serve are critical to maintaining public safety and effective policing. It further stated that police officials rely on the cooperation of community members to provide information about crime in their neighborhoods, and to work with the police to device solutions to crime and disorder problems. Similarly, community members willingness to trust the police depends on whether they believe that police actions reflect community values and incorporate the principles of procedural justice and legitimacy. International Security sector Advisory Team-ISSAT (2019) opined that the informal police methodology should be recognized by the government and given the necessary financial support to partner with the formal police force in order to enhance the process of providing security for Nigerian and foreigners residing and doing business in the country. it further stated that the inability of the NPF to control the rising spate of crime and the fact that the institution is regarded as oppressive tool in the hand of the rich has given room for public distrust and subsequent debate on how to improve safety and security for foreigners and Nigerian within the country. Zoranen (2008:15) noted that evidence suggests that some hate groups or cults have been a strong influence in the commission of certain crimes. He further buttressed this when he observed the Indian, USA, a 19 year old black man was walking home from a shopping mall. Moments later, he was lying on the side of the street with a bullet in his brain. He had been shot by a young man who picked him at random. The assassin allegedly wanted to gain membership in a white-supremacist organization and to earn a spider web tattoo for having killed a black person. Friedrich (2019) noted that after two decades of zero-tolerance policing tactics, a history of local abuse, and high-profile officer-involved shootings there was a deep well of mistrust between police and the Stockton communities most beset by violence. He further buttressed this when he noted that a career Stockton officer, Jones had begun taking steps to improve, training his officers on fair practices and using more focused, less invasive strategies to prevent violence. He came to believe that they wouldn’t make real headway on addressing the city’s public safety issues unless he embarked on something more radical: not just apologies but atonement. Ofiebor (2019) observed that residents have fled Rumuodohia, Rumuolumeni in Obio-Akpor local government area in Port Harcourt, Rivers State after hoodlums suspected to be cultists invaded the communities killing about eight persons and injuring unconfirmed number of persons on Sunday. He further stated that the attacks were attributed to a cult group which came on a reprisal mission in search of members of rival group. It is not the best of times for residents of Khana, Gokana, Obio/Akpor, Emohua, Ikwerre, Abonnema and Degema Local Government
Zoranen, T. K. & Maduawuchi E.
Areas of Rivers State as cultists have continued to unleash terror in supremacy battles, leading to loss of lives. He further noted that apart from cult related clashes political violence has added to death to (Edozie, 2019).
The fund for peace (2015) observed that repots of cult violence have increased sharply in the Niger Delta since the beginning of 2014. This has been particularly salient in Rivers state where the violence has been spread, on various criminal, militant, communal and/or political undertones, depending on the situation regular feature in the Rivers State Socio-political setting for more than two decades. According to a report by the Fund for peace in December 2012 titled “Nigeria Beyond Terror and Militants”, confraternities were initially formed in the 1950’s at Universities for the purpose of promoting relationships and bonds between and among various students for social and economic advocacy and activism. Many of those groups focused on the promotion of social and political principles, including resistance to colonialism and discriminating, sexist or unfair university policies. However, from the late 1980’s to the mid-1990’s a wave of militarization occurred among confraternities against the backdrop of a broader militarization, of society, particularly in Rivers and other key Niger Delta States. Contributing to this trend of militarization was a growing perception that peaceful methods of advocacy and mobilization around issues of economic justice and representative governance were yielding limited results. Thus, the use of violence and intimidation as political tools were increasingly embrace and many confraternities began to evolve into what has become the cult group phenomenon of today. Ehindero (1998) noted that the origin of the word, ‘police’ has been derived from the Greek work ‘Polis’ which means ‘that part of the non-ecclesiastical administration has to do with the safety, health and order of the state.
Community policing originated from the old idea of Sir Robert Peel, a British statesman who inaugurated the world’s first police force that comprises the urban neighbourhood foot patrol officers that knew almost everybody in the communities they patrolled and were the representatives of these communities. In 1829 Sir Robert Peel established London metropolitan police, of which is set forth a number of principles, one of which fore shadowed community policing’. ‘The’ police and the public are the police”. Peel also recognized that the police were only successful at their jobs when they elicited public approval and assistance in their actions without resorting to force or severity of law. This belief hold true today. No police department can control crime today. No police department can control crime and disorder successfully without the consent and voluntary compliance of the public. According to first true method “community” policing is founded in the Frankpledge system of early England, which fostered communal responsibility for protection and grouping of neighbours into tithing (Pupura, 2001).
Despite its numerous achievements in national security, community policing has faced and is still facing some redtapism. Dickson (2007) concurred with the above assertion when he stated that some impediments to the successful implementation of community policing in Nigeria include: internal resistance by policemen who benefitted from the traditional policing and who prefer to maintain the status quo; lack of commitment to the project by implementing officers; lack of support from members of the public; inadequate support from the government; and poor welfare packages/incentives for officers. Notwithstanding, one of the biggest impediments to the success of community policing in Nigeria is the hostile relationship between the police and the informal policing machinery usually comprised of some factors of ethnic
military group in the country. Hussein (2015) agrees with Dickson above when he identified some obstacles that have hindered the effective implementation of community policing in Nigeria. He further stated that most of the police respondents studied were not trained on community policing strategies, with limited training, it is unlikely that the police will effectively work in realizing the full potential of community policing Slogan and Hamett (1998) argued that the insecurity of the informants can affect general public participation in the community policing programme. Mammus (2010) opined that the major obstacles to community policing in Nigeria are manpower shortage, inadequate funding, logistics support and infrastructure, lack of serviceable information and technological equipment.
METHODOLOGY The study uses a descriptive research design. The study was conducted using stratified
sampling technique. One hundred samples were drawn from police officers across five local government areas of Gokana (20), Khana (20), Tai (20), Eleme (20) and Oyigbo (20). Each local government has 20 respondents while one hundred are drawn from members of the communities in the five local government areas in Gokana (20) Khana (20), Tai (20), Eleme (20) and Oyigbo (20). The subjects were selected using random sampling techniques. In so doing discreet members are allocated to each elements in the sample frame and all were placed in a bag, with eyes closed, we randomly picked 200 respondents (one at a time) to form a sample size. We also used simple percentages and bar chart in the analysis of the results. The research paper utilized both primary and secondary sources of data collected and collated. The primary sources of data include the use of self-designed questionnaire while the secondary sources of data were derived from relevant textbooks, journals, magazines, conference papers and unpublished seminar papers.
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION Data presentation and analysis in this study are done based on the relevant objectives
that were outlined earlier. The objectives are measures with simple percentage analysis and pictorially represented by bar chart statistical tools. Table 1: Whether there exists police-community collaboration approach in crime reduction.
Zoranen, T. K. & Maduawuchi E.
Fig. 1: source: Field survey, January 2020.
The bar chart in fig 1 above shows the outcome of the question put forward to the respondents; members of community and personnel of the Nigerian police force. Police-community collaboration approach in crime reduction does exist. The 145 respondents representing 72.5% agreed that police-community collaboration approach in crime reduction exists, 48 respondents or 24% disagreed while only 7 respondents representing 3.5% were undecided. However, even when the respondents are skeptical whether there is an inverse relationship between the growing cult enterprises in Rivers State and police-community collaboration approach in crime reduction. The 24% respondents insisted that they are not aware of the existence of such collaboration as a result of ineffective means of information dissemination and probably upsurge in growing cult enterprises across the state. Whether such collaborative effort is effective or not, Police-community collaboration approach does exist in our communities across Rivers State. Table 2: Whether reduction in incessant cult violence depends on Police-community collaboration approach in crime reduction in Ogoniland.
Fig 2 above shows the bar chart of the respondents for the study. From the analysis, 139 respondents or 69.5% agreed that reduction occasioned in the incessant cult violence depends on police-community collaboration approach, 58 number of respondents representing 29%, however disagreed while only 3 respondents accounting for 1.5% were indifferent. The data analysed above clearly shows that there is a correlation between reduction in incessant cult violence (growing cult enterprises) and police community collaboration approach in crime reduction in Ogoni land. The fit achieved so far is further deepen through the involvement of traditional institutions in the area which are community-based as well as the involvement of traditional, religious and community representatives in the community-policing programme, increases compliances to social order. This finding agree with Umar (2010) which stated that the enormous contribution of religious leaders who are also based in the communities. Table 3 to determine the challenges or dilemma of police-community collaboration approach in crime reduction. The possible challenges identified includes lack of public trust in the Nigeria police force, poor logistics support, lack of incentives, poor funding, lack of telecommunication facilities and non-protection of community collaboration-informant.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Agree Disagree Undecided
58 (29%) 3(1.5%)
139 (69.5%
)
2(1%)
38 (19%)
160 (80%)
Zoranen, T. K. & Maduawuchi E.
Fig 3 source: Field survey, January, 2020
The bar chart in fig 3 above explicitly shows the dilemma of police-community collaboration approach in crime reduction in Ogoni land, Rivers State. From the data analysed above, 160 respondents accounting for 80% agreed that the challenges: lack of public trust in the police force, poor logistics support, lack of incentives poor funding, lack of telecommunication facilities and non-protection of community collaborators or informants are challenges militating against police-community collaboration approach in crime reduction in Rivers State with particular reference to Ogoniland. Thirty-eight (38) respondents or 19%, however, disagreed with the above position while 2 persons representing 1% were undecided.
The above findings buttressed the position of Dambazau (2007) which stated that community policing imposes new responsibilities on the police to produce improved ways of associating with the public in the preservation of order. This concept defines how police should wisely and aptly respond to citizens and communities. Accordingly, this helps to regain public confidence, mend fences and make the Nigeria public a partner in crime prevention and control. Table 4: panacea for effective police-community collaboration approach in Crime reduction. The study identified engaging the people of the community to build public trust, protecting informants by keeping their information confidential, creating incentives for collaborators, adequate funding and logistics support, effective means of information dissemination and provision of modern telecommunication gadgets.
Fig 4 source: Field survey, January, 2020
From the data analysed above, 171 respondents or 85.5% strongly agreed with engaging the people of the community to build or ensure public trust, protecting informants by keeping their information confidential, creating incentive packages for participant in the partnership (collaboration) adequate funding and logistics support, access to genuine information/effective means of information discrimination- a feedback mechanism approach and provision of modern
telecommunication gadgets are panacea to effective police-communicating collaboration approach in crime reduction. Twenty-seven (27) accounting for 13.5% respondents, however, disagreed with the aforementioned variables as panacea for police-community collaboration approach to stemming the growing cultism enterprises in Rivers State with particular reference to Ogoniland. Two (2) respondents representing just 1% of the total respondents were indifferent. The outcome of the data analysed above agrees with Schanzer, Kurzman, Toliver and Miller (2016) which noted that community policing was adopted widely among law enforcement agencies in 1990s, with a view toward improving trust between community members and police and leveraging police resources through voluntary assistance by community members in public safety.
CONCLUSION The study undertaken x-rayed police-community collaboration approach in crime
reduction and the growing secret cult enterprises in Rivers State Nigeria. The dilemma and panacea for sustainable development in Ogoniland. Police-community collaboration approach in crime reduction amidst growing secret cult enterprises in the state is imperative and pivotal for crime-free society, progress, political and economic stability which will ensure overall sustainable development of Ogoniland and Rivers state at large. After critical analyses of collated data from the field survey, the research identified dilemma of police-community collaboration approach to crime reduction such as lack of public first with personnel of the Nigeria Police Force, poor means of information dissemination, poor funding and logistics support, lack of incentives for collaborators, obsolete telecommunication gadgets and inability of the police to protect their community collaborators or informants and their information. The variables or predisposing factors above are the dilemma of effective police-community collaboration approach in reducing crime at stemming the growing secret cult enterprises across the state. Thorough analysis of data revealed that 72.5% of the respondents agreed that there exists police-community collaboration approach in addressing the growing secret cult enterprises in a bid to reduce crime, 24% disagreed while 3.5% neither agree or disagree. However, they argued that while they acknowledged the existence of the collaboration, its methodologies should be strengthened to ensure sustainable development in Ogoniland of Rivers State.
RECOMMENDATION From the research findings, we therefore recommend the following: i. The Police force should strengthen their relationship with the members of the public
through well structured police-Community public relations across Ogoniland with both legislative and legal backing to earn public trust and confidence.
ii. There should be an overhaul in information and technology management in Nigeria Police Force to end the current “open secret”, an old order and should treat all informants confidential to protect their identify and safety.
iii. Incentive packages should be designed and built into the police community collaboration strategy for members of the public (community) to elicit their total support and commitment to reducing crimes in the area.
Zoranen, T. K. & Maduawuchi E.
iv. Government and non-governmental organization should provide adequate funds and timely release of same to judiciously prosecute their operation as well as strengthen their logistic support.
iii. The information dissemination and access to same should not be restricted to enhance free flow information and to nourish all participants of the partnership for precisions and timely response to emergencies feedback mechanism should be strengthened.
iv. There should be deployment of high technology, in the area of techno science; communicative gadgets and forensic equipment, to provide accurate information and enhance high level of precision and quality of evidence from crime scenes.
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Andrea Cipriano (August 8, 2019). Gains in Police-community Trust Slow but “Notable” in cities Targeted by National initiative: The crime Report-Tour Criminal Justice Network.
Bohn, R.M. & Haley, K.N. (1999). Introduction to criminal justice. Second edition. USA: Glecoe/McGraw-Hill.
Dickson, A.Y. (2007): Community Policing in Arase, S.E. and Iwuofor (eds). Policing Nigeria in the 21st Century. Ibadan: Spectrum Books.
Edozie, Victor (2019, June 15). In Rivers state, cult wars get bloodier. Daily Trust Thursday December 12, 2019/
Ehindero, S.G. (1998). The Nigeria Police and Human Rights. Jos: Ehindero Press. Friedrich, Michael (October, 23, 2019). A police department’s Difficult Assignment: Attonement http://www.justice.gov>tile community Relations Service Toolkit also for policing: importance
of police community relationship and Resources for further heading: US. Department of Justice Community Relations Service.
Ofiebor, Okafor (April, 2019). Cult gangs raid communities in Rivers State. Paul Exblom & Anac Wyveken (2014). A partnership approach to crime prevention. Pupura, P.P. (2001). Police and Community Concepts and Cases. USA: Allyn and Bacon. Schanzer, O., Kurzman, C. Toliver, J., & Miller, E. (2016). The challenges and promise of using
community Policing Strategies to prevent Violent Extemism. Natural Institute of Justice. US, January 2016.
The Fund for peace partnerships Initiative in the Niger Delta (2015). Rise in cult violence and insecurity in Rivers State.
U.S. Department of Justice Community Relations Service. Importance of Police-Community Relationships and Resources for further reading.
Umar, A. (2010, March, 17). Edo State Police Command trained 500 Police officers in community Policing. The Punch. P.11.
Bindel, A. (2011). Police-Community Partnerships: A PDXscholar-Portland State University P.3
Importance of police-community relationships and resources for further reading community relations services toolkit for policy
Jesse Jannetta & Pamela Lachman (2011). Promoting partnerships between police and Community Supervision Agencies. How coordination can reduce crime and improve public safety.
Jannetta, et al (2009). An Evolving field: Findings from the 2008 parole practice survey. Washington, D.C: The Urban Institute.
Sandra Osayi Erhabor (2015). Birth and Growth of cultism in Nigeria. Zoranen, T.K (2009). Oil Multinational Giant (SPDC) and Youth Restiveness in Ogoniland. MSC.
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