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FUTURE FUELS
OUTLINE
QUEST FOR FUTURE FUELS TYPES OF FUTURE FUELS FUELS HOW THEY ARE PREPARED USES CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES
QUEST FOR FUTURE FUELS
Fuel resources that our planet hold is exhaustible and will end in the coming future
Rapid industrialization and massive growth in population has increased the dependence and use of natural fuels
Approximately 90% of our energy requirement are met by fossil fuels
This increase in energy consumption particularly in the past several decades has raised fears of exhausting vital natural resources
So this has placed a need for us to engage ourselves in search of fuels which would support us in the future when no fossil fuels are present
TYPES OF FUTURE FUELS
BIODIESEL
Derived from Soy bean, sunflowers, corn, olive, peanut, palm, coconut and animal fats
Has same vehicular performance as Diesel
Economical fuel source
It is sulfur free
Completely renewable fuel source
HOW IS IT PRODUCED
chemically reacting lipids (e.g., vegetable oil, animal fat )with an alcohol producing fatty acid esters which is biodiesel
USES
Mixed with diesel to reduce pollution
Can be directly used in vehicles
HYDROGEN
It is an emission less fuel
By-product of hydrogen burning is water
Stores up to 3x as much energy as conventional natural gas
If used in a car, it would take comparatively less to fill it up than a car running on standard fuel due to the hydrogen fuel cell efficiency
WAYS TO PRODUCE HYDROGEN
hydrogen is usually produced by the steam reforming of methane or natural gas
CH4 + H2O → CO + 3 H2 + 191.7 kJ/mol
Partial oxidation of sub stoichiometric fuel-air mixture in a reformer, creating a hydrogen-rich syngas
C12H24 + 6 O2 → 12 CO + 12 H2
H2 is also produced by Coal Gasification yielding syngas
USES
H2 is widely used in fuel cells for electricity generation and vehicle propulsion
Widely used for Rocket Engines
ALCOHOL FUELS
They are convenient fuels for storing and transporting energy
Is a renewable energy source
Can be produced from a variety of feedstock such as sugar cane, potatoes, sweet potatoes, molasses, corn, etc.
Is a particulate-free burning fuel source
HOW IS IT PRODUCED
Methanol is produced from natural gas, although it can be produced from biomass using very similar chemical processes
Ethanol is commonly produced from biological material through fermentation processes
C6H12O6 → 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2
USES
Most commonly used to power automobiles Additive for gasoline
NUCLEAR REACTORS
Nuclear power is a nuclear technology designed to extract usable energy from atomic nuclei via controlled nuclear reactions
Nuclear power is usually used by using a nuclear reactor to heat a working fluid such as water, which is then used to create steam pressure, which is converted into mechanical work for the purpose of generating electricity or propulsion in water
It is completely a pollution free source, however spent nuclear fuel poses a threat
HOW IS NUCLEAR FUEL PRODUCED
To prepare uranium for use in a nuclear reactor, it undergoes the steps of mining and milling, conversion, enrichment and fuel fabrication
USES
It is most widely used for electricity generation
TOPAZ nuclear reactor are built to minimize moving parts and use methods that convert nuclear energy to electricity directly making them useful for space missions
Naval vessels making use nuclear powered engines have come into existence
Nuclear powered crafts are under development
RADIOTHERMAL GENERATORS
Radio Thermal Generators produce electricity from
the decay of a radioisotope
Radioisotopes have been used as alternative fuels,
on both land and in space
The decay of radioisotopes generates both heat and electricity in many space probes, particularly probes to outer planets where sunlight is weak, and low temperatures is a problem
CONCLUSIONS
The future fuel sources are environment-friendly as opposed to fossil fuels
Throughout the year these sources are available without affecting the Environment
Using these fuels helps diminish Global Warming
Helps conserve natural resources
REFERENCES
“Alternate Fuels”. 20 september 2012. http://www.gvepinternational.org/en/business/biofuels
“Hydrogen”. 20 september 2012.
http://www.alternatefuels.com/hydrogen.htm
“Ethanol Fuel”. 20 september 2012.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuel
“Future Fuels”. 21 september 2012.
http://www.rac.co.uk/advice/car-knowledge/top-ten/top-10-future-fuels/