U.S. ARMY TANK AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND ENGINEERING CENTER

Future Research Directions in Military Ground Vehicle Mobility

ISTVSSeptember 2016

Dr. David Gorsich, ST/Ground Systems,Chief Scientist, TARDEC

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TARDEC – Then and Now

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Early Mobility Studies

Major Thrust Areas Today

Medium Combat

Heavy Comba

t

Tactical

Power Dense, Common, Modular Engine

Propulsion Protected Mobility Vehicle Architecture Autonomy

• Ground Systems Power and Energy Laboratory (GSPEL)• Vehicle Full Load Cooling Test Chamber • Crew Station/Turret Motion Base Simulator (CS/TMBS) • Ride Motion Simulator• System-level Analysis Capability• Center for Ground Vehicle

Development and Integration (CGVDI) • Vehicle Inertial Properties Evaluation

Rig (VIPER) • Mission Equipment Vibration Table (MEVT) • Suspension Parameter Identification Device and

Evaluation Rig (SPIDER) • Tire, Run-Flat, and Roadwheel Simulation Laboratory

(TR2SL)• Elastomer Improvement Laboratory• Fuels & Lubricants Laboratory

• Fresh Water Test Facility • Bridge Dynamic Structural Load Simulation Laboratory• Anthropomorphic Test Drive (ATD) Certification

Laboratory• Crew Compartment Underbody Blast Simulator• Foot Impact Test Fixtures• Head Impact Laboratory (HIL)• Sub-System Drop Tower (SSDT)

• TARDEC Fuels and Lubricants Research Facility (TFLRF) (GOCO with SWRI)

• Quality Surveillance Laboratory (Army Petroleum Laboratory; APL)

Unique Facilities

Laboratory Capabilities

TARDEC’s operations have a resource value of over $1.1Band occupy 936,000 square feet of laboratory space on the Detroit Arsenal.

TARDEC Fuels and Lubricants Research Facility @ Southwest Research Institute

Turret Motion Base Simulator

Ride Motion SimulatorPower and Energy

Vehicle Environment Lab

Southwest Research Institute (SWRI) (TX) (GOCO = Government Owned-Contractor Operated )Selfridge (MI)

Warren (MI)

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Susquehanna (PA)

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AMRDECAviation and

Missile Research Development and

Engineering Center

ARDECArmament Research,

Development and Engineering Center

ARLArmy Research

Laboratory

CERDECCommunications-

Electronics Research,

Development and Engineering Center

ECBCEdgewood Chemical

Biological Center

NSRDECNatick Soldier

Research, Development and

Engineering Center

TARDECTank Automotive

Research, Development and

Engineering Center

TARDEC Organizational Structure

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Army

Materiel

Command

(AMC)

Assistant Secretary

of the Army for

Acquisition,

Logistics, and

Technology

(ASA-ALT)

Research, Development and Engineering Command

(RDECOM)

Military Challenges are Unique

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Designing a Ground Vehicle

• Start with Requirements

– Mobility (Speed)

– Payload (# crew, cargo weight)

– Protection level

– Lethality

– Deployabilty

• Deployment Method

• Truck, Boat, Rail, Air

• Fixes Maximum Weight and Size

• Deployability limits the

tradespace for the other

requirements

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Iron Triangle - Example of Trades

Performance

(Mobility)

Protection Payload

Performance

(Mobility)

Protection Payload

HMMWV MRAP

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Strive to optimize 3 Ps

• Protection

• Payload

• Performance (Mobility)

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NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM)

200019801950 19701960 1990

1954: Land Locomotion Lab

established; led by Dr. Bekker

Walking Machine

2010

1971: AMC-71 Mobility Model

1974: AMC-74 Mobility Model

1978: NATO Reference Mobility

Model2014: ET148,

NG-NRMM

1992: NRMM II

Autonomous Systems

Land Locomotion

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2016: RTG248 NG-NRMM

2019: NG-NRMM STANREC

2020

Multibody Dynamics

Physical Simulators

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Next-Generation NRMM

• Shortcomings of NRMM

– Based on empirical observations so extrapolation is difficult

– Specific to wheeled/tracked; No intelligence

– Cannot assess contemporary vehicle design technologies

– Steady-state and 2D analyses

– Poor inter-operability with other terramechanics models

– Difficult to integrate with modern vehicle dynamic simulations

• Next-Generation NRMM

– NATO Team formed in 2014

– 55 members from 15 nations participating

– Goal: Investigate an efficient next-generation, physics-based simulation tool to more accurately predict mobility based on accurate depictions of vehicle, terrain, and their interactions

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Possible path forward – Next-Gen NRMM

Develop scalable, physics-based modeling, simulation, and

visualization capability for mobility in deformable terrain using

discrete element methods and massively parallel architectures.

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Fording

simulation

Discrete terrain

simulation

HPC

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Path Forward

NATO Research Task Group 248 will carry forward six research thrusts:

1. GIS-Terrain and Mobility Mapping: Identify a GIS-based mapping tool that

implements and integrates existing valid mobility metrics (%NOGO and

Speed Made Good) in an open architected environment.

2. Simple Terramechanics:Identify most promising existing terramechanics

methods supporting NG-NRMM requirements.

3. Complex Terramechanics: Establish a vision for the long term

terramechanics approaches that overcome the limitations of existing models.

4. Intelligent Vehicle Mobility: Identify unique mobility metrics and M&S

methods necessary for mobility assessments of intelligent vehicles.

5. Uncertainty Treatment: Identify the steps required to embed stochastic

characteristics of vehicle and terrain data to extend the current deterministic

mobility metrics.

6. Verification & Validation (V&V): Implement near-term vehicle-terrain

interaction benchmarks for verification of candidate NG-NRMM M&S software

solutions and lay the groundwork for long term validation data.

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Autonomy Levels for Unmanned Systems (ALFUS)*

* H.-M. Huang, ALFUS, SAE 4S4D Committee

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On-Board Driver (16 mph max) Remote Driver (50 mph max)

6W Limit 19W

Driver Vertical Acceleration

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Rough Road Driving: Onboard vs. Remote Driver

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Mobility Enhancement: Human-Machine Partnership

62 mph

50 mph (19W)

16 mph (6W)

Smooth Road: Engine Limit

Rough Road/Remote

Driver: Engine & Durability

Limit

Rough Road/On-Board Driver: 6W Limit

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Effect of Autonomy on Tradespace

Enhanced Mobility

Increased ProtectionPayload

Increased Tradespace

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Latency: major issue in teleoperation

Connectivity Round Trip Communication Delay

Wired 10 ms (local), 300 ms (cross-country)

Wireless Dependent on bandwidth and distance

Satellite 500 ms (GEO)

Video transmission 300 ms - 1000 ms (one way; frame rate dependent)

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Completion Time vs. Latency Speed vs. Latency

178 RunsLatency (s) Latency (s)

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Teleop Mobility vs. Latency Challenge

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Latency Studies

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Measurement

Studies

Compensation

Studies

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Building the Cybersecurity Competency

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Penetration TestingReverse EngineeringBuilding New Tools

Transitioning ResearchIntegrating Commercial Tech

Leveraging Public-Private Partnerships to Deliver Advanced Capabilities

HACMS

AMAS GVR-Bot

(High Assurance Cyber Military Systems)

HACMS is a shift away from “patch and pray”

methods that approach cybersecurity from a reactive standpoint

UNCLASSIFIED: Distribution Statement A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

UNCLASSIFIED: Distribution Statement A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Unclassified, Distribution A

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