Future Trends in Mobile Future Trends in Mobile Communications Communications – – Resource Resource and Security Management and Security Management Abbas Jamalipour Abbas Jamalipour The University of Sydney The University of Sydney Australia Australia [email protected][email protected]The 2005 Sendai International The 2005 Sendai International Workshop on Network Security Workshop on Network Security and Wireless Communications and Wireless Communications Sendai, Japan, 27 January 2005
Transcript
Future Trends in Mobile Future Trends in Mobile Communications Communications –– Resource Resource and Security Managementand Security Management
Abbas JamalipourAbbas Jamalipour
The University of SydneyThe University of SydneyAustraliaAustralia
[email protected]@ieee.orgThe 2005 Sendai International The 2005 Sendai International Workshop on Network Security Workshop on Network Security and Wireless Communicationsand Wireless Communications
Sendai, Japan, 27 January 2005
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University’s profileUniversity’s profile
AustraliaAustralia’’s first university established in 1850s first university established in 1850AustraliaAustralia’’s widest range of courses s widest range of courses AustraliaAustralia’’s largest numbers of research studentss largest numbers of research studentsLargest library system in the southern hemisphereLargest library system in the southern hemisphere
Key statistics in 2004Key statistics in 2004Students 47,296Students 47,296
International students 8,985International students 8,985Academics 2,451 (FTE) (Total staff 6340)Academics 2,451 (FTE) (Total staff 6340)Items in library 5.1 millionItems in library 5.1 million
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Colleges and FacultiesColleges and Faculties
College of Health SciencesCollege of Health SciencesFaculty of Dentistry Faculty of Dentistry Faculty of Health Sciences Faculty of Health Sciences Faculty of Medicine Faculty of Medicine Faculty of Nursing Faculty of Nursing Faculty of PharmacyFaculty of Pharmacy
College of Humanities and Social SciencesCollege of Humanities and Social SciencesFaculty of Arts Faculty of Arts Faculty of Economics and Business Faculty of Economics and Business Faculty of Education and Social Work Faculty of Education and Social Work Graduate School of Government Graduate School of Government Faculty of Law Faculty of Law Sydney College of the Arts Sydney College of the Arts Sydney Conservatorium of MusicSydney Conservatorium of Music
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Colleges and FacultiesColleges and Faculties
College of Sciences and TechnologyCollege of Sciences and TechnologyFaculty of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources Faculty of Architecture Faculty of Architecture Faculty of EngineeringFaculty of EngineeringFaculty of Rural Management Faculty of Rural Management Faculty of Science Faculty of Science Faculty of Veterinary Science Faculty of Veterinary Science
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Faculty of EngineeringFaculty of Engineering
Founded in 1882 as part of the Faculty of ScienceFounded in 1882 as part of the Faculty of ScienceFirst Engineering classes 1883First Engineering classes 1883Many distinguished alumni, including Bradfield; the chief Many distinguished alumni, including Bradfield; the chief engineer on the engineer on the HarbourHarbour Bridge.Bridge.
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Faculty statisticsFaculty statistics
Undergraduate students Undergraduate students 2,6182,618Postgraduate students Postgraduate students 487487International students International students 600600Academic staff Academic staff 6767
Undergraduate Enrolments by Undergraduate Enrolments by DepartmentDepartment
Chemical Chemical 190190AMME AMME 650 650 Civil Civil 450450Electrical & Information Electrical & Information 878878
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Electrical & Information EngineeringElectrical & Information Engineering
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My current research topics and teamMy current research topics and team
Next Generation Transparent Network Architecture for HighNext Generation Transparent Network Architecture for High--Speed Speed CommunicationsCommunications
Researchers: Abbas Jamalipour, Researchers: Abbas Jamalipour, VinodVinod MirchandaniMirchandani, M. , M. RubaiyatRubaiyat KibriaKibriaSponsored by Australian Government’s International Science LinkaSponsored by Australian Government’s International Science Linkages ges ProgrammeProgramme, APA, NIP (in collaboration with EU 6th Framework) , APA, NIP (in collaboration with EU 6th Framework)
Advanced Network Selection Algorithms and Architecture Design inAdvanced Network Selection Algorithms and Architecture Design inHeterogeneous Mobile NetworksHeterogeneous Mobile Networks
Researchers: Abbas Jamalipour, Researchers: Abbas Jamalipour, QingyangQingyang Song Song Sponsored by UPA, NIP Sponsored by UPA, NIP
Integration of Wireless LAN and GPRS/UMTS Cellular SystemsIntegration of Wireless LAN and GPRS/UMTS Cellular SystemsResearchers: Abbas Jamalipour Researchers: Abbas Jamalipour Sponsored by Australian Research Council (Linkage Project), OptuSponsored by Australian Research Council (Linkage Project), Optus Networks Network
QoSQoS--Driven Rate Control Strategies for Wideband CDMA SystemsDriven Rate Control Strategies for Wideband CDMA SystemsResearchers: Abbas Jamalipour, Tracy Researchers: Abbas Jamalipour, Tracy TungTungSponsored by Australian Research Council (SPIRT Project), Univ. Sponsored by Australian Research Council (SPIRT Project), Univ. of Sydney of Sydney R&D Grant Scheme (in collaboration with University of TechnologyR&D Grant Scheme (in collaboration with University of Technology Sydney) Sydney)
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My current research topicsMy current research topics
OnOn--Board Broadband Wireless Internet SystemsBoard Broadband Wireless Internet SystemsResearchers: Abbas Jamalipour, Researchers: Abbas Jamalipour, EhssanEhssan SakhaeeSakhaeeSponsored by Australian Research Council (Discovery Project), NISponsored by Australian Research Council (Discovery Project), NIP (in P (in collaboration with the University of New South Wales) collaboration with the University of New South Wales)
Performance Study and Improvement of TCP in Wireless Performance Study and Improvement of TCP in Wireless Communication NetworksCommunication Networks
Researchers: Abbas Jamalipour, Researchers: Abbas Jamalipour, FeiFei XinXinSponsored by APA, NIP Sponsored by APA, NIP
Wireless LAN Security TechniquesWireless LAN Security TechniquesResearchers: Abbas Jamalipour, Mohammad Researchers: Abbas Jamalipour, Mohammad AzimAzimSponsored by University of Sydney R&D Grant Scheme, NIP Sponsored by University of Sydney R&D Grant Scheme, NIP
SecuritySecurity--Oriented QualityOriented Quality--ofof--Service Provisioning for Mobile InternetService Provisioning for Mobile InternetResearchers: Abbas Jamalipour, Researchers: Abbas Jamalipour, HaiHai FengFeng Chen, Tracy Chen, Tracy TungTungSponsored by NIP Sponsored by NIP
MultiMulti--hop Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MHhop Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MH--MANET)MANET)Researchers: Abbas Jamalipour, Researchers: Abbas Jamalipour, TadahiroTadahiro Wada Wada Sponsored by Telecommunications Advancement Foundation of Japan Sponsored by Telecommunications Advancement Foundation of Japan (in (in collaboration with Shizuoka University and Nagoya University) collaboration with Shizuoka University and Nagoya University)
Total Research Funds: A$1.2mTotal Research Funds: A$1.2m
Future Trends in Mobile Future Trends in Mobile Communications Communications –– Resource Resource
and Security Managementand Security Management
Abbas JamalipourAbbas JamalipourJanuary 2005January 2005
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Broadband Internet accessBroadband Internet access
Broadband Internet access anywhere, anytime is the Broadband Internet access anywhere, anytime is the ultimate challenge for the telecommunications industryultimate challenge for the telecommunications industry
Wireless technology for sure will have a significant Wireless technology for sure will have a significant contribution in realization of broadband accesscontribution in realization of broadband access
How to approach it?How to approach it?
1.1. Extension of wired network with wireless LANExtension of wired network with wireless LAN2.2. Integration of WIntegration of W--LAN with wireless cellular systemsLAN with wireless cellular systems3.3. Development of wireless MAN to complement WDevelopment of wireless MAN to complement W--LANLAN4.4. Eventual incorporation of all advanced wired and Eventual incorporation of all advanced wired and
wireless technologies through a common core network wireless technologies through a common core network with interoperability functions for seamless with interoperability functions for seamless connectivity (4G/NG)connectivity (4G/NG)
Interesting point: There is a unique sweet spot for each Interesting point: There is a unique sweet spot for each standard, though there are some overlap at the edgesstandard, though there are some overlap at the edges
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Optimized technology: usage and platformOptimized technology: usage and platform
•• Higher speed processor Higher speed processor optimized for data processingoptimized for data processing
•• Larger, high resolution displayLarger, high resolution display
•• Processor optimized for low Processor optimized for low power consumption and small power consumption and small form factorform factor
•• Smaller, lower resolution displaySmaller, lower resolution display•• Optimized for mobile voiceOptimized for mobile voice
802.11 and 802.16802.11 and 802.16 3G (and proposed 802.20)3G (and proposed 802.20)
Smart Smart PhonePhone
Cell Cell PhonePhone
The idea of having a single network/device for all communications needs ubiquitously became obsolete and is no more valid. Source: Intel Corp. 2004
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Next generation wireless systemsNext generation wireless systems
They are expected to support high data ratesThey are expected to support high data ratesProviding services comparable to Providing services comparable to wirelinewireline networks for a networks for a variety of applications such as interactive multimedia, variety of applications such as interactive multimedia, VoIPVoIP, network games, videoconferencing, etc., network games, videoconferencing, etc.Providing multiProviding multi--service ubiquitously in different service ubiquitously in different environments of indoor, outdoor (low and high velocity), environments of indoor, outdoor (low and high velocity), and up to global broadband access (satellite)and up to global broadband access (satellite)Deployment over a heterogeneous environment of various Deployment over a heterogeneous environment of various physical access networksphysical access networks
The current trend is that they will be based on IP The current trend is that they will be based on IP technologytechnology
Thus becoming an integral part of Internet infrastructureThus becoming an integral part of Internet infrastructure
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An IPAn IP--based 4G/NG networkbased 4G/NG network
IP-basedcore
SS7 signalling
InternetGSM
UMTS
publicWLAN
RNC
BSC
firewall, GGSN,gateway
gateways
server farm,gateways, proxies
PSTN, CS core
MSC
SGSN
router
broadcast
accesspoints private
WLANprivateWPAN
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Network heterogeneityNetwork heterogeneity
Heterogeneous environment meansHeterogeneous environment means
Different data rates at the physical layerDifferent data rates at the physical layerDifferent physical layer characteristics (BER, congestion, …)Different physical layer characteristics (BER, congestion, …)Different mobility management due to different size of cells (leDifferent mobility management due to different size of cells (less ss handoff versus higher data rate)handoff versus higher data rate)
Therefore, the next generation wireless systems are Therefore, the next generation wireless systems are expected to face two main constraints:expected to face two main constraints:
Heterogeneity in physical access networkHeterogeneity in physical access networkChange of applications from commonly low data rates into more Change of applications from commonly low data rates into more bandwidth demanding realbandwidth demanding real--time and multimedia onestime and multimedia ones
Then Then How to achieve a guaranteed QoS?How to achieve a guaranteed QoS?How to effectively satisfy resource and security management?How to effectively satisfy resource and security management?
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Past trends in broadband mobile dataPast trends in broadband mobile data
Inclusion of mobility features in basically nonInclusion of mobility features in basically non--mobile IP by mobile IP by introduction of Mobile IP and IPv6 protocolsintroduction of Mobile IP and IPv6 protocolsUse of Wireless LAN inUse of Wireless LAN in
Extension of wired networks mobility and scalability Extension of wired networks mobility and scalability Economically and technically feasible for limited scaleEconomically and technically feasible for limited scaleDevelopment of better security and traffic control techniques Development of better security and traffic control techniques (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol –– TKIP; TKIP; WiWi--FiFi Protected Protected Access Access –– WPA; and eventually IEEE 802.11i)WPA; and eventually IEEE 802.11i)
Extension of cellular networks bandwidth in hotspot areasExtension of cellular networks bandwidth in hotspot areasSupplement low dateSupplement low date--rate of cellular networks significantly rate of cellular networks significantly where they are most neededwhere they are most neededBoost the affordability, usefulness, competency of 3G cellular Boost the affordability, usefulness, competency of 3G cellular Take advantage of IPTake advantage of IP--oriented Woriented W--LAN and its security LAN and its security improvements to close the gap between cellular and IP improvements to close the gap between cellular and IP networks (that is, CS and PS)networks (that is, CS and PS)
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More recent trendsMore recent trends
Introduction of a new bunch of IEEE standards after the Introduction of a new bunch of IEEE standards after the popular 802.11 Wpopular 802.11 W--LANLAN
IEEE 802.11 IEEE 802.11 –– The wireless local area networks familyThe wireless local area networks family802.11 802.11 –– WW--LAN at 1 or 2 Mbps in 2.4LAN at 1 or 2 Mbps in 2.4--GHz band, FHSS/DSSSGHz band, FHSS/DSSS802.11a 802.11a –– WW--LAN extension to 54 Mbps in 5LAN extension to 54 Mbps in 5--GHz band, OFDMGHz band, OFDM802.11b 802.11b –– same as 802.11 with CCK rather than PSK modulation same as 802.11 with CCK rather than PSK modulation for support of 11 Mbps in the 2.4for support of 11 Mbps in the 2.4--GHz band (AKA GHz band (AKA WiWi--FiFi))802.11g 802.11g –– WW--LAN for 20+ Mbps in the 2.4LAN for 20+ Mbps in the 2.4--GHz band, shorter GHz band, shorter range but compatible with the 802.11brange but compatible with the 802.11b802.11e 802.11e –– adding QoS features and multimedia support, critical to adding QoS features and multimedia support, critical to wireless home networks for video on demand, audio on demand, wireless home networks for video on demand, audio on demand, voice over IP and highvoice over IP and high--speed Internet accessspeed Internet access802.11i 802.11i –– adding Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) security adding Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) security protocol to 802.11, stronger level of security than the current protocol to 802.11, stronger level of security than the current WiWi--FiFiProtected Access security standardProtected Access security standard
see: see: www.ieee802.org/11/www.ieee802.org/11/
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Other IEEE 802.xx standardsOther IEEE 802.xx standards
IEEE 802.15 IEEE 802.15 –– The wireless personal area networksThe wireless personal area networks802.15.1: was adapted from the Bluetooth specification and is 802.15.1: was adapted from the Bluetooth specification and is fully compatible with the Bluetooth 1.1fully compatible with the Bluetooth 1.1TG4 (low rate): provides data speeds of 20 Kbps or 250 KbpsTG4 (low rate): provides data speeds of 20 Kbps or 250 KbpsTG3 (high rate): supports data speeds of 11 Mbps to 55 MbpsTG3 (high rate): supports data speeds of 11 Mbps to 55 MbpsFeaturesFeatures: Use of up to 254 network devices, dynamic device : Use of up to 254 network devices, dynamic device addressing, support for devices in which latency is critical, fuaddressing, support for devices in which latency is critical, full ll handshaking, security provisions, and power managementhandshaking, security provisions, and power managementThere will be 16 channels in the 2.4There will be 16 channels in the 2.4--GHz band, 10 channels in GHz band, 10 channels in the 915the 915--MHz band, and one channel in the 868MHz band, and one channel in the 868--MHz band.MHz band.Plans to refine the 802.15 specification to work with the Plans to refine the 802.15 specification to work with the Specification and Description Language (SDL), particularly Specification and Description Language (SDL), particularly SDLSDL--88, SDL88, SDL--92, and SDL92, and SDL--2000 updates of the International 2000 updates of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) recommendation Z.100Telecommunication Union (ITU) recommendation Z.100
see: see: www.ieee802.org/15/www.ieee802.org/15/
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Other IEEE 802.xx standardsOther IEEE 802.xx standards
IEEE 802.16 IEEE 802.16 –– The wireless metropolitan area networksThe wireless metropolitan area networksOriginally published in December 2001, specified fixed pointOriginally published in December 2001, specified fixed point--toto--multipoint broadband wireless systems operating in the multipoint broadband wireless systems operating in the 1010--66 GHz licensed spectrum66 GHz licensed spectrumAn amendment, 802.16a, approved in Jan. 2003, specified An amendment, 802.16a, approved in Jan. 2003, specified nonnon--lineline--ofof--sight extensions in the 2sight extensions in the 2--11 GHz spectrum, 11 GHz spectrum, delivering up to 70 Mbps at distances up to 31 milesdelivering up to 70 Mbps at distances up to 31 milesFurther amendment, 802.16e, is expected to enable Further amendment, 802.16e, is expected to enable connections for mobile devicesconnections for mobile devicesCommercialization through Commercialization through WiMaxWiMax ForumForum
see: see: www.ieee802.org/16/www.ieee802.org/16/
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Other IEEE 802.xx standardsOther IEEE 802.xx standards
IEEE 802.20 IEEE 802.20 –– Mobile Broadband Wireless AccessMobile Broadband Wireless AccessDeveloping a packet based air interface standard that is Developing a packet based air interface standard that is optimized for the transport of IP based services for mobile optimized for the transport of IP based services for mobile BWA systems operating in licensed bands below 3.5 GHzBWA systems operating in licensed bands below 3.5 GHzTargeting peak data rates of over 1 Mbps per user at Targeting peak data rates of over 1 Mbps per user at vehicular speeds to 250 km/hourvehicular speeds to 250 km/hour
IEEE 802.21 IEEE 802.21 –– Handover and interoperability issuesHandover and interoperability issuesDeveloping standards to enable handover and Developing standards to enable handover and interoperability between heterogeneous network types interoperability between heterogeneous network types including both 802 and non 802 networks
see: see: www.ieee802.org/20/www.ieee802.org/20/
including both 802 and non 802 networks
see: see: www.ieee802.org/21/www.ieee802.org/21/
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The last mile communication linkThe last mile communication link
Purpose: Bridging the critical connection linking homes Purpose: Bridging the critical connection linking homes and businesses with their Internet service providers and businesses with their Internet service providers A chain is only as strong as its weakest linkA chain is only as strong as its weakest link
Data slowdown in the last mile of networking can impact the Data slowdown in the last mile of networking can impact the entire web browsing experience and limit the performance of entire web browsing experience and limit the performance of promising services such as video on demand and promising services such as video on demand and multimediamultimedia--filled web connections filled web connections
WiMaxWiMax vision:vision: To blanket sections of cities and rural To blanket sections of cities and rural areas that are not wired for broadband, or to provide an areas that are not wired for broadband, or to provide an alternative to wired connections in places that are alternative to wired connections in places that are connected. connected.
WiMaxWiMax competes directly with local phone and cable competes directly with local phone and cable companies’ wired offerings, such as DSL, cable modems and companies’ wired offerings, such as DSL, cable modems and leased linesleased lines
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WiMaxWiMax simplifiedsimplified
A service provider sets an 802.16a – WiMax –transceiver atop an antenna tower. Height gives the line-of-sight service better range and coverage. The signals reach the client’s transceiver either directly or, in some cases, by bouncing off smooth surfaces. However, bounced signals are more error prone, and thereby have a much-reduced effective throughput.
The received WiMax signal is decoded and unencrypted, and the payload extracted. Ethernet traffic is bridged to a standard local area network, such as a wired Ethernet router for an enterprise network, or to a Wi-Fiaccess point to support nearby mobile users.
Within a few years, expect to see WiMaxtransceivers built directly into Wi-Fi access points, to allow them to serve as turnkey Wi-Fi hotspots. They may even be built into portable computers to let them tap directly into the WiMax network.
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Slow growth of broadbandSlow growth of broadband
US: 21% of homes and 51% of business had broadband US: 21% of homes and 51% of business had broadband access in 2003 access in 2003 In most of Europe broadband penetration sits between 10 In most of Europe broadband penetration sits between 10 and 20 percentand 20 percentIn South Korea, in 2002, 43% household had broadband In South Korea, in 2002, 43% household had broadband access as a result of the government promoted access as a result of the government promoted competition between different broadband technologies competition between different broadband technologies In Hong Kong broadband penetration reached 36%In Hong Kong broadband penetration reached 36%One reason is that homes and businesses generally need One reason is that homes and businesses generally need to be less than three miles from the local telephone to be less than three miles from the local telephone exchange for a reliable (DSL) connectionexchange for a reliable (DSL) connection
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Problems with DSLProblems with DSL
In US, the tough market competing with Cable TV In US, the tough market competing with Cable TV DSL’s limited range: no more than 5000 meters for DSL’s limited range: no more than 5000 meters for business customers and as low as 3600 meters to homes business customers and as low as 3600 meters to homes For sparsely populated areas it is economically unfeasible For sparsely populated areas it is economically unfeasible So in US So in US VerizonVerizon and some other large telephone and some other large telephone companies have been testing wireless last mile companies have been testing wireless last mile A 200A 200--squaresquare--km service area costs a DSL provider over km service area costs a DSL provider over $11 million to serve, compared to wireless at $45,000 $11 million to serve, compared to wireless at $45,000 In countries such as United Kingdom, because of old In countries such as United Kingdom, because of old telephone infrastructure rolling out DSL is difficulttelephone infrastructure rolling out DSL is difficult
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BWA examplesBWA examples
TestTest--bed examples of BWA where DSL was not possible, bed examples of BWA where DSL was not possible, either economically or technically either economically or technically
October 2002, Owensboro, Kentucky: Local electricity and October 2002, Owensboro, Kentucky: Local electricity and water provider, Owensboro Municipal rolled out a highwater provider, Owensboro Municipal rolled out a high--speed speed broadband service to the city’s 58,000 residents at US $25 a broadband service to the city’s 58,000 residents at US $25 a month, $2 more than the local lowmonth, $2 more than the local low--speed dialspeed dial--upup
August 2002, Klamath Falls, Oregon: A small startAugust 2002, Klamath Falls, Oregon: A small start--up up company, Always On Network, Inc. began serving up company, Always On Network, Inc. began serving up broadband to 30 test customers broadband to 30 test customers
A test bed by British Telecom in A test bed by British Telecom in CampsieCampsie, a tiny village in , a tiny village in Northern Ireland Northern Ireland –– BT uses unlicensed spectrum to transmit BT uses unlicensed spectrum to transmit broadband Internet access signal from radio towers to small broadband Internet access signal from radio towers to small antennas on customers’ homes (an earlier version of antennas on customers’ homes (an earlier version of WiMaxWiMax) )
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Case studies by industryCase studies by industry
TowerstreamTowerstream, Boston, BostonOver 12 cells servicing greater Boston with 90% Over 12 cells servicing greater Boston with 90% coveragecoverageOver 500 business at 5.8 GHz, 1 to 8 Mbps SLAOver 500 business at 5.8 GHz, 1 to 8 Mbps SLA
Broadcast Communications Ltd, New ZealandBroadcast Communications Ltd, New ZealandNationwide 74 base stations Nationwide 74 base stations 30,000 to 100,000 connections30,000 to 100,000 connectionsHigh speed links at up to 50 km distanceHigh speed links at up to 50 km distanceEach CPE to deliver 2 Mbps ADSL wirelessly and Each CPE to deliver 2 Mbps ADSL wirelessly and up to four 64 Kbps TDM voice linesup to four 64 Kbps TDM voice lines
Unwired, SydneyUnwired, SydneyCovering most parts of Sydney metropolitan area Covering most parts of Sydney metropolitan area at competitive price with wired DSLat competitive price with wired DSL
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WiMaxWiMax –– The IEEE 802.16 StandardThe IEEE 802.16 Standard
WiMaxWiMax: Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access: Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave AccessThe latest, and mostThe latest, and most--hyped, generation of fixed wireless hyped, generation of fixed wireless technology technology
Differentiates from earlier broadband wireless access Differentiates from earlier broadband wireless access (BWA) iterations by standardization. Currently BWA (BWA) iterations by standardization. Currently BWA chipsets are customchipsets are custom--built for each BWA vendorbuilt for each BWA vendorSimilar to Similar to WiWi--FiFi Alliance, Alliance, WiMaxWiMax Forum would bring Forum would bring interoperability and thus pluginteroperability and thus plug--andand--play products play products WiMaxWiMax would succeed in every geographic market, but for would succeed in every geographic market, but for different reasons, in either way, it will become an different reasons, in either way, it will become an inexpensive means of delivering highinexpensive means of delivering high--speed dataspeed data
In emerging markets for low cost voice transport and In emerging markets for low cost voice transport and delivery delivery In developed markets for broadband Internet access In developed markets for broadband Internet access
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WiMaxWiMax (cont.)(cont.)
IEEE 802.16 wireless MAN is expected to provide IEEE 802.16 wireless MAN is expected to provide broadband wireless Internet access for neighbors, villages, broadband wireless Internet access for neighbors, villages, and cities similar to what was done by IEEE 802.11 and cities similar to what was done by IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN standard for homes, coffee shops, airports wireless LAN standard for homes, coffee shops, airports and offices and offices The first IEEE 802.16 standard published in April 2002. To The first IEEE 802.16 standard published in April 2002. To define the wireless MAN air interface as an alternative to define the wireless MAN air interface as an alternative to traditional wired connections for homes, small business traditional wired connections for homes, small business and commercial buildings and commercial buildings A nonA non--profit consortium of companies known as profit consortium of companies known as WiMaxWiMaxForum, San Jose, CA, was created to spur commercial Forum, San Jose, CA, was created to spur commercial development pf 802.16 products by ensuring their development pf 802.16 products by ensuring their interoperability interoperability
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WiMaxWiMax ForumForum
A nonA non--profit organization comprised of broadband wireless profit organization comprised of broadband wireless access system manufacturers, component (silicon, RF, access system manufacturers, component (silicon, RF, antenna) suppliers, software developers and carriersantenna) suppliers, software developers and carriersPromote Promote WiMaxWiMax brand identity and brand identity and WiMaxWiMax--Certified Certified equipment to drive interoperabilityequipment to drive interoperability
Based upon IEEE 802.16 and ETSI Based upon IEEE 802.16 and ETSI HiperMANHiperMAN standardsstandardsFounded in April ’01Founded in April ’01
Founded in conjunction with the original IEEE 802.16 Founded in conjunction with the original IEEE 802.16 standard for 10standard for 10--66 GHz applications66 GHz applicationsIn Jan ‘03, the Forum started efforts to cover the IEEE In Jan ‘03, the Forum started efforts to cover the IEEE 802.16a standard for < 11 GHz802.16a standard for < 11 GHzAs the 802.16x standard evolves, the As the 802.16x standard evolves, the WiMaxWiMax Forum will Forum will evolve with itevolve with itOver 90 members and growing rapidly (representing over Over 90 members and growing rapidly (representing over 90% of sub90% of sub--11 GHz BWA equipment sales)11 GHz BWA equipment sales)
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WiMaxWiMax (cont.)(cont.)
Wireless base station equipment targeted at under US Wireless base station equipment targeted at under US $20,000 to economically serve up to 60 customers with $20,000 to economically serve up to 60 customers with highhigh--speed connections of at least 1 Mbpsspeed connections of at least 1 Mbps
Also 802.16 can connect 802.11 hotspots to the wired Also 802.16 can connect 802.11 hotspots to the wired Internet backbone Internet backbone
Supporting pointSupporting point--toto--multipoint data connections in the 10multipoint data connections in the 10--66 GHz range, 802.16 transmits at data rates of up to 120 66 GHz range, 802.16 transmits at data rates of up to 120 MbpsMbps
This range requires line of sight, so base stations would be This range requires line of sight, so base stations would be on roof of buildingson roof of buildingsConnected to a wired backbone and then transmits Connected to a wired backbone and then transmits wirelessly over up to 50 km to large number of stationary wirelessly over up to 50 km to large number of stationary stations stations
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WiMaxWiMax (cont.)(cont.)
To accommodate nonTo accommodate non--lineline--ofof--sight, IEEE published sight, IEEE published 802.16a in Jan 2003802.16a in Jan 2003
It operates in licensed and unlicensed (either 2.4 or 5 GHz) It operates in licensed and unlicensed (either 2.4 or 5 GHz) frequencies between 2 GHz and 11 GHz using OFDM similar frequencies between 2 GHz and 11 GHz using OFDM similar to 802.11a and 802.11g to 802.11a and 802.11g
802.16b is still under development by IEEE and should 802.16b is still under development by IEEE and should use the licensed 11use the licensed 11--66 GHz band 66 GHz band 802.16 MAC supports different physical layer specifications802.16 MAC supports different physical layer specifications
Every base station dynamically distributes uplink and Every base station dynamically distributes uplink and downlink bandwidth to subscriber stations using TDMA, downlink bandwidth to subscriber stations using TDMA, completely different from 802.11 MAC which uses carriercompletely different from 802.11 MAC which uses carrier--sensing mechanisms that don’t provide effective bandwidth sensing mechanisms that don’t provide effective bandwidth control over the radio link control over the radio link
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IEEE 802.16 StandardsIEEE 802.16 Standards
802.16802.16Line of sightLine of sight
802.16a/REVd802.16a/REVdNon line of sightNon line of sight
802.16e802.16eNon line of sightNon line of sight
Status of Status of StandardStandard
Dec 2001 802.16a: Jan 2003802.16REVd: Q3’04
Estimate Q1’05
< 6 GHz
Up to 15 Mbps in 5 MHz of spectrum
Portable/Mobile
Same as 802.16a with more “sub-channels” for low power
20, 25 and 28 MHz Flexible channel bandwidths between 1.25 and 20 MHz
Typical Cell Typical Cell RadiusRadius
1-3 miles; up to 5 miles.
3 to 5 miles; Max range 30 miles based on tower height and topography
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WiWi--FiFi and and WiMaxWiMax
WiWi--FiFi is a great technology for wireless networking, but is a great technology for wireless networking, but Still tightly tethered to a wired infrastructure Still tightly tethered to a wired infrastructure –– conventional conventional DSL, cableDSL, cable--modem, leased line, or dialmodem, leased line, or dial--up links to an up links to an Internet service provider Internet service provider
•• WiMaxWiMax is coming to add the short wireless connectivity is coming to add the short wireless connectivity and to revolutionize the lastand to revolutionize the last--mile service delivery for mile service delivery for broadband homes and businessesbroadband homes and businessesWiMaxWiMax will compete against DSL, cable, and dialwill compete against DSL, cable, and dial--up for up for homes and businesses homes and businesses WiMaxWiMax protocols make efficient use of bandwidth and also protocols make efficient use of bandwidth and also allow it to carry many different types of traffics not just allow it to carry many different types of traffics not just TCP/IP but also ATM and voice traffic; also allows for TCP/IP but also ATM and voice traffic; also allows for strong encryption for user’s data privacy strong encryption for user’s data privacy
WiMaxWiMax is not an extension of is not an extension of WiWi--FiFiWiWi--FiFi is a LAN standard under IEEE 802.11 standard for is a LAN standard under IEEE 802.11 standard for indoor use, to distribute Internet access to a bunch of home indoor use, to distribute Internet access to a bunch of home and office computers and office computers WiMaxWiMax is a wireless replacement for a wired broadband is a wireless replacement for a wired broadband connection; i.e. a new way of getting Internet access into connection; i.e. a new way of getting Internet access into home or office, more cheaply and easily than usual wires of home or office, more cheaply and easily than usual wires of telephone telephone The two standards use different chip sets and different The two standards use different chip sets and different schemes for QoS and security schemes for QoS and security They may or may not operate in the same regions of the They may or may not operate in the same regions of the radio spectrum radio spectrum They operate with different assumptions about radio They operate with different assumptions about radio environments where they work environments where they work WiMaxWiMax is ideal for a fixed pointis ideal for a fixed point--toto--multipoint network, but multipoint network, but inappropriate for a LAN inappropriate for a LAN
One reason of misunderstanding is the new activities in One reason of misunderstanding is the new activities in the the WiWi--FiFi standard; the new standard IEEE 802.11n standard; the new standard IEEE 802.11n created in Sept. 2003 to increase created in Sept. 2003 to increase WiWi--FiFi data rate to over data rate to over 100 Mbps (not very permissible to see it before mid100 Mbps (not very permissible to see it before mid--2005)2005)For 802.11 there is always a trade off between date rates For 802.11 there is always a trade off between date rates and distance: Longer distance and distance: Longer distance →→ Lower data rates Lower data rates Competition between Competition between WiWi--FiFi and and WiMaxWiMax would be minimal would be minimal
WiWi--FiFi devices are devices are omnidirectionalomnidirectional, finding access points , finding access points wherever they are wherever they are WiMaxWiMax devices typically face an access point, a base station devices typically face an access point, a base station WiWi--FiFi users are expected to hear each other and defer users are expected to hear each other and defer transmission if the network is busy transmission if the network is busy WiMaxWiMax users transmit only when instructed by the base users transmit only when instructed by the base station station
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802.16 and 802.11 Standards802.16 and 802.11 Standards
802.11802.11 802.16802.16 TechnicalTechnicalRangeRange Optimized for 100 meters
Add access points or high gain antenna for greater coverage
Optimized for typical cell size of 7-10 kmUp to 50 km range
802.16 PHY tolerates the greater multi-path delay spreads caused by distance
802.16: 256 OFDM (vs. 64 OFDM)Mesh option part of 802.16 spec
ScalabilityScalability Channel bandwidth is wide (20 MHz) and fixed → OK for small cell sizes
Channel b/w is flexible from 1.5 MHz to 20 MHz for Metropolitan Area cell planningAccommodates both licensed and license exempt bands
Macro cell planning (MAN) has different requirements than micro-cell (LAN) planning
Bit rateBit rate 2.7 bps/Hz peak data rate; Up to 54 Mbps in 20 MHz channel
3.8 bps/Hz peak data rate; Up to 75 Mbps in a 20 MHz5 bps/Hz bit rate; 100 Mbps in 20 MHz channel
Slightly higher modulation scheme yields slightly higher data throughput
QoSQoS No QoS support today →802.11e working to standardize
QoS designed in for voice/ video, differentiated services
802.11: contention-based MAC (CSMA)802.16: grant request MAC
CoverageCoverage Optimized for indoor environments and users within 100m of each other
Optimized for outdoor environ-ments (trees, buildings, users spread out over distance)Standard support for advanced antenna techniques & mesh
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2006 vision of 2006 vision of WiMaxWiMax
INTERNETINTERNETBACKBONEBACKBONE
Telco Core Telco Core Network or Network or
Private Private (Fiber) (Fiber)
NetworkNetwork
802.16802.16
SEEKS BESTSEEKS BESTCONNECTIONCONNECTION
Laptop ConnectedThrough 802.16
Line of Sight Line of Sight BACKHAULBACKHAUL
802.16 PCI802.16 PCI
802.16802.16
802.16802.16
Source: Intel Corp. 2004
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WiMaxWiMax developmentdevelopment
WiMaxWiMax will evolve in two stageswill evolve in two stages
1.1. Starting last year with products that cost and function like Starting last year with products that cost and function like current BWA equipment. No increase in total fixed market, but current BWA equipment. No increase in total fixed market, but a gradual migration from proprietary equipment to a gradual migration from proprietary equipment to WiMaxWiMaxequipment (mainly 802.16a: fixed) equipment (mainly 802.16a: fixed)
2.2. Once 802.16e (portable MAN) is approved: embedding Once 802.16e (portable MAN) is approved: embedding WiMaxWiMaxin laptops and other mobile devices; a potential competitor to in laptops and other mobile devices; a potential competitor to 3G, so that 3G, so that WiMaxWiMax and and WiWi--FiFi complement one anothercomplement one another
Future laptops and Future laptops and PDAsPDAs would be built with chip sets for both would be built with chip sets for both standards 802.11 and 802.16standards 802.11 and 802.16
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Other innovative technologies Other innovative technologies
ZigBeeZigBee: The technology that coordinates communication : The technology that coordinates communication among thousands of tiny sensors, through its radio among thousands of tiny sensors, through its radio standard standard
Sensors can be scattered throughout offices, farms, or Sensors can be scattered throughout offices, farms, or factories, picking up bits of information about temperature, factories, picking up bits of information about temperature, chemicals, water, or even motion (smart dust) chemicals, water, or even motion (smart dust) Designed to use little energy so they can be left is place for Designed to use little energy so they can be left is place for 5 to 10 years 5 to 10 years Communicate very efficiently, passing data over radio waves Communicate very efficiently, passing data over radio waves from one to the other like a bucket brigade from one to the other like a bucket brigade At the end of line, the data can be dropped into a computer At the end of line, the data can be dropped into a computer for analysis or picked up by another wireless technology like for analysis or picked up by another wireless technology like WiMaxWiMaxPhilips and Motorola are going to make Philips and Motorola are going to make ZigBeeZigBee--based based products products
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Other innovative technologiesOther innovative technologies
The current version of The current version of WiMaxWiMax can’t be used while in can’t be used while in moving; future versions of moving; future versions of WiMaxWiMax will support mobile will support mobile networks too networks too
MobileMobile--FiFi will be available in two or three years and it will be available in two or three years and it provides broadband access to fast moving users sit in a train provides broadband access to fast moving users sit in a train or in a car or in a car UWB, IEEE 802.15 on the other hand is for short distance UWB, IEEE 802.15 on the other hand is for short distance broadband data transfer. For example while Mobilebroadband data transfer. For example while Mobile--FiFireceives highreceives high--speed data to a laptop in the trunk, UWB pull speed data to a laptop in the trunk, UWB pull that information up to a handheld computer in the front seat that information up to a handheld computer in the front seat
These technologies attracted over $4.5 billion in venture These technologies attracted over $4.5 billion in venture investments over the past five years! investments over the past five years!
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ConclusionsConclusions
The development trend of future mobile networks has The development trend of future mobile networks has been separated into two distinct ways:been separated into two distinct ways:
Cellular based Cellular based –– moving from CS to PS and all IPmoving from CS to PS and all IP--basedbasedIPIP--oriented standards oriented around IEEE 802.1x and 802.2xoriented standards oriented around IEEE 802.1x and 802.2x
No matter how these rather exclusive directions develop, the No matter how these rather exclusive directions develop, the future of mobile data will hang around a heterogeneous future of mobile data will hang around a heterogeneous solution that will include both approachessolution that will include both approachesFrom security point of view, new security techniques should From security point of view, new security techniques should aim at higher layers of the network in order to be aligned aim at higher layers of the network in order to be aligned with the heterogeneous nature of the future networkswith the heterogeneous nature of the future networksBandwidth and resource management of large number of Bandwidth and resource management of large number of network users will eventually push Wnetwork users will eventually push W--LAN and WLAN and W--MAN MAN standards into licensed spectrumstandards into licensed spectrum
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Key features of future mobile networksKey features of future mobile networks
Improved radio technology and antennasImproved radio technology and antennassmart antennas, beam forming, multiplesmart antennas, beam forming, multiple--input multipleinput multiple--output output (MIMO)(MIMO)
space division multiplex to increase capacity, benefit from multspace division multiplex to increase capacity, benefit from multipathipathsoftware defined radios (SDR)software defined radios (SDR)
use of different air interfaces, download new modulation/coding/use of different air interfaces, download new modulation/coding/......requires a lot of processing power (UMTS RF 10000 GIPS)requires a lot of processing power (UMTS RF 10000 GIPS)
dynamic spectrum allocationdynamic spectrum allocationspectrum on demand results in higher overall capacityspectrum on demand results in higher overall capacity
Core network convergenceCore network convergenceIPIP--based, quality of service, mobile IPbased, quality of service, mobile IP
AdAd--hoc technologieshoc technologiesspontaneous communication, power saving, redundancyspontaneous communication, power saving, redundancy
Simple and open service platformSimple and open service platformintelligence at the edge, not in the network (as with IN)intelligence at the edge, not in the network (as with IN)more service providers, not network operators onlymore service providers, not network operators only
