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ERS/OMS CONSILLIUM: APOYANDO A LOS CLÍNICOS EN CASOS DIFÍCILES G. B. Migliori WHO Collaborating Centre for TB and Lung Disease, Fondazione S. Maugeri, Care and Research Institute Tradate, Italy; ERS Secretary General
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Page 1: G. B. Migliori - Cenaprece Salud · G. B. Migliori WHO Collaborating Centre for TB and Lung Disease, Fondazione S. Maugeri, Care and Research Institute ... Udwadia ZF, Amale RA, Ajbani

ERS/OMS CONSILLIUM: APOYANDO A LOSCLÍNICOS EN CASOS DIFÍCILES

G. B. MiglioriWHO Collaborating Centre for TB and Lung Disease,Fondazione S. Maugeri, Care and Research Institute

Tradate, Italy; ERS Secretary General

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IntroducciónOBJETIVOS: para discutir la situación MDR-TB

hoy para demostrar que los nuevosmedicamentos por sí solos no son suficientes

• Epidemiología• Resultados del tratamiento de la MDR-TB• Los nuevos fármacos• La prevención de que se produzca la MDR• Cuestiones abiertas: el estigma, la toxicidad,

costos, control de infecciones• El TB Consilium de la ERS/OMS

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La epidemiologíaes muyaburrido...

… pero muyimportante

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13 mejores áreas con mayor % de MDR-TBentre los casos nuevos, 2001-2010

16.5

19.2

19.3

19.4

20.0

22.3

23.8

27.3

28.3

15.4

14.8

16.0

16.1

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Tashkent, Uzbekistan (2005)

Estonia (2008)

Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine (2006)

Mary El Republic, Russian Federation (2008)

Dushanbe city and Rudaki district, Tajikistan (2009)

Belgorod Oblast, Russian Federation (2008)

Kaliningrad Oblast, Russian Federation (2008)

Republic of Moldova (2006)

Ivanovo Oblast, Russian Federation (2008)

Baku city, Azerbaijan (2007)

Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russian Federation (2008)

Pskov Oblast, Russian Federation (2008)

Murmansk Oblast, Russian Federation (2008)

35.3Minsk, Bielorrussia (2010) Preliminary results ERJ 2012

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5

Age/sex

Countryof birth

prevTX >

30days

Drug receivedduring previous

TX periods

Drug resistance atXDR diagnosis

HospitAdmis(days)

SSconv

(days)

C conv(days)

Outcome

TXdur(mo

43/F IT 3 SRHEZ;FQ,Eth,AK,PAS,C,K,Cyc,Rb,Clof,Dap,Cl,Th

SRHEZ;FQ,Eth,AK,PAS,C,K,Cyc,Rb,Clof

422 No No Died 94

49/F IT 3 SRHEZ;FQ,Eth,AK,PAS,C,K,Cyc,Rb,Clof, Dap,Cl,Th

SRHEZ;FQ,Eth,AK,PAS,C,K,Cyc,Rb,Clof,Dap,Cl,Th

625 No No Died 60

Casos de tuberculosis por primera vez en Italia resistentes a todos losfármacos probados

Eurosurveillance 2007

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Udwadia ZF, Amale RA, Ajbani KK, Rodrigues C. Totally drug-resistanttuberculosis in India. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Feb 15;54(4):579–81.

El caso de Mumbaiy el "brote TDR-TB”

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Page 9: G. B. Migliori - Cenaprece Salud · G. B. Migliori WHO Collaborating Centre for TB and Lung Disease, Fondazione S. Maugeri, Care and Research Institute ... Udwadia ZF, Amale RA, Ajbani
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Resistance to fluoroquinolones and second-line injectable drugs: impact on MDR-TB outcomes. Eur Respir J. 2012 Oct 25; doi:10.1183/09031936.00134712

El éxito del tratamiento, entre diferentes grupos de pacientes con TBMDR

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Treatment outcomeXDR-alone XDR+2sli XDR+sliG4 XDR+sliG4EZ

n = 301 n = 68 n = 48 n =42

Cured 1.0 (reference) 0.4 (0.2, 0.8) 0.6 (0.2, 1.6) 0.5 (0.2, 1.7)

Failed 1.0 (reference) 2.1 (1.0, 4.5) 1.8 (0.7, 4.7) 1.9 (0.7, 5.3)

Died 1.0 (reference) 1.6 (0.6, 4.4) 1.7 (0.6, 4.9) 1.8 (0.6, 5.3)

Failed or Died 1.0 (reference) 2.6 (1.2, 4.4) 2.6 (1.1, 6.7) 2.8 (1.0, 7.9)

Defaulted 1.0 (reference) 1.0 (0.3, 2.6) 0.5 (0.2, 1.8) 0.5 (0.1, 2.0)

Treatment outcomeXDR alone XDR+2sli XDR+sliG4† XDR+sliG4EZ

n = 301 n = 68 n = 48 n =42

Cured 43 (27, 58) 30 (17, 43) 34 (-, -) 19 (0, 48)*

Failed 20 (15, 25) 29 (8, 50) 33 (-, -) 26 (14, 38)

Died 13 (6, 20) 18 (7, 29) 30 (18, 41)* 35 (21, 50)*

Failed or died 35 (26, 45) 54 (40, 69)* 48 (-, -) 49 (37, 61)

Defaulted 15 (5, 24) 15 (3, 27) 18 (-, -) 19 (6, 32)

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1st-lineoral

•INH

•RIF

•PZA

•EMB

•(Rfb)

Injectables

•SM

•KM

•AMK

•CM

Fluoroquinolones

•Cipro

•Oflox

•Levo

•Moxi

•(Gati)

Oral bacteriostatic 2nd line

Unclear efficacy•ETA/PTA

•PASA

•CYS

Not routinely recommended,efficacy unknown, e.g.,amoxacillin/clavulanic acid,clarithromycin, clofazamine,linezolid, inmipenem/cilastatin,high dose isoniazid

XDR= HR + 1 FQ + 1 Injectable (AMK, CM or KM)

XDR= extensively drug-resistant TB

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FirstsanatoriumGermany,1857

First DispensaryScotland, 1897

Koch, Mtb,1882

MMR,1950-1980

Fox: Ambulatorytreatment, 1968

Styblo model,1978DOTS, 1991

BCG vaccination,1921

Pneumotorax,Italy, 1907

1900

1890

1880

1910

1920

19301940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

Post-2015 global TB strategy2014 – WHO Framework forTB elimination, 2014

2030

Streptomycin1943 PAS

1948

Thiacetazone1951

Pyrazinamide/Clofazimine1954

Isoniazid1952

Cycloserine1955

Kanamycin/Rifapentine/Rifampicin

1957

Ethionamide1960

TBelimination

2040

2050

Ethambutol1961

Capreomycin1963

Ofloxacin1982

Gatifloxacin1992 Moxifloxacin

1996 Pretomanid2000

Bedaquiline2005

Delamanid2006

1946: first randomized clinical controlledtrial:streptomycin monotherapy caused resistance

1952: first regimen: streptomycin,P-aminosalicylic acid and isoniazid for 24 months

1960s:aminosalicylic acid was replaced by ethambutolstreptomycin, isoniazid and ethambutol for 18 months

1970s: streoptomycin, isoniazid, rifampicinand ethambutol for 9-12 months 1980s: isoniazid, rifampicin,pyrazinamide,

ethambutol for 6-8 months (oral) 2020s: new universal andshorter regimen (2-4 months)for TB disease and infection?

Sutezolid/Linezolid1990s

Meropenem1976

Benzothiazinones/SQ1092000s

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Después de 40 años, 2 nuevosmedicamentos aprobados por laFood and Drug Administration(FDA) y / o la Agencia Europea deMedicamentos (EMA)

En 1966, el último fármaco anti-TB se introdujo en elmercado

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Bedaquiline

Delamanid

Pretomanid

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Delamanid

• Los resultados favorables en 143/192 pacientes(74.5%) que recibieron delamanid ≥6 meses, vs.126/229 pacientes (55,0%) que recibierondelamanid ≤2 meses.

• Reducción de la mortalidad a 1,0% VS 8,3% (nodelamanid), p <0,001.

Skripconoka V, ERJ 2013

16

Delamanid añadido a un régimen deMDR-TB mejora la conversión SS-C enel mes 2 (45.4 vs. 29.6%)

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Bedaquiline (Bq) y Pretomanid (PA-824)

• Nuevo trial de fase IIb a comparar laactividad bactericida después de 8-semanas: moxifloxacin + pretomanid(100 mg o 200 mg), + Z vs régimenestándar OMS

• actividad bactericida superiordespués de 2 meses de tratamiento.

• bien toleradoLancet 2015, in press

18

• IIb trial, BQ + background regimen VS placebo,•reducida mediana de tiempo hasta la conversiónC, (125 a 83 días) y aumento de la conversión C alas 24 semanas (79% vs. 58%) y en 120 semanas(62% vs. 44%). Las tasas de curación en 120semanas fueron 58% frente a 32% de incidenciade eventos adversos similares (10 muertes BQ gr)

• EBA 2 semanas: PA-824+moxi+Z mejorque: bq, bq+Z, bq+PA-824 Comparable aOMS Grupo 1

Page 19: G. B. Migliori - Cenaprece Salud · G. B. Migliori WHO Collaborating Centre for TB and Lung Disease, Fondazione S. Maugeri, Care and Research Institute ... Udwadia ZF, Amale RA, Ajbani

A primera experiencia de uso compasivo debedaquilina

Page 20: G. B. Migliori - Cenaprece Salud · G. B. Migliori WHO Collaborating Centre for TB and Lung Disease, Fondazione S. Maugeri, Care and Research Institute ... Udwadia ZF, Amale RA, Ajbani

Recomendaciones de la OMS sobre Bq y delamanid

• 100 mg BD añadidoa OBR en adultos

• Farmacovigilancia• El consentimiento

informado• No se agregó a BQ

20

•400 mg al día (200)añadido a OBR enadultos• Farmacovigilancia• El consentimientoinformado• Monitoreo QT

•Preparación para el país yplanificación•Plan Nacional de nuevasherramientas•M & E (DRS y farmacovigilancia)•El sector privado participa•Suministro de Medicamentos•Investigación operativa

Page 21: G. B. Migliori - Cenaprece Salud · G. B. Migliori WHO Collaborating Centre for TB and Lung Disease, Fondazione S. Maugeri, Care and Research Institute ... Udwadia ZF, Amale RA, Ajbani

Meropenem

21

Variables Total 37 Cases 61 Controls p-value

SS conv at 90 d, n (%)37/48(77.1)

28/32 (87.5) 9/16 (56.3) 0.02

C conv at 30 d, n (%)24/66(36.4)

12/37 (32.4) 12/29 (41.4) 0.45

C conv at 60 d, n (%)37/62(59.7)

24/37 (64.9) 13/25 (52.0) 0.31

C conv at 90 d, n (%)46/61(75.4)

31/37 (83.8) 15/24 (62.5) 0.06

Page 22: G. B. Migliori - Cenaprece Salud · G. B. Migliori WHO Collaborating Centre for TB and Lung Disease, Fondazione S. Maugeri, Care and Research Institute ... Udwadia ZF, Amale RA, Ajbani

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Adverse events0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Alffenaar JWC et al. [46] 0.00 (0.00 - 0.37)Anger HA/Condos R et al. [34] 1.00 (0.78 - 1.00)De Lorenzo S et al. [35] 0.67 (0.09 - 0.99)FortunJ et al. [22] 1.00 (0.29 - 1.00)Koh WJ et al. [45] 0.82 (0.48 - 0.98)Migliori GB et al. [8] 1.00 (0.03 - 1.00)Park IN et al. [44] 0.71 (0.29 - 0.96)Schecter GF et al. [30] 0.22 (0.07 - 0.44)Singla R et al. [31] 0.71 (0.42 - 0.92)Udwadia ZF et al. [32] 1.00 (0.29 - 1.00)Villar M et al. [33] 0.22 (0.03 - 0.60)Von der Lippe B et al. [43] 0.80 (0.44 - 0.97)

Proportion of adverse events (95% CI)

Pooled Proportion = 0.59 (0.49 to 0.68)Chi-square = 61.94; df = 11 (p = 0.0000)Inconsistency (I2) = 82.2 %

Linezolid interruption due to adverse events0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Alffenaar JWC et al. [46] 0.00 (0.00 - 0.37)Anger HA/Condos R et al. [34] 0.87 (0.60 - 0.98)FortunJ et al. [22] 1.00 (0.29 - 1.00)Koh WJ et al. [45] 0.82 (0.48 - 0.98)Migliori GB et al. [8] 1.00 (0.03 - 1.00)Park IN et al. [44] 0.40 (0.05 - 0.85)Schecter GF et al. [30] 1.00 (0.03 - 1.00)Singla R et al. [31] 1.00 (0.69 - 1.00)Udwadia ZF et al. [32] 0.54 (0.25 - 0.81)Villar M et al. [33] 1.00 (0.03 - 1.00)Von der Lippe B et al. [43] 0.70 (0.35 - 0.93)

Proportion of linezolid interruption due to adverse events (95% CI)

Pooled Proportion = 0.69 (0.58 to 0.79)Chi-square = 37.19; df = 10 (p = 0.0001)Inconsistency (I2) = 73.1 %

Los eventos adversos en regímenes que contienen Linezolid, Sotgiu et al, ERJ 2012

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TDM: ¿es el futuro deTratamiento de la MDR-

TB?

Page 24: G. B. Migliori - Cenaprece Salud · G. B. Migliori WHO Collaborating Centre for TB and Lung Disease, Fondazione S. Maugeri, Care and Research Institute ... Udwadia ZF, Amale RA, Ajbani

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

XDR-TB

MDR-TB

El brote en Noruega

paciente somalí

1992 (-) radiografia, no Mantoux

1994 TB pulmonar, resistente H(+5 SLDs): HRZperdido

1995 esputo positivo TB INH, RIF resistante (+ 5 SLDs)

Después de 10 años , otros 23 pacientes (15 XDR) con una cepaidéntica (mismo RFLP y Spoligotyping) diagnosticados

Ulf R Dahle et al. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 2003

Page 25: G. B. Migliori - Cenaprece Salud · G. B. Migliori WHO Collaborating Centre for TB and Lung Disease, Fondazione S. Maugeri, Care and Research Institute ... Udwadia ZF, Amale RA, Ajbani

ESTC(EU Standards

for TB Care)

ERS ha sido muy activaen el desarrollo de unaversión adaptada de lasnormas internacionales aEuropa

Page 26: G. B. Migliori - Cenaprece Salud · G. B. Migliori WHO Collaborating Centre for TB and Lung Disease, Fondazione S. Maugeri, Care and Research Institute ... Udwadia ZF, Amale RA, Ajbani

26

Drogas costosasy tóxicosson necesarios

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El coste (€) para tratar la tuberculosis y el MDR/ XDRes enorme: la prevención es rentable

Cost per case Susceptible MDR-TB XDR-TB

Estonia* 2,615 15,344 15,344

France 5,691

Germany 7,7,51 55,003 188.466

UK 6,234 62,343

Netherlands 8,340 46,990 148,136

Italy 9,294

Finland 8,243

Spain 9,384

AVERAGE 7,848 54,779 168,310

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Áreas visitadas por los pacientes con tuberculosis

asa / reportadopor otras estructuras

Departamento de TB

Aislamiento para TB

Recepción

OPD

VCT

Radiologia

Laboratorio

Farmacia

Otros

Salas generales

Maternidad

Uns

uspe

cted

TB p

atie

nts

Page 29: G. B. Migliori - Cenaprece Salud · G. B. Migliori WHO Collaborating Centre for TB and Lung Disease, Fondazione S. Maugeri, Care and Research Institute ... Udwadia ZF, Amale RA, Ajbani

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Kazakhstan(2268)

Turkey (263) Uzbekistan(294)

Ecuador (210) Georgia (417) DemocraticRepublic of the

Congo (202)

Philippines(520)

Namibia (221) RussianFederation

(1537)

Brazil (444) Kyrgyzstan(262)

Republic ofMoldova (522)

South Africa(4383)

Romania (816)

Success Died Failed Defaulted Not evaluated

Resultados del tratamiento MDR-TB

Page 30: G. B. Migliori - Cenaprece Salud · G. B. Migliori WHO Collaborating Centre for TB and Lung Disease, Fondazione S. Maugeri, Care and Research Institute ... Udwadia ZF, Amale RA, Ajbani

Tratar MDR/ XDR-TB es difícil

www.tbconsilium.org

Page 31: G. B. Migliori - Cenaprece Salud · G. B. Migliori WHO Collaborating Centre for TB and Lung Disease, Fondazione S. Maugeri, Care and Research Institute ... Udwadia ZF, Amale RA, Ajbani

Consilium ERS/OMS por MDR/XDR-TB

• desarrollado por la OMS Europa yERS (que financia el proyecto)• plataforma electrónica que apoyaa los médicos a tratar los casos decomplejos TB• el médico incluye datos en 20minutos• dentro de dos días, dos expertosmundiales dañan respuesta• el sistema está libre

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La plataforma web:www.tbconsilium.org

• el sistema habla Español, Inglés,Portugués y Ruso (Francés en preparación)

• web alojado en Suiza (ley Suiza)

Nuevos proyectos:• el sistema de seguimiento de los pacientes que migran de

un país a otro;• servicio para los pacientes (motivación, segunda opinión),• servicio para apoyar el diagnóstico y la terapia de la

infección latente

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Consilium:ERS/OMS 82 casos(2 Marzo, 2015)

• 58 casos + 24 in 2 epidemias (4 TB and 20infecciones)

• 18 Países: India (19/58, 32,7%), Italia (11/58, 18,9%),Reino Unido (8/58 13,7%)

• 26 casos pediátricos• pregunta clínica: régimen de tratamiento (8 uso compasivo)• 18,9% (11) Sensible; 5% (3) Polyr; 6,8% (4) Mono-r; 60,3% (35)

MDR-TB (13 XDR-TB + 4 pre-XDR); 8,6% (5) no clasificado• 62% (36) P; 15,5% (9) EP; 20,6% (12) P+EP; 1,7% (1) no

clasificados

Page 34: G. B. Migliori - Cenaprece Salud · G. B. Migliori WHO Collaborating Centre for TB and Lung Disease, Fondazione S. Maugeri, Care and Research Institute ... Udwadia ZF, Amale RA, Ajbani

www.tbconsilium.org

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36

“Nadie quierecerrar…todos tienenmiedo”

Page 37: G. B. Migliori - Cenaprece Salud · G. B. Migliori WHO Collaborating Centre for TB and Lung Disease, Fondazione S. Maugeri, Care and Research Institute ... Udwadia ZF, Amale RA, Ajbani

Conclusiones• puntos calientes comprometidas• pacientes prácticamente incurables• nuevos medicamentos después de 40 años: cómo

preservarlos? ¿Qué nuevos regímenes?• para el tratamiento de la MDR/ XDR-TB es largo,

tóxicos y caros• los resultados son pobres• gestión basada en la evidencia adecuada es necesaria• Asistencia online está disponible

(www.tbconsilium.org)• control de infecciones adecuado es necesario

Page 38: G. B. Migliori - Cenaprece Salud · G. B. Migliori WHO Collaborating Centre for TB and Lung Disease, Fondazione S. Maugeri, Care and Research Institute ... Udwadia ZF, Amale RA, Ajbani

Conclusiones• puntos calientes comprometidas• pacientes prácticamente incurables• nuevos medicamentos después de 40 años: cómo

preservarlos? ¿Qué nuevos regímenes?• para el tratamiento de la M / XDR-TB es largo, tóxicos y

caros• los resultados son pobres• gestión basada en la evidencia adecuada es necesaria• Asistencia online está disponible (www.tbconsilium.org)• control de infecciones adecuado es necesario• Los nuevos medicamentos serán inútiles sin un fuerte

sistema de salud capaz de apoyar la adherencia de lospacientes

Page 39: G. B. Migliori - Cenaprece Salud · G. B. Migliori WHO Collaborating Centre for TB and Lung Disease, Fondazione S. Maugeri, Care and Research Institute ... Udwadia ZF, Amale RA, Ajbani
Page 40: G. B. Migliori - Cenaprece Salud · G. B. Migliori WHO Collaborating Centre for TB and Lung Disease, Fondazione S. Maugeri, Care and Research Institute ... Udwadia ZF, Amale RA, Ajbani

Gracias a todos!


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