Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering

G. S. V. L. NarasimhamA. Veeresh BabuS. Sreenatha ReddyRajagopal Dhanasekaran   Editors

Recent Trends in Mechanical EngineeringSelect Proceedings of ICIME 2019

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G. S. V. L. Narasimham • A. Veeresh Babu •

S. Sreenatha Reddy • Rajagopal DhanasekaranEditors

Recent Trends in MechanicalEngineeringSelect Proceedings of ICIME 2019

123

EditorsG. S. V. L. NarasimhamIndian Institute of Science BangaloreBangalore, Karnataka, India

A. Veeresh BabuNational Institute of Technology WarangalWarangal, Telangana, India

S. Sreenatha ReddyGuru Nanak Institute of TechnologyIbrahimpatnam, Telangana, India

Rajagopal DhanasekaranGuru Nanak Institute of TechnologyIbrahimpatnam, Telangana, India

ISSN 2195-4356 ISSN 2195-4364 (electronic)Lecture Notes in Mechanical EngineeringISBN 978-981-15-1123-3 ISBN 978-981-15-1124-0 (eBook)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1124-0

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or partof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmissionor information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in thispublication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt fromthe relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in thisbook are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor theauthors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material containedherein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regardto jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,Singapore

Preface

The Second International Conference on Innovations in Mechanical Engineering(ICIME 2019) by the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Guru NanakInstitutions, Telangana, India, was conducted on January 4 and 5, 2019. It includesoriginal research and the latest advances in the field, focusing on aerospace,automobile, thermal engineering, renewable energy sources, bio-mechanics, fluidmechanics, MEMS, mechatronics, robotics, CAD/CAM, CAE, CFD, design andoptimization, tribology, materials engineering and metallurgy, mimics, surfaceengineering, nanotechnology, polymer science, manufacturing, production andproduction management, industrial engineering, and rapid prototyping. The con-ference has grown exponentially over the years and has become a platform forscientists, researchers, academicians, and students to present their ideas and sharetheir research in various fields of mechanical engineering. The focus for this year’sconference was ‘innovation,’ and we had distinguished speakers from India andabroad who shared innovative solutions and technologies.

Over 212 papers were received, based on the comments of reviewers and thescientific merits of the submitted manuscripts, 100 articles were accepted forpublication in the conference proceedings, of which 68 papers have been selectedfor Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. The papers selected were presentedby the authors during the conference. The presentations of ICIME 2019 weredivided into four main sessions, namely (1) thermal, (2) production, (3) materials,and (4) design, and all registered authors discussed their ideas. We were happy tonote that all the authors were satisfied with the arrangements and encouraged us tocontinue to conduct such conferences in the future as well.

We would like to thank all the participants, speakers, session chairs, committeemembers, reviewers, international and national board members, Guru NanakInstitutions Management, and all the people who have directly or indirectly

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contributed to the success of this conference. The editors would also like to thankSpringer Editorial Team for their support and for publishing the papers as partof the ‘Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering’ series.

Bangalore, India Prof. G. S. V. L. NarasimhamWarangal, India Dr. A. Veeresh BabuIbrahimpatnam, India Prof. S. Sreenatha Reddybrahimpatnam, India Prof. Rajagopal Dhanasekaran

vi Preface

Contents

Analysis Over Trio-Tube with Dual Thermal Communication SurfaceHeat Exchanger [T.T.H.Xr.] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Devendra Yadav, Zenis Upadhyay, Akhilesh Kushwaha and Anuj Mishra

An Experimental Study of Performance and Emission Characteristicsof a Diesel Engine Fueled with Palm Kernel Methyl Esterwith Ethanol Additive: A Fuzzy-Based Optimization Approach . . . . . . . 15Siddhartha Das, Bijoy Kumar Deb and G. R. K. Sastry

Effect of Alumina Nanoparticles on Performance and Emission Studyof DICI Engine Fuelled by Cymbopogon Flexuosus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29R. Sathiyamoorthi, G. Sankaranarayanan, B. Nithin Siddharthand M. V. Natarajan

Study and Analysis of Blended Fuel on Single-Cylinder NaturallyAspirated Diesel Engine with Biofuels Coupled with EGR . . . . . . . . . . . 43B. Venkatesh and G. Prasanthi

Thermal Analysis of Drilled and Slotted Brake Rotors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Jatin Parajiya, Kaustubh Babrekar, Saurabh Bairagi and Arvind Chel

Non-premixed Combustion Analysis on Micro-Gas TurbineCombustor Using LPG and Natural Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Ch. Indira Priyadarsini, A. Akhil and V. Srilaxmi Shilpa

Life Cycle Assessment of a 100 kWp Solar PV-Based Electric PowerGeneration System in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81N. Leela Prasad, P. Usha Sri and K. Vizayakumar

Performance, Combustion, and Emission Characteristics of DieselEngine Fuelled with Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel/Diesel Blendswith Iron Oxide Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95L. Bharath and D. K. Ramesha

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Effect of Multiple Injection Strategy on Combustion of Cotton SeedOil Biodiesel in CRDI Diesel Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107Ramesh Babu Nallamothu, Nallamothu Anantha Kamal,Nallamothu Seshu Kishan, Injeti Nanaji Niranjan Kumarand Basava Venkata Appa Rao

Combustion and Emission Behaviour of Honge Biofuel in a ThermalBarrier Coated Diesel Engine Suitable for Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121Muralidharan Kandasamy and Duraisamy Senthilkumar

Experimental Analysis on Emission Characteristics of PalmarosaAlkyl Group Biofuel Feedstock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129Ganapathi Arumugam and Kandasamy Muralidharan

Development of Solar Turbine for Small-Scale Industries . . . . . . . . . . . 139Anjaiah Madarapu and M. Harinatha Reddy

Performance and Emission on Raw Vegetable Oil withHydrogen-Enriched Air for Better Combustion in a DICI Engine . . . . . 145G. Sankaranarayanan, S. Karthikayan, R. Ganesan and T. Thirumalai

Experimental Investigation on Stir Casting Processing and Propertiesof Al 6082/SiC Metal Matrix Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159Debashis Mishra and Tirupati Tulasi

Effect of Change in Focal Plane Position on Hole Characteristicsof Nanosecond Pulsed Laser Micro Drilled Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169Ganesh Dongre, Avadhoot Rajurkar, Ramesh Gondil, Nachiket Laddhaand Jacob Philip

Production Planning of Flexible Manufacturing SystemsUsing an Efficient Multiobjective Function Considering Failureof Different Machines in Production Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177B. Satish Kumar, G. Janardhana Raju and G. Ranga Janardhana

Experimental Investigation of Ball Burnishing Process ParametersOptimization for Al 5083 Using Taguchi Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189M. Jawahar, J. Suresh kumar, M. Srikiran and Shiek Ismail

Experimental Investigation on Strength of Friction Stir WeldedAl 6061-T6 Alloy Joints with Varying Oblique Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205D. Maneiah, K. Prahlada Rao and K. Brahma Raju

A Comparative Study on Performance of 3D-Printed EDM Electrodewith Conventional EDM Electrode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217L. Mahipal Reddy, L. Siva Rama Krishna, S. Sharath Kumarand P. Ravinder Reddy

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Effect of High-Power Intensity on Corrosion Behaviourof Aluminium—Steel Dissimilar Joints Made by ElectronBeam Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227S. Sai Sravanthi and Swati Ghosh Acharyya

Evaluation and Impacts on Mechanical Behavior of Friction StirWelded Copper 2200 Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239L. Srinivas Naik and B. Hadya

Error Compensation Strategies for Workpiece Deflection During EndMilling of Thin-Walled Straight and Curved Geometries . . . . . . . . . . . . 249Hareendran Manikandan, S. Sreejith, Kanjiyangat Vivek, C. Sasi Jayaramand P. A. Azeemhafiz

Effects of Micro-EDM Parameters on the Surface Integrityof the Micro-Holes Fabricated on Nickel Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259Pankaj Kumar and Manowar Hussain

A Study on Welding of Thin Sheet of Ti6-Al-4V Alloy Using FiberLaser and Its Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271Manowar Hussain, Gulshad Nawaz Ahmad and Pankaj Kumar

Tool-Wear Measurement Using Parametric Optimization and ImageProcessing of Drilling in Al6063–Al2O3 MMC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281Cherukupalli Sudhakar, Praveen Kumar and M. Jayaashwini

Parametric Optimization for PA2200 Quality Prototype FabricatingProcess (Selective Laser Sintering) by Taguchi Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293Battula Narayana and Sriram Venkatesh

Scheduling of Flexible Manufacturing System by Hybridizing PetriNet with Improved Scatter Search Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305T. R. Chinnusamy, Prabhakar Kammar, Fathima Praveen, T. Karthikeyan,M. Krishnan, N. Varshitha and Ashika Ananda Shetty

An Image Processing Approach for Detecting Solidification Crackin Pipeline Girth Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333Nirmala Madian, Somasundaram Devaraj, Santhi Krishnamoorthiand Rajagopal Dhanasekaran

Experimental Investigation to Optimize Process Parametersin Drilling Operation for Composite Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343K. Amarnath, P. Surendernath and V. Kumar

Hardness Characteristics of Grinding Wheel Using Al2O3

with Boron Nitride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353Shivashankara, Rudra Naik and Mahadev Gouda Patil

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Optimization of Process Parameters on EDM for Inconel 718 . . . . . . . . 365Ch. Shekar, U. Ashok Kumar, K. Kishore and P. Laxminarayana

Profile Optimization in Tooltip for FSW Process—A NumericalInvestigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373R. Saravanan, M. S. Sreenivasa Rao, T. Malyadriand Nagasrisaihari Sunkara

Effect of Composition and Process Parameter on MechanicalProperties of Composite Coating by Laser Cladding: An Overview . . . . 387Ranit Karmakar and Subrata Kumar Ghosh

Influence of ZrB2 Particles on Dry Sliding Wear Behaviourof AA7075/ZrB2 In-Situ Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397M. Nallusamy, S. Sundaram and K. Kalaiselvan

Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Nanocomposites for RadarAbsorption Application in the X-Band . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409Puppala Siva Nagasree, Koona Ramji, Killi Krushna Murthy,Mantri Kannam Naidu and Tammareddy Haritha

Synthesis and Microwave Absorption Properties of MnZn FerriteNanocomposite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419Tammareddy Haritha, Koona Ramji, Killi Krushna Murthy,Puppala Siva Nagasree and Dukkipati Bala Nagesh

An Experimental Investigation of New Hybrid Composite MaterialUsing Ramie-Flax and Its Mechanical Properties Through FiniteElement Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431Dara Ashok, Sukumar Puhan, Raghuram Pradhan, P. Kiran Babuand Y. Srinivasa Reddy

Effect of MgO Particulates on Dry Sliding Wear of al LM13 MetalMatrix Composite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447C. S. Ravindra Sagar, T. K. Chandrashekar and Batluri Tilak Chandra

Flexural Fracture Analysis on 2D and 3D Weaved Carbon–SiliconCarbide Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455S. Sapthagiri and S. Nagakalyan

Characterization of Aluminium Alloy 6063 Coated Over Mild Steelby Aluminization Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469B. Vijaya Kumar and K. John William

Investigation of Mechanical and Wear Characteristics of AluminumReinforced with Quartz Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479T. Thirumalai, A. Harsha Vardhan Reddy, S. Nagakalyanand Rajagopal Dhanasekaran

x Contents

Studies on Application and Mechanism of Self-Healing Polymerand Nanocomposite Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487S. Sreenatha Reddy, Rajagopal Dhanasekaran, Sujeet Kumar,Shiv Shankar Kanwar, R. Shruthi and T. Navaneetha

Comparing Fire Penetration Results of Natural Fibre ReinforcedComposite Material with Plywood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499Rajagopal Dhanasekaran, S. Sreenatha Reddy, Anwar Pasha,Akula Deep Chander, Asar Fayaz Baig and T. Thirumalai

Microstructural Evaluation of Friction Surfaced Aluminium AlloyAA6063 Over Mild Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511B. Vijaya Kumar

Mechanical Properties of Coconut–Carbon Fiber ReinforcedHybrid Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519Nampally Yadagiri, B. Naresh, B. Phanindra and P. Varalaxmi

Frequency Analysis of Aircraft Wing Using FEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527Akhil Basutkar, Kunal Baruah and Shashidhar K. Kudari

Structural and Vibrational Analysis of Femur Bone Using FEA . . . . . . 535Sonu Kumar Kharatmal, Pranav Ravindrannair, Karthik Sridhar,Mir Akber Mohsin Ali and V. Rajashekhar

CFD Analysis, Analytical Solution, and Experimental Verificationfor Design and Analysis of Air Intake of Formula Student Car . . . . . . . 553S. Vivek, Rabi Pathak and Rishabh Singh

Noncontact Surface Roughness Assessment Using Machine VisionSystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567Dhiren Patel, Kiran Mysore and Kartikkumar Thakkar

Optimization of Brake Pedal for FSAE Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579Kaustubh Babrekar, Saurabh Bairagi, Jatin Parajiya and Nitin G. Phafat

Design and Analysis of Steering Clevis Joint for Optimizationand Steering Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587Aniket Sawant, Dhananjay Patil, Vedashri Joshi, Amit Trisaland Arvind Chel

Modeling and Structural Analysis of Suspension Rockerfor FSAE Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599Saurabh Bairagi, Jatin Parajiya, Kaustubh Babrekar and Nitin G. Phafat

Control of End-Effector of a Multi-link Robot with Jointand Link Flexibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611E. Madhusudan Raju, L. Siva Rama Krishna and Mohamed Abbas

Contents xi

Design of Plastic Bottle Shredding Machine and Computational FiniteElement Analysis of Shaft in the Shredder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625Aluka Dheeraj Reddy, G. V. Niharika and G. Srinivas Sharma

Effect of Temperature on Stress Concentration Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641Jajula Satish, Shubhashis Sanyal and Shubhankar Bhowmick

Experimental and Finite Element Analysis of Fracture Parametersof woven Glass/Epoxy Composite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649Venkata Sushma Chinta, P. Ravinder Reddy, Koorapati Eshwara Prasadand B. Venkata Sai Kiran

Automatic Gate System with Autofocus Camera Using Node-RED . . . . 661Basavaraj Talikoti, Ruchira Patole, Amit Pradhan, Allen Thomas,Evin Poulose and Shubham Mane

CFD Analysis of Hydro-Dynamic Lubrication Journal BearingUsing Castor Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671N. Udgire Manojkumar, H. Jagadish and B. Kirankumar

To Evaluate Chassis Frequency Harmonics of Vehicles by ModalAnalysis and Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685Nilesh Ahirrao and Santosh Bhosle

Analysis of Internal Damping in Rotating Shaft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695K. Raju, M. Ravindra Gandhi, Rajasekhar Vangala and N. Suresh

An Overview of Harmony Search Algorithm Applied in IdenticalParallel Machine Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709P. Sreenivas, Shaik Khaja Peer Saheb and M. Yohan

Computational Investigation of Stagnation-Region Gas Injectionfor Protection of a Locally Heated Skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715Tulasi Tirupati and B. S. Subhash Chandran

Techno-Economic Assessment of Wind/Photovoltaic and ConventionalGenerator Hybrid Off-Grid Power Systems for Rural Communityin Meta Robi District . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723Kante Mallikarjuna Rao, Robera Daba Bededa, B. Somanath,L. Ranganath and Basam Koteswararao

Assessment of Unconventional and Conventional Off-Grid PowerSource for Rural Areas in Ethiopia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737Yakkala M. K. Raghunadh, M. Chakrapani, Robera Daba Bededa, P. Vijayand G. Bheemanna

A Review on Advanced Optimization Algorithms in MultidisciplinaryApplications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745M. Sreedhar, S. Akshay Navaneeth Reddy, S. Abhay Chakra,T. Sandeep Kumar, S. Sreenatha Reddy and B. Vijaya Kumar

xii Contents

About the Editors

Dr. G. S. V. L. Narasimham is a Chief Research Scientist in the Department ofMechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore. He receivedhis M. Tech. from IIT Madras and his Ph.D. from IISc Bangalore, both inMechanical Engineering. His research interests include solar thermal engineering,HVAC, refrigeration, cryogenics, heat and mass transfer, CFD, and simulationof thermal systems. He has almost three decades of experience in teaching, aca-demic and sponsored research and guiding masters and research students. Heworked as an investigator in the projects sponsored by the departments ofnon-conventional energy sources, atomic energy, space, power, science and tech-nology and planning commission, as well as industrial research projects sponsoredby IMI, GE, Mahindra and Mahindra. He also works as a consultant from IISc forvarious organizations and is a Life Member of professional bodies related to heatand mass transfer and cryogenics.

Dr. A. Veeresh Babu received his B.Tech in Mechanical Engineering andM.Tech. in Heat Power Refrigeration from JNTU, Andhra Pradesh in 1998 and2000, respectively. He obtained his Ph.D. from Andhra University in 2013. Heworked in refrigerator design, clean room technology, cold room/freezer roomdesign and construction while he was associated with the Industry. He erected andcommissioned clean rooms at DRDE, Gwalior, RCI, Hyderabad and CRDI,Lucknow. He has a research experience of more than 12 years since he joined NITWarangal as an Assistant Professor in the year 2006. Currently, he is AssociateProfessor in the Mechanical Engineering department at NIT Warangal. He haspublished more than 15 papers in peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented hisresearch in 10 international conferences. He has completed two minor researchprojects and two major projects are under review. He was also appointed as a coursewriter for certificate in Power Plant Engineering offered by IGNOU, India.

Dr. S. Sreenatha Reddy presently is working as Principal and Professor at GuruNanak Institute of Technology under JNTUH, Hyderabad. He obtained his B. Tech.(Mechanical Engineering), M. Tech. and Ph.D. from JNTUA. He held various

xiii

administrative posts and developed the Institution with his projects and activities.He has received several awards like the National award for best research publicationi.e. Jawaharlal Nehru memorial prize issued by Institution of Engineers on theoccasion of inauguration 27th Indian Engineering Congress at New Delhi in 2012and “Bharat Vidya Shiromani Award” and a “Certificate of Education Excellence”for Outstanding Achievements in the field of Education given by InternationalInstitute of Education & Management on 22nd December 2014 at New Delhi &Glory of Education of Excellence Award is issued by IIEM on 4th March 2015 atNew Delhi. He received the Best Academic Administrator award from Centre forAdvanced Research and Design under Venus International Foundation on 5th July,2015. He also received National Award as Eminent Educationists issued by theINDUS FOUNDATION on the occasion of Indo-American Education Summit2016 at Hyderabad. He has an experience of almost 20 years teaching inMechanical and Aeronautical areas and spent 3 years in the industry in thermalpower plants. He has published 141 papers in reputed journals and 26 papers ininternational and national conferences. He also served as Expert CommitteeMember of AICTE for scrutinizing project reports, and as a member in the Board ofReviewers for the Institution of Engineers journal.

Dr. Rajagopal Dhanasekaran received his BE in Mechanical and ProductionEngineering from the Annamalai University in 2002, M.E, and Ph.D. from theDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Anna University in 2007 and 2013,respectively. He has been working as a Professor in Mechanical Engineering, GuruNanak Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India since November 2015. He pub-lished more than 40 research papers and 7 patent publications. He is a member ofISTE and Tribology Society of India. His major research interests include Tribology,Engineering Failure, Wear Characterization and Production Engineering.

xiv About the Editors

Analysis Over Trio-Tube with DualThermal Communication Surface HeatExchanger [T.T.H.Xr.]

Devendra Yadav, Zenis Upadhyay, Akhilesh Kushwaha and Anuj Mishra

Abstract The thermal performance of the trio tube with a dual thermal commu-nication surface heat exchanger (T.T.H. Xr) is analyzed experimentally under thesteady-state conditions. Water was used as a working fluid which was available atthree different inlet temperatures of cold (C), hot (H), and normal (N). The per-formance of T.T.H. Xr was compared for the three different flow arrangements ofC–H–N, C–H–C, and N–H–C at counter-current flow. The pipes were made of alu-minum (inner tube 12.7 mm), copper (intermediate tube 25.4 mm), and GI tube(outer tube 38.1 mm), all pipes having a thickness of 1.5 mm. N–H–C and C–H–Cflow arrangements show better heat transfer results compared to C–H–N. The resultsfrom experiments were also verified numerically by using the derived equations. Acase study was also performed on the results obtained from T.T.H.Xr to compare itsperformance with the double-tube heat exchanger on the same parameters. It wasobserved that the pipe length for T.T.H.Xr reduced by ~58.39% compared to thedouble-tube heat exchanger to extract the same amount of heat transfer from the hotfluid.

Keywords Concentric tube · LMTD · Overall heat transfer coefficient ·Effectiveness

D. Yadav (B) · Z. Upadhyay · A. Kushwaha · A. MishraDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Axis Institute of Technology and Management, Kanpur,Indiae-mail: ydevendra393@gmail.com

Z. Upadhyaye-mail: zenisbharadwaj@gmail.com

A. Kushwahae-mail: akhileshkushwahame123@gmail.com

A. Mishrae-mail: anujmishra1098@gmail.com

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020G. S. V. L. Narasimham et al. (eds.), Recent Trends in Mechanical Engineering,Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1124-0_1

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2 D. Yadav et al.

List of Symbols

C Cold fluidρ Density (kg/m3)d Diameter (m)μ Dynamic viscosity (N-s/m2)Q Heat transfer (W)h Heat transfer coefficient (W/m2K)H Hot fluidi Innerm Mass flow rate (kg/s)N Normal fluidNu Nusselt numbero OuterU Overall heat transfer coefficient (W/m2K)Pr Prandtl numberRe Reynolds numberCp Specific heat (kJ/kgK)t Temperature (°C)k Thermal conductivity (W/mK)v Velocity (m/s)V Volume flow rate (m3/s)

1 Introduction

The heat exchanger is the device which facilitates the transfer of thermal energy fromthe fluid available at a higher temperature to the fluid at a lower temperature. It couldbe found in each and every fieldwhether it is residential or industrial resources. Thereare many heat exchangers which are already in use for the different applications, andall perform in a similar manner. The important and useful implementations that comeunder the context of “heat exchanger” are the production of thermal power, wasteheat recovery, air conditioning, refrigeration, and the food preserving purpose [1]by evaporation, pasteurization, etc. The trio-tube heat exchanger (TTH Xr) is insu-lated at the outer tube, thus, having only two thermal communicating surfaces for theanalysis [2]. If it was contemplated to be uninsulated, there would be three communi-cating surfaces with different performances and having a surrounding air at ambienttemperature as the fourth fluid. The double concentric-tube heat exchanger was theprior arrangement that did not have a complicated overall heat transfer coefficientbut did not have that much of effectiveness [3], so later on introducing an interme-diate tube to the former arrangement and eventually showed a better performance.Patrascioiu & Radulescu [4] analyzed some model by utilizing the elaborated setof equations for different inlet temperatures and mass flow rate condition. The heat

Analysis Over Trio-Tube with Dual Thermal Communication … 3

exchangers are mainly categorized on the basis of the fluid flow direction and on thebasis of their thermal contact. Heat exchangers could be multiphase; generally, theyare stationary and known as “recuperators”. On the performance evaluation of differ-ent heat exchangers (direct and indirect contact), many researchers have participatedin and got the results accordingly. Unal et al. [2] found that the T.T.H.Xr has a betterefficiency over the double-tube heat exchanger. An active simulation and modelingof an ordered counter-flow heat exchanger over startup and frequency response wascarried out by Lakshmanan and Potter [5]. The triple concentric-tube heat exchangerdesign and analysis with fins were studied by Rajasekar and Palanisamy [6]; in hisstudy, milk was considered for the helical triple tube heat exchanger. It was observedthat the ultrahigh temperature in sterilization process fluid being gets its temperatureand raised from 90 to 150 °C and hence the minerals and proteins get accumulatedon the surface of the heat exchanger, which causes the fouling in the helical tripletube heat exchanger. Due to this fouling, the conduction resistance increases andhence it prevents the heat transfer [7]. For the prognostication of the effectiveness ofheat exchanger, the fluid temperature of a microchannel operating with laminar flowconditions can be predicted by some derived equations, with which, the heat transferbetween fluids could be determined. The study elaborates that the effectiveness ofheat exchanger for the fluids available at a different temperature always increasesbut the superficial heating always decreases for the specified NTU [8].

Further, the researchers have to know that for triple concentric-tube heat exchangerparameters which affect the performance must be relative in sizes, mass flow rateand material of tube [9]. The swirl generator has been used in the double concentric-tube heat exchangers for the heat transfer enhancement which was carried out bypositioning the holes in differentways and later itwas constituted that the heat transferwas enhanced by 130% [10]. Counterfeit was done numerically byGarcia-Valladares[11]. The numerical investigation of the performance of triple-tube heat exchangerwas given byQuadir [12]. The overall calculation procedure for the transient behaviorof the tubular heat exchanger was accomplished by Patankar [13]. The evaluation oftransient turbulent heat transfer in an annulus was carried out by Kawamura [14].

In this experimental study, countercurrent flow and indirect contact type tripleconcentric heat exchanger is considered with the pipes of different materials. Theoutermost pipe was of GI, pipe in the middle was of copper having high thermalconductivity, and the last pipe was of aluminum (innermost). Fluids with three dif-ferent temperatures of C-cold, H-hot, and N-normal were available for the thermalenergy interaction. The comparative analyses between the different flow arrange-ments of C–H–N, N–H–C, and C–H–C were carried out. The case which foundmore effectiveness was N–H–C and C–H–C. Moreover, experiments that have beenconducted here on trio-tube heat exchanger, have an objective to reduce surface areaandmaterial cost. For trio-tube heat exchanger, the lengthwas reduced by 58.39% forextracting the same amount of heat transfer as from the double-pipe heat exchanger.So, the arrangement of the triple concentric-tube conquers over the double-tube heatexchanger.

J-type of thermocouples are used in order to analyze the temperature-dependentvoltage and the voltage so produced elucidates the temperature at a point and the

4 D. Yadav et al.

transient retaliation is presented so that the flow rate that pertains to the internal fluidcould determine the variation in temperature. The mass flow rate of the fluids wasmeasured with the help of rotameters fitted at both the ends of an arrangement andpumps are used to move the fluid in the required direction.

2 Experimental Details

To appraise the performance of the dual thermal communication in the trio-tubeheat exchanger, an experimental setup was invented. With the help of the setup,numerical results were acquired. In the setup, three different types of tubes wereused, aluminum, copper, and galvanized iron. The inner diameter of GI shell was38.1 mm, further, the copper pipe had 25.4 mm and Al pipe had 12.7 mm innerdiameter; thickness was the same for each pipe, i.e., 15 mm; effective length of thepipe was 2.2 m. The outermost tube of galvanized iron was swathed by insulationto resist the thermal contact with the surrounding. To realize the temperature of thewater in various points, J-type thermocoupleswere placed in different positions alongthe effective length. For obtaining high temperature, an immersion heater of capacity2000 W was immersed in the water tank. In the setup, three centrifugal pumps wereemployed for pumping of water at a different mass flow rate. The controlling valvewas located on the entry and exit of the tube for controlling the mass flow rate offluids. This setup can be operated in different arrangement of flows, i.e. CHC, CHN,and NHC. The complete experimental setup has been shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1 Experimental setup of trio-tube heat exchanger

Analysis Over Trio-Tube with Dual Thermal Communication … 5

3 Methodology

In order to characterize the pipe arrangement in the trio-tube heat exchanger, a solidmodel was designed on SOLIDWORKS 2013. This experimental setup was madeon the basis of this model. Figure 2 shows only half part of the setup, and the rest ofthe parts will be arranged accordingly.

The theoretical analysis of the triple concentric-tube heat exchanger was carriedout by Hossain et al. [15]. For insulated trio-tube heat exchanger, the heat transfertakes place among two thermal communicating surfaces as shown in Fig. 3, whichthen satisfies performance evaluation of the experimental setup. In this study, per-formance of T.T.H.Xr evaluated by the LMTD method and all parameters are givenstep by step (Eqs. 1–15); those are used in the triple concentric-tube heat exchanger.

For steady-state condition, the energy lost by the hot fluid (fluid 2) is the sum ofenergy gained by the other two fluids (fluid 1 and 3)

Q2 = Q1 + Q3 (1)

All the fluid properties were calculated at the average bulk mean temperature ofthe flowing liquid. The velocity was determined from the mass flow rate:

Re = ρvd

μ(2)

Fig. 2 3D model of thetrio-tube arrangement

Fig. 3 The flow direction ofthe fluids in C–H–Cconfiguration of the trio-tubeheat exchanger

Outer annulus cold fluid

Inner annulus hot fluid

Cold fluid

Centre-

Hot in

Q3 Q3

Q1 Q1

Normalin

Cold in

Normalout

Cold out

Hot out

6 D. Yadav et al.

The Reynolds number may be different for all the fluids and Nusselt number (Nu)depend on the Re and Pr number. If the flow is laminar (Re < 2300), then the Nusseltnumber is

Nu = 0.51 × Re0.5 × Pr1/3 ×(Pr

Prs

)0.25

(3)

If the flowing fluid is similar, then the value of (Pr/Prs)0.25 is considered as “1”.If Reynolds number is in the range of 2300–4000, i.e., transition region, then the

Nusselt number will be

Nu = 2.718 × Re0.597 × 1/3Pr ×

(d

1.193

)2/3

(4)

The convective heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger can be obtainedfrom Eq. (5).

For the inner cold fluid,

h1 = Nu1k1din

(5)

For the hot fluid flowing through the intermediate region of the heat exchanger,

h2 = Nu2k2(di2 − do1)

(6)

For the outer cold fluid,

h3 = Nu3K3

(di3 − do2)(7)

For T.T.H.Xr, two equations for the overall heat transfer coefficient will beobtained. One equation from the inner (fluid 1) and intermediate (hot fluid 2) pipe,and another equation from the intermediate (hot fluid 2) and the outer pipe (fluid 3).

1

Uo1= do1

di1hc1+ do1 ln(do1/di1)

2kcentre+ 1

hH(8)

1

Ui2= di2

d02hc2+

di2 ln(d02di2

)2Kcentre

+ 1

hH(9)

There will be three equations in T.T.H.Xr for different fluids in a different region,

Q1 = m1 × Cp1 × (t1e − t1i ) (10)

Analysis Over Trio-Tube with Dual Thermal Communication … 7

Q3 = m3 × CP3 × (t3e − t3i ) (11)

The heat transfer rate for hot fluid will be

Q2 = m2 × Cp2 × (t2i − t2e) (12)

The length of the triple tube concentric-tube heat exchanger can be obtained byEq. (13)

m × CpH × (tHi − tHe) = Uo1Ao1lmtd1 +Ui2Ai2lmtd2 (13)

where Ao1 = πdo1 and Ai2 = πdi2.The final equations for logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD) are

given as

lmtd1 = (t2i − t1e) − (t2e − t1i )

ln(t2i − t1e/t2e − t1i )(14)

lmtd2 = (t2i − t3e) − (t2e − t3i )

ln(t2i − t3e/t2e − t3i )(15)

4 Result and Discussion

In this experimental analysis over the trio-tube heat exchanger, the temperature vari-ation of the fluid along the flow direction was analyzed. The study has been carriedover the various parameters (flow arrangement, volume flow rate, and inlet temper-ature of the fluid). Three arrangements of all three fluids have been taken for theanalysis. The first arrangement was C–H–C, which means that the cold water flowsthrough the innermost and outermost annulus, and hot water through the inner annu-lus. Another arrangement was the N–H–C, which means that the normal water flowsthrough innermost tube, hot water through the inner annulus, and the cold waterthrough the outermost annulus. The third arrangement was the C–H–N, in whichthe cold water is flowing through the innermost tube, hot water through the innerannulus, and normal water through the outer annulus. Hot water is always taken inthe inner annulus in all arrangements. The outer pipe was insulated; therefore therewas no energy interaction with the environment. Each fluid stream flows in a counterflow manner with respect to the adjacent fluid. Therefore, the result can be obtainedfor the maximum heat transfer for all three arrangements. It is difficult to discussevery result from the experiment, therefore, a few results from each flow arrangementhave been taken for discussion.

In case of the C–H–C arrangement, if the mass flow rate of the fluid is differentfor different fluids, i.e.,MH = 0.041 kg/s,Mc1 = 0.065 kg/s and Mc2 = 0.020 kg/s,

8 D. Yadav et al.

Fig. 4 Temperature variation along the length of tube: CHC

and the inlet temperature is TH = 52 °C and TC1 = TC2 = 20 °C, then the exittemperatures are TH = 36 °C and Tc1 = 26 °C and Tc2 = 29 °C, respectively, asshown in Fig. 4.

From the observation, it was found that, for different volume flow rates,the outlet temperature is different for both cold fluids due to the difference in massflow rate and heat transfer area. When the volume low rate is same for all fluids, i.e.,Vc1 = VH = Vc2 = 30 l/min, the hot water temperature at the inlet is 60 °C, and coldwater temperature is the same for both, i.e., 20 °C, the hot water temperature slightlydecreases and cold water temperature is increased. At the exit, the temperature ofhot water and cold water was 42 °C, 34 °C, and 35 °C, respectively. If the volumeflow rate of the hot water is more than that of the cold water, i.e., Vh = 30 l/min.and Vc1 = Vc2 = 20 l/min., and the temperature is 60 °C and 20 °C, then the exittemperatures were 36 °C, 38 °C, and 37 °C, respectively.

In the case of the N–H–C arrangement, when the mass flow rate of all fluids isdifferent, i.e.,MH = 0.011 kg/s,Mc = 0.00575 kg/s, andMN = 0.021 kg/s, the inlettemperature of the fluids are TH = 51 °C, TN = 23 °C, and TC = 10 °C, respectively.In this case, the temperature of the hot fluid slightly decreases to 35 °C and normaland cold water temperatures are increased to 40 °C and 25 °C respectively due to theheat exchange by the hot fluid. The difference between the hot water and cold watertemperature was more as compared to that of the hot and normal water. In this case,the exit temperature of hot water is lower than the normal water temperature due totoo much heat transfer between cold and the hot fluid as shown in Fig. 5.

If the volume flow rate of the hot fluid is reduced compared to the normal and coldfluids, i.e., VH = 20 l/min. and VN = Vc = 30 l/min., then the hot fluid temperature

Analysis Over Trio-Tube with Dual Thermal Communication … 9

Fig. 5 Temperature variation along the length of tube: NHC

drops from 52 °C to 39 °C, the normal water temperature increases from 28 °C to31 °C, and the temperature of the cold water increases from 10 °C to the 28 °C,respectively. Due to the reduction in the volume flow rate of the hot water, theincrement in the temperature of the normal and cold water was less compared tothe case where the volume flow rate was the same for both the fluids. If the volumeflow rate of all fluids is the same, i.e., VH = Vc1 = Vc2 = 35 l/min. and the inlettemperature of the fluids is Tni = 28 °C, Thi = 55 °C, and Tci = 10 °C, respectively,the temperature of the hot fluid is slightly reduced to 30 °C. The normal and coldwater temperature increased to 34 °C and 20 °C respectively due to the heat exchangeby the hot fluid. On the basis of the experimental detail, temperature of the cold waterincreases as compared to the normal water due to the higher temperature differencebetween the hot water and cold water compared to that of the hot and normal water.In this condition, the exit temperature of the hot water was lower than the normalwater temperature due to the very large amount of heat transfer between cold by thehot fluid.

In the case of the C–H–N arrangement, it was similar to all the above processes.When the volume flow rates for all the fluid wax are the same, i.e., VC = VH = VN

= 30 l/min and the inlet temperature of the hot fluid, normal fluid, and cold fluidwere 52 °C, 28 °C, and 10 °C respectively, the hot water temperature dropped to33 °C, the normal water temperature increased to 32 °C, and cold water to 17 °C,respectively. If the mass flow rate for all fluids is different, i.e.,MC = 0.017 kg/s,MH

= 0.028 kg/s, andMN = 0.057 kg/s and the inlet temperature of cold, hot, and normalwater temperature is 17 °C, 48 °C, and 26 °C, respectively, the exit temperature of

10 D. Yadav et al.

the cold water was 28 °C, hot water exit temperature dropped to 38 °C, and normalwater temperature increased to 31 °C as shown in Fig. 6. In this case, it was analyzedthat the cold temperature was far from the hot water and normal water temperatures.From this study, it was found that the heat transfer from the hot to cold water is lesscompared to that of the N–H–C or C–H–C flow arrangement.

In this study, fluid flow with the laminar condition was taken due to the smallflow rate of the fluid, except some increase mass flow rate case of hot fluid. TheNusselt number depends upon the Reynolds number of the fluid flow. The overallheat transfer depends on the effective length of the heat exchanger. The results fromall three flow arrangements which were discussed earlier were taken to calculate theeffectiveness. Details of experimental results have been given in Tables 1, 2 and 3;

Fig. 6 Temperature variation along the length of tube: CHN

Table 1 Experimental results for trio-tube HXr: NHC flow arrangement

Parameters Normal (N) Hot (H) Cold (C)

m(kg/s) 0.021 0.011 0.00575

v(m/s) 0.067 0.021 0.045

Re 685.36 362.02 439.48

Nu 24.99 14.59 22.6

U U01 = 488.02 U02 = 611.99

LMTD LMTD (i − m) 15.7°C LMTD (m − o) 15 °C

Effectiveness 0.8745

Analysis Over Trio-Tube with Dual Thermal Communication … 11

Table 2 Experimental results for trio-tube HXr: CHC flow arrangement

Parameters Cold (C) Hot (H) Cold (C)

m(kg/s) 0.065 0.041 0.02052

v(m/s) 0.5146 0.132 0.04062

Re 6503.1 2429.06 386.53

Nu 52.77 17.21 19.18

U U01 = 1354.4 U02= 862.06

LMTD LMTD (i − m) =20.59 °C

LMTD (m − o) = 19.28 °C

Effectiveness 0.3212

Table 3 Experimental results for trio-tube HXr: CHN flow arrangement

Parameters Cold (C) Hot (H) Normal (N)

m(kg/s) 0.017 0.028 0.057

v(m/s) 0.134 0.09 0.1128

Re 1589.194 1512.07 1218.85

Nu 39.87 30.64 32.88

U U01 = 860.58 U02 = 1072.04

LMTD LMTD (i − m) = 20.49 °C LMTD (m − o) = 14 °C

Effectiveness 0.2936

for calculation of the LMTD and overall heat transfer coefficient, the trio-tube wasdivided into the first part from the center to themiddle annular space of the hot streamand the second from the middle annular space to the outer annular. Therefore, thetwo LMTD and overall heat transfer coefficient.

The performance of T.T.H.Xr was compared with the theoretical performancefrom the double-pipe heat exchanger as shown in Fig. 7.

For the double-pipe heat exchanger, theoretical analysis was performed by con-sidering the normal and cold fluid average temperature as the cold fluid inlet tem-perature, and mass flow rate as the sum of both the fluids. In order to determine thereduced length of the heat exchanger in T.T.H.Xr, a comparison was made on thebasis of calculating the same amount of heat transfer from both the heat exchangers.The outcomes from the analytical study on double-pipe heat exchanger are shown inTable 4.

12 D. Yadav et al.

Fig. 7 Performance comparison between trio-tube and double-pipe heat exchanger

Table 4 Experimental resultsfor double-pipe heatexchanger

Arrangement NHC CHC CHN

LMTD (°C) 13.18 18.82 11.49

Effectiveness 0.7762 0.1706 0.1445

% save length in T.T.H.Xr(%)

58.39 58.39 58.32

5 Conclusion

An experimental study on the trio-tube heat exchanger was conducted with water asthe working fluid available at three different temperatures. The following conclusioncan be made from this study:

• Based on the arrangement of the fluid flow,NHCgives themaximumeffectiveness,followed by CHC and CHN arrangements (Tables 1, 2 and 3). The CHN with theleast performance was compared to the other two arrangements.

• With the increased mass flow rate, the amount of heat transfer increases.• The experimental results manifest good agreement with the theoretical results onthe same parameters with a 5% error.

• For the same amount of heat transfer rate, the length required in the trio-tube heatexchanger reduced by ≈58% in comparison to the double-pipe heat exchanger.

• The reduced length was independent of the fluid flow arrangement.

Analysis Over Trio-Tube with Dual Thermal Communication … 13

References

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2. Unal A (2001) Theoretical analysis of triple concentric tube heat exchangers part 2. Casestudies. Int Community Heat Mass Transf 28(2):243–256

3. Batmaz E, Sandeep KP (2005) Calculation of overall heat transfer coefficients of a triple tubeheat exchanger. Heat Mass Transf 41:271–279

4. PatrascioiuC,Radulescu S (2015) prediction of the outlet temperatures in triple concentric-tubeheat exchangers in laminar flow regime. Case study. Heat Mass Transf 51(1):59–66

5. Lakshmanan CC, Potter OE (1994) Dynamic simulation of a countercurrent heat exchangermodelling start up and frequency response. Int Commun Heat Mass Transf 21(3):421–434

6. Rajasekar K, Palanisamy S (1934) Design and analysis of triple tube heat exchangers with fins.IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, 01–05

7. Nema PK, Datta A (2006) Improved milk fouling simulation in a helical triple tube heatexchanger. Int J Heat Mass Transf 49:3360–3370

8. Mathew B, Hegab H (2010) Application of effectiveness NTU relationship to parallel flowmicrochannel heat exchangers subjected to external heat transfer. Int J Therm Sci 49:76–85

9. GhiwalaTM,MatawalaVK (2014) Sizing of triple concentric heat exchanger. Int J EngDevelopRes 2(2):1683–1692

10. Akpinar EK,Yildiz C (2004)Heat transfer enhancements in a concentric double pipe exchangerequipped with swirl elements. Int Commun Heat Mass Transf 31(6):857–868

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12. Quadir GA, Jarallah SS, Salman Ahmed NJ, Badruddin IA (2013) Experimental investigationof the performance of a triple tube concentric pipe heat exchanger. Int J Heat Mass Transf62:562–566

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An Experimental Study of Performanceand Emission Characteristics of a DieselEngine Fueled with Palm Kernel MethylEster with Ethanol Additive:A Fuzzy-Based Optimization Approach

Siddhartha Das, Bijoy Kumar Deb and G. R. K. Sastry

Abstract Researches on alternate fuels have been gaining the attention ofresearchers worldwide due to the energy crisis. The fossil fuel sources which areused as the most important resource of energy at present are not enough to meetthe increasing energy demand. The whole world is now searching for renewableenergy sources. Biodiesel reduces the emission of harmful gases to the environ-ment. Biodiesel was produced from the palm kernel oil using transesterificationprocess. In the present experiment, the engine was fueled with diesel and blendscontaining 5, 10, and 15% of palm kernel methyl ester. The developed Multi-InputMulti-Output (MIMO) fuzzy model predictions show the correlation coefficients inthe range 0.908–0.998 for B15 as it has given a better performance and emissionthan other blends.

Keywords Palm kernel methyl ester · Performance · Emission · Optimization ·MIMO fuzzy model

1 Introduction

Energy is one of themain important inputs for the development of all quarters includ-ing agricultural and industrial services and transport sectors. Energy has been at thepivotal point of national and global economic growth for several decades [1]. The

S. DasDepartment of Automobile Engineering, Tripura Institute of Technology, Agartala, Tripura, Indiae-mail: sidas_007@rediffmail.com

B. K. Deb (B)Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tripura Institute of Technology, Agartala, Tripura, Indiae-mail: bijoykrdb@gmail.com

G. R. K. SastryDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tadepalligudem,Andra Pradesh, Indiae-mail: grksastry@nitandra.ac.in

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020G. S. V. L. Narasimham et al. (eds.), Recent Trends in Mechanical Engineering,Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1124-0_2

15

16 S. Das et al.

demand for energy is rising exponentially, predominantly the demand for fossil fuel-based energy. Petroleum-derived fuels, actually, surpass the demand for any otherfuels or energy resources. Theworld consumption for oilwill increase from85millionbarrels/day in 2006 to 107 million barrels/day in 2030 [2–4]. Under these develop-ment conjectures, around half of the world’s collective property would be depletedby 2030. Also, as per many studies, world oil production would hit the highest pointsometime between 2007 and 2030. Therefore, future energy accessibility is a seriousuniversal concern. One more, chief global concern is ecological degradation or cli-mate change such as global warming. Global warming is related to greenhouse gaseswhich are mostly emitted from the burning of petroleum fuels. In order to managethe discharge of greenhouse gases, Kyoto Protocol targets to reduce the greenhousegas emission by a collective average of 5% below 1990 level of respective countries[5]. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concludes in the Cli-mate Change 2007 that, on account of aberrant weather, change below the globalsurface temperatures are probably going to increase by 1.1–6.4 °C somewhere in therange of 1990–2100. Canakcia et al. [6] have looked at the significance of Counter-feit Neural Systems [ANNs] for the execution and fumes emanation estimations of adiesel motor fuelled with biodiesels from various feedstocks and oil diesel energizes.The execution and fumes emanations from a diesel motor, utilizing biodiesel mixeswith No. 2 diesel fuel up to 20%, have been projected utilizing the ANN display.The real and anticipated values of SFC, CO, CO2, HC, O2, and NOx were tallied.Sahoo et al. [7] have examined the biodiesel production from polanga seed oil bytransesterification process and were tested for their use as an alternate fuel of dieselin a single-cylinder diesel engine. The engine performance parameters such as fuelconsumption, thermal efficiency, exhaust gas temperature and exhaust emissions fuelutilization, warm effectiveness, fumes gas temperature, and fumes discharges [CO,CO2, NOx, and O2] were observed. From release viewpoint, the unblemished POMEwas recorded to be the best fuel as it showed lesser smoke release when comparedwith HSD. Kumar et al. [8] have tested rice bran biodiesel in single cylinder, directinjection diesel engine to evaluate performance and emission results and comparedwith diesel fuel. The power created from the engine with biodiesel as fuel was 4%lower when contrasted with diesel, on account of lower heating value of biodiesel.BSFC and BSEC were likewise higher because of the same reason. Lin et al. [9]employed the pre-oxidation process to produce biodiesel. The experimental resultshave shown increase in specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, equiva-lence ratio, and exhaust gas temperature. The results indicate decrease in CO2, CO,and NOx emissions. Finally they concluded that pre-oxidation process effectivelyimproves the fuel properties and reduces the emissions. The performance and emis-sion characteristics are found out by Lapuerta et al. [10] on single cylinder and usednonedible oil. The loss of torque and power ran somewhere in the range of 5–10%,and especially at full load, the loss of intensity was nearer to 5% at low speed and10% at high speed. Yuan et al. [11] have investigated on the combustion and emis-sions of engines utilizing diesel fuel and biodiesel [B10, B20, and B100] fuel. Theoutcomes outline that the burning occurs ahead of time and the ignition delay periodis abbreviated. Rao et al. [12] have investigated the performance and emissions of