G4V- Grid for vehicles
Thomas TheisenRWE
Analysis of the impact and possibilities of a mass introduction of electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles on the electricity networks in Europe
Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
Paolo ScuroEnel
Round Table RT5c/4aIntegration of plug-in-vehicles in distribution networks.
Contribution from 2 major EU FP7 projects: MERGE and G4V
Agenda
Overview: the G4V project EVs: Background Business/Economic, Environmental and Societal
Implications for Electro-Mobility Customer perspective: Results of the European G4V survey Economic and Environmental impacts of Electro-Mobility Implications for business models of the key stakeholders
Impact of electromobility on electricity networks
THEISEN – DE – RT 5c/4a – G4V
technical issues
legal framework
business model
customer convenience
environmental aspects
Recommendations
Key – Question:What needs to be started now in order to enable a mass market of EV?
time-horizon: 2030Project duration: Jan 2010 – June 2011
Overview: the G4V project
ScenariosWP1
Roadmap
WP7Regulatory framework
Socio
-eco
nom
ics
Business modelsWP 2
ICTWP4
GridInfra-
structureWP5
Powersystem
operationWP6
WP3
THEISEN – DE – RT 5c/4a – G4V
Overview: the G4V project EVs: Value for the entire system Business/Economic, Environmental and Societal
Implications for Electro-Mobility Customer perspective: Results of the European G4V survey Economic and Environmental impacts of Electro-Mobility Implications for business models of the key stakeholders
Impact of electromobility on electricity networks
Agenda
THEISEN – DE – RT 5c/4a – G4V
…technically and economically:
Provide flexibility to the system:Buffer the variability of intermittent generation coming from renewable energy sources Tool for managing congestion in the power networksDemand response servicesLoad-shaping services
Trading flexibility:Due to their small scale, the EVs need to be operated as an ensembleNiche for a new function: Aggregation (that can be taken by an existing or a new actor)Trade the services that they can provide in the most appropriate markets
… and also ecologically ....
The alterable characteristics of the EVs makes them good candidates to impact the system…
THEISEN – DE – RT 5c/4a – G4V
Overview: the G4V project EVs: Value for the entire system Business/Economic, Environmental and Societal
Implications for Electro-Mobility Customer perspective: Results of the European G4V survey Economic and Environmental impacts of Electro-Mobility Implications for business models of the key stakeholders
Impact of electromobility on electricity networks
Agenda
THEISEN – DE – RT 5c/4a – G4V
Preference of home recharging (70 % ) Interest in delayed charging (with price incentives)
average of 5,8 on a scale from 1-7 Most interested UK: 6,1 Less enthusiastic Spain: 5,6
Main reason not to be interested: being afraid not having the possibility to use their car
V2G: Less interest compared to delayed charging average of 4,4 on a scale from 1-7
Most interested UK and Portugal Main reason not to be interested :
benefit too low (50%)
Survey results (1,900 responses were received from 8 countries) :
Preferences of potential users of EVs related to charging – A survey in 8 countries
THEISEN – DE – RT 5c/4a – G4V
Overview: the G4V project EVs: Value for the entire system Business/Economic, Environmental and Societal
Implications for Electro-Mobility Customer perspective: Results of the European G4V survey Economic and Environmental impacts of Electro-Mobility Implications for business models of the key stakeholders
Impact of electromobility on electricity networks
Agenda
THEISEN – DE – RT 5c/4a – G4V
... even at low levels of EV penetration
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
WIn
d Sh
eddi
ng (
% o
f ava
ilabl
e)
EV Penetration (% of total)
NonOpt OptUni OptV2G
Example: UK, 30% wind penetration in the system
Significant avoidance of wind energy curtailment by optimized EV charging
THEISEN – DE – RT 5c/4a – G4V
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Prod
ucti
on c
osts
incr
ease
, %
(abo
ve 0
%EV
pen
etra
tion
leve
l)
EV Penetration (% of total)
NonOpt OptUni OptV2G
Avoidance of wind energy curtailed Reduced usage of expensive generators Reduced provision of response by conventional generators Reduced emission costs
Key reasons for cost savings in Optimized EV charging:
Impact on production costs: Optimized charging leads to reduced overall operational costs
THEISEN – DE – RT 5c/4a – G4V
Overview: the G4V project EVs: Value for the entire system Business/Economic, Environmental and Societal
Implications for Electro-Mobility Customer perspective: Results of the European G4V survey Economic and Environmental impacts of Electro-Mobility Implications for business models of the key stakeholders
Impact of electromobility on electricity networks
Agenda
THEISEN – DE – RT 5c/4a – G4V
THEISEN – DE – RT 5c/4a – G4V
Wide systemdemand
EVsschedulingRES
production
Generationscheduling
Market/ system conditions
pd pc
• Generation scheduling
Minimise total operating costs Power balance constraint (including EVs’ charge and discharge) Security: system reserve requirements Units technical operating constraints:
- Minimum up- and down-times- Up and down ramp rate limits
• EVs scheduling
“Maximise revenues”EVs’ energy requirementsEVs operating constraints:
- State of charge- Charging and discharging rates- EV’s status
System operation
THEISEN – DE – RT 5c/4a – G4V
The coordination of the aggregator and markets is a large and complex optimisation problem
Aggregators will sell their services only if their price is competitive (the total system welfare increases)
The V2G services are acquired for: Energy arbitrage Generation schedule changes
Systems with “flat” supply curves would hardly acquire V2G services for energy arbitrage
When the EVs penetration is large enough to flatten the total system demand, there are no opportunities to provide V2G services
Conclusions of the aggregator model
THEISEN – DE – RT 5c/4a – G4V
Overview: the G4V project EVs: Value for the entire system Business/Economic, Environmental and Societal
Implications for Electro-Mobility Customer perspective: Results of the European G4V survey Economic and Environmental impacts of Electro-Mobility Implications for business models of the key stakeholders
Impact of electromobility on electricity networks
Agenda
SCURO – IT – RT 5c/4a – G4V
Stochastic approach Inputs:
Collection of almost 200 real grid data (MV & LV)
Driving patterns from mobility study 8 different EVs control strategies
Outputs: Overloads in lines and sub-stations Required reinforcement investment Technical parameters (security margins,
energy and power in violation)
SCURO – IT – RT 5c/4a – G4V
Tool to evaluate EV impact on Distribution Grids
Uncontrolled
Tariff Control
SCURO – IT – RT 5c/4a – G4V
Control strategies: Conservative Scenario
Examples
Load by EVs is reduced, if secondary substation is at capacity
Pragmatic solutions envisage an active role of the DSO
Charging process integrate into smart grid solutions.
Those solutions are achievable within today technology and regulatory conditions
Possible to host higher percentage of EVs
SCURO – IT – RT 5c/4a – G4V
Control strategies: Pragmatic Scenario
More advanced solutions, for example using the Aggregator or multiple agents, can provide additional benefits for the electrical system such as higher integration of renewables
To introduce them additional researches are needed; for example to integrate them in grid congestion management
SCURO – IT – RT 5c/4a – G4V
Control strategies: Advanced Scenario
Aggregator Model
Multiple Agents (Powermatcher )
Using control strategies is possible to reduce and postpone grid reinforcement
To apply some of the control strategies it is required to implement smart grid functionalities
Moreover, there is the opportunity to use EVs to offer services to the electric system (e.g. integration of renewable sources)
SCURO – IT – RT 5c/4a – G4V
Simulation results
Presentation of the Final Results of the G4V Project
30 June 2011
BRUSSELS
Further information & registration: www.g4v.eu
