GACE Science Review Study

Session

Presented By: Tonya Clarke and Joe E. Hart

tclark@clayton.k12.ga.usjhart@clayton.k12.ga.us

Overview Scientific Method Characteristics and Processes of science Earth Science Physical Science Life Science Health and Safety Basic PE Principles

Scientific Method Observation Problem

Formed as a question, based on observation Hypothesis

An educated guess based on previous knowledge and experiences

Experiment Create an experimental plan

Recording Record observations, quantitative or qualitative

Data Analysis Conclusion

Refers back to hypothesis; not about proving hypotheses- about supporting or disproving hypotheses

Characteristics and Processes of Science Values of Science

Curiosity honesty Openness Skepticism Reliance on verifiable evidence

Scientific Inquiry

Characteristics and Processes of Science Data Collection and Analysis

Always include units Choose appropriate table for collecting data

(tally table, chart, etc.) Choose appropriate table for presenting data

(bar graph, circle graph, charts, tables, etc.) Verify data

Science Tools and Equipment Balances Weights Magnifying Glass (Hand Lenses) Microscope Thermometers Spring Scales (measure force) Petri Dishes Beakers GOGGLES!

Science Safety No food or drinks. Always wear goggles. (sterilize between) Be organized. No loose clothing or hair. Students should not clean up broken glass. Clean up with soap and water. http://membership.acs.org/c/ccs/pubs/K-

6_art_2.pdf

Earth Science Solar System and Universe

Planets revolve around sun on elliptical paths

each revolution is 1 year on that planet 1 year on Earth is 365 ¼ days (leap year) causes seasons

Earth is tilted on its axis so that certain hemispheres receive more light from the sun during different times of the year

seasons in northern and southern halves of the earth are reversed (summer in USA is winter in Australia)

rotate on axes (some vertical, some horizontal, Earth’s diagonal)

each rotation is one day on that planet Earth rotates once every 24 hours At any one time, the half of the Earth pointed toward the Sun

experience day, the other half point away experiences night

Earth Science Moon

Revolves around the Earth The half of the moon facing the Sun always reflects light As the moon moves, different amounts of lighted and

dark parts of the moon face the Earth The moon goes through 4 major phases

New Moon (can’t see at all) 1st Quarter (goes from new to waxing crescent to 1st) Full Moon (goes from 1st to waxing gibbous to full) 3rd Quarter (goes from full to waning gibbous to 3rd) New (goes from 3rd to waning crescent to New)

Earth Science Eclipse

Lunar- when the Earth’s shadow blocks the moon from reflecting the sun

Solar- when the moon’s shadow blocks the Earth form seeing the Sun

only effects a small area

Earth Science 3 layers of the Earth

Crust- thin outer layer, rocks are solid Mantle- thick layer of hot rock (magma) Core- center of earth

Outer core- made of hot magma Inner core- solid ball of iron (due to pressure)

Earth Science Minerals

solid, nonliving, never been alive identified by characteristics

color luster (metallic vs. nonmetallic) streak (when scratched across porcelain) shape (of crystal) hardness (whether it will scratch another)

hardness scale: 1 (softest) to 10 (hardest) Softest- talc Hardest- diamond Minerals are harder than others if they can scratch the

others

Earth Science Rocks

Classified by how they are formed Igneous- formed when magma (melted rock inside

the earth) or lava (melted rock outside the earth) cools and hardens

intrusive- formed inside obtrusive- formed outside granite, obsidian

Sedimentary- formed when layers of sediment (sand, dirt, leaves, etc) are squeezed and pressed together

common under oceans/marine areas most likely to have fossils sandstone, limestone

Earth Science Rocks

Metamorphic- formed when heat and pressure change another I, S, or M rock

made deep in the earth marble, slate

Rock Cycle the process of rocks changing from one type to

another sedimentary igneous or metamorphic or sedimentary igneous igneous or metamorphic or sedimentary metamorphic igneous or metamorphic or

sedimentary

Earth Science Fossils

something that has lasted from a living thing that died long ago

formed in different ways mold- shape of plant or animal left in sediment when

the rock is formed cast- formed when mud or minerals fill a mold imprint- molds of leaves or other thin objects

Earth Science Water Cycle

Evaporation- changing of a liquid to gas water evaporates from rivers, lakes, streams, oceans,

etc. Condensation- changing of gas to liquid

water condensates into clouds Precipitation- water falls as rain, sleet, snow, or

hail when cloud becomes “full”, the water falls some falls to land some to bodies of water

Earth Science Weather

What is happening in the atmosphere are a certain place

Atmosphere- the air surrounding Earth; has layers

troposphere- late where we live; temps drop as you go higher; temps near top are -80 degrees C

stratosphere- contains ozone; where some long distance jets fly;

mesosphere- temps lower than -120 degrees C thermosphere- temps higher than 2000 degrees C

Earth Science Weather

Fronts- a place where two air masses of differing temps meet

Cold front: cold air bumps hot air; pushes warm air up quickly; tall clouds, thunderstorms, windy, rainy, move fast, temperature drop after rain

Warm front: warm air bumps cold air; warm air pushed up gently by cold air; long periods of gentle rain, light winder; temperature rises after rain

Weather instruments thermometers wind anemometer (wind speed) barometer (air pressure

Earth Science Weather

Clouds cumulus- puffy clouds; largest ones form into

thunderstorms cirrus- wispy and featherlike; in high altitudes; made

of ice crystals stratus- layered clouds; common to see during gentle

and continuous rain

Earth Science Weathering

the way rocks are broken down into smaller pieces caused by:

wind water (flowing and freezing) plants (roots)

Erosion the movement of weathered rock and soil

caused by: creep (slow movement dur to gravity) water wind

Physical Science Properties of Matter

matter- anything that takes up space solids- takes up a specific amount of space and has

definite shape (particles packed tightly, do not move much)

liquids- volume stays the same, but it can change its shape (particles more loosely arranged, slide past each other)

gasses- no definite space or volume (particles are not connected, move in straight lines until something bounces it in another direction [like Pong!])

atoms- the basic building blocks of matter

Physical Science Changes to Matter

Physical Changes changes to matter in which no new kinds of matter

are formed cutting, gluing, writing on paper…. changing temperature

Chemical Changes changes that form different kinds of matter cooking foods (flour, eggs, milk, and oil makes

pancakes) burning rusting

Physical Science Mixtures

substance that contains two or more different types of matter

matter can be separated Solutions

mixture in which the particles of different kinds of matter mix together evenly

can’t be separated by hand

Physical Science Elements

atoms that are all the same type is determined by the number of protons

(atomic number) protons- positively charged particles electrons- negatively charge particles neutrons- particles with no charge

Molecules combinations of atoms that are bonded

Density amount of matter in a given volume

Physical Science Energy

energy amount in universe is constant energy transfers and changes forms, but does

not disappear the ability to cause change allows movement in the world types of energy

heat (thermal energy) light potential energy (energy object has because fo

where it is) kinetic energy (movement)

Physical Science Energy

Types of Energy solar geothermic electrical wind energy

Fuels something that can be burned for energy fossil fuels- fuels made from living things from long

ago (oil, natural gas, coal)

Physical Science Energy

Energy Waves some forms of energy (light and sound) move in

waves waves can be up-and-down (like a rope) or back-and-

forth (like a coil) measured from crest to crest

Physical Science Light

moves as waves (rope waves) travels faster than sound

Sound moves as waves caused by vibrating waves of air travels slower than light

Electricity moves through closed circuits stored in batteries generated in many ways

Physical Science Heat

thermal energy conduction- movement of heat when objects touch each

other conductors- allow heat transfer easily (metals) insulators- do not allow heat transfer easily (oven mitts,

house insulation, clothing, etc) convection- movement of hear though liquids or gases radiation- movement of heat without objects touching

each other (solar radiation) caused by:

friction chemical interaction burning

Physical Science Forces

a push or a pull cause motion (a change in position) gravity is the force that pulls objects toward

each other weight- measurement of the pull of gravity on

an object work- the measure of force it takes to move an

object (no movement = no force)

Physical Science Simple Machines

make work easier inclined plane (flat surface at an angle- ramp, stairs,

escalator) lever (bar that moves on a fixed point- seesaw,

scissors) pulley (rope over a wheel- flagpole) wedge (2 inclined planes stuck back to back) screw (inclined plane wrapped around a pencil-

screw, drill) wheel and axle (pencil sharpeners)

Life Science Plants

Needs light, water, air, soil

Parts roots, stem, leaves simple plants- no roots, no stem, no leaves

Plant Cells nucleus cell membrane cell wall vacuole chloroplast cytoplasm

Life Science Plants

Seeds usually large number in plant, surrounded by

protective features germinate- small plants breaks out of seed seedling- young plant Seed parts-seedling, seed coat, stored food

Photosynthesis process of plants making food takes in carbon dioxide, sunlight, water chlorophyll uses these things to make sugar and

oxygen

Life Science Animals

Needs air water food shelter

Animal Cells nucleus cell membrane vacuoles cytoplasm

Life Science Animal Traits

inherited- passed down from parents traits- inherited body features

Mammals lungs, fur/hair, live births

Birds lungs, feathers, eggs

Amphibians gills to lungs, moist skin, eggs

Fish gills, scales, eggs

Reptiles lungs, dry skin covered by scales, eggs and live births

Life Science Animal Behaviors

instincts hibernation migration camouflage mimicry

Life Cycles Butterfly Frog Human

Life Science Ecosystems

the living and nonliving things in an environment

population- a group of the same kind of living things that live in the same place at the same time

community- all the populations that live in an ecosystem

habitat- place where a population live in an ecosystem

Life Science Food Webs

producers- makes its own food consumers- eats other living things as food herbivores- eat only plants carnivores- eat only meat omnivores- eat both plants and meat decomposer- breaks down dead things for food food chain- explains how energy moves

through the environment predator- hunts another animal for food prey- animal that is hunted

Good Science Websites http://www.internet4classrooms.com/science_ele

m.htm (General science)

http://www.nsta.org/elementaryschool (NSTA Wesbite)

www.chem4kids.com (Chemistry Review) http://www.brainpop.com/science/seeall/ (All

Topics )

http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forkids/kidsclub/flash/index.html (NASA)

http://www.pbs.org/science/

Health and Safety Body Systems

Skeletal Nervous Digestive Circulatory Respiratory

Nutrition Food pyramid Fats, carbohydrates, protein,

Health and Safety Communicable diseases- contagious Non-communicable- not contagious Interpersonal Relationships Character Development Substance Abuse

medicine factors leading to substance abuse strategies for resisting alcohol, tobacco

products, or other drugs

Basic PE Principles Fitness

cardiovascular endurance muscular strength flexibility

Movement locomotor, nonlocomoter, manipulative