Gaia Association Presents on IAP in Ethiopia at 13th Annual World Congress on Public Health PH...

8/2/2019 Gaia Association Presents on IAP in Ethiopia at 13th Annual World Congress on Public Health PH Conference April 27 Presentation Final

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13th

WorldCongress on

Public Health

Addis Ababa

Ethiopia

April 27 th 2012

GAIA ASSOCIATION

INDOOR AIR POLLUTION IN

ETHIOPIA


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Formed in 2005 as an Ethiopian NGO to USA Partner Project Gaia INC

Aims to raise awareness of the health, safety, and environmentalbenefits of using alcohol fuels for cooking

Primar y init iatives include providing ethanol fuel to refugees inKebribeyah and Awbarre refugee camps in Eastern Ethi opia

Also works to promote ethanol fuel use in Addis Ababa, thecommercialization of the Clean Cook stove, and local production ofethanol fuel

GAIA ASSOCIATION


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CLEAN ENERGY-SAFE ENERGY

PROGRAM, KEBRIBEYAH REFUGEE

CAMP, EASTERN ETHIOPIA

Mother and childin a smokycooking shelter


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INDOOR AIR POLLUTION TESTING:

EQUIPMENT & PROTOCOLS USED

University of California Berkeleys Center For Entrepreneurship inInternational Health and Developme nt (CEIHD) for technicalassistance / data analysis

Equipment - UCB Particle Monitor (PM)

- HOBO Logger collects Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Equipment placed accordi ng to CEIHD protocols

100 cm, 150cm & 150 cm from the stove, from the door/windowopening and the height from the ground, respectively.

Collected over 30 Before and After Samples

IAP samples taken in : Addis Ababa Capital of Ethiopia

Kebribeyah Refugee Camp Eastern Ethiopia

Bonga Refugee Camp Western Ethiopia


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BEFORE AND AFTER TESTS

Average Of CO Test in 30 Households

0.0050.00

100.00150.00200.00250.00300.00

Time18:0920:0421:5923:541:493:445:397:349:2911:2413:1915:1417:0919:0420:5922:540:492:444:396:348:2910:2412:1914:14Time in 24 hr base for 2 day

CO(ppm) After CC StoveBefore CC stoveControlled Kitchen With CCWHO standardThe improvement

achieved for CO was79% while for PM was

94%.


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PM AND CO MONITORING RESULT SUMMARY

Location Kitchen particles PM2.5 Kitchen COBefore

Level

Residual

level %Reduction

Before

Level

Residual

level %Reduction

KebribeyahCamp 2.17mg/m3 0.13mg/m3 94% 70.5ppm 14.6ppm 79%Bonga

Camp 0.96mg/m3 0.15mg/m3 84% 22.1ppm 5.6ppm 75%

Addis

Ababa 0.64mg/m3 0.22mg/m3 64% 24.6ppm 5.9ppm 76%


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KEBRIBEYAH REFUGEE CAMP, WOMEN

USING THE CLEANCOOK STOVE


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Questions:

What is the level of indoor air pollution among women who cook with

firewood in Shero Meda sub city in Addis Ababa?

What are the womens perceptions of firewood and other fuels?

What are the barriers to adopting other fuels?

EXPLORING LEVELS OF INDOOR AIR

POLLUTION AMONG WOMEN IN ADDIS ABABA


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Conducted assessments in 84 households in Shero-Meda

kebele in Addis Ababa Ethiopia

Monitored both CO and PM 2.5 measurements from cooking for

a 24-hour period

Assessed for household features that would influence cooking

and pollution

Also included in-depth interviews and focus groups with

women in the community

ADDIS ABABA HOUSEHOLD STUDY


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All households cooked in a kitchen separate from the main

house

Wife of the household was the main cook in 75% of

households

Primary fuel used among households was branches, leaves,

and twigs (92%)

Almost all households cooked on a traditional 3-stone

fireplace

HOUSEHOLD DESCRIPTIONS


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EXAMPLES OF KITCHENS


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TYPES OF PRIMARY FUEL


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KITCHENS


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MONITORS


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N Mean Max Value

PM2.5 (24-houraverage)69 793.38 g/m3 12,737.19 g/m3

CO (8 hour average) 54 16.08 mg/m3 69.65 mg/m3

CONCENTRATIONS OF PARTICULATES

AND CARBON MONOXIDE

WHO Air Quality Guideline states that the 8 hour average CO less than 10mg/m3

Only 29 of 54 households upheld the CO standard

WHO Air Quality Guideline states that ppm should be less than 25ug/m3 in a 24

hour time period

All households exceeded the WHO standard


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Photo by Brady Luceno


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Statistical analysis conducted with all household variables

Kitchen size was divided into kitchen smaller than 15m 3 and greater

or equal to 15m3

Kitchens that were less than 15m 3 were shown to havesignificantly higher levels of CO than the larger kitchens

(t=9.05, p=


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Women interviewed stated that firewood cost around 50 -60

Birr per load (August 2010)

Women generally bought 2-3 loads per week from other

women who gather the firewood from Entoto Mountain

Women described that they mainly used firewood inside the

main kitchen for making injera, wat, and roasting barley

Firewood was said to cook extremely fast

QUALITATIVE RESULTS: PERCEPTIONS OF

FIREWOOD


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Most women also used kerosene and charcoal for various

cooking to supplement the firewood use

Charcoal cost about 2-3 Birr per small bundle was usually used

inside the main house for making coffee and tea

Kerosene could be purchased at large markets that requireda taxi ride

Kerosene cost about 9 Birr per liter and was used to cook

small snacks

Kerosene was too expensive to cook full meals

PERCEPTIONS OF KEROSENE AND

CHARCOAL


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When the women were asked about the health impacts of

using firewood, all of them mentioned the d ifficulties of

cooking with firewood including couching and sting ing eyes

Women also mentioned that kerosene was a more pleasantfuel to work with but the smell also caused headaches

HEALTH IMPACTS


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Women were asked about theirrole in the household and in

addition to cooking, many women

also gained income for their

family

Several women had small shops

selling vegetables and other items

to neighbors

Women utilized their cooking to

make a profit by cooking and

selling injera to neighbors, and

cooking barley to make a localalcohol

INCOME GENERATION


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Due to the neighborhoods close proximity with Entoto

Mountain firewood was collected by local women from the

forest and sold to households

FIREWOOD COLLECTION


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All the women interviewed were in agreement that they would

like to switch to a cleaner and healthier fuel if it were made

available

The cost of other fuels is incredibly high for those living inlower income areas

WISH TO SWITCH TO CLEANER AND

HEALTHIER FUEL


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Women in low income neighborhoods in Addis Ababa are still

cooking with firewood daily

The use of firewood for cooking is causing dangerously high

levels of particulates in their households that can cause

serious health issues

The time spent cooking and/or collecting firewood inhibits

women from entering the more formal work place and earning

wages

The desire to switch to a cleaner fuel is present, but the

market must be established to allow for consumption

OVERALL OUTCOMES


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THANK YOU!

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