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Gait, freezing, postural instability and FALLS · Microsoft PowerPoint - Gait and balance_MDS...

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5-10-2014 1 Professor Bastiaan R. Bloem Parkinson Center Nijmegen (ParC) Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center @BasBloem Gait, freezing, postural instability and FALLS Falls typically have a single cause Most falls are environmental Falls are mainly motor disorders Falls cannot be prevented Falls have relatively little importance for patients The windmills
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Page 1: Gait, freezing, postural instability and FALLS · Microsoft PowerPoint - Gait and balance_MDS allied health_September 2014_handout Author: Bas Bloem Created Date: 10/5/2014 1:35:03

5-10-2014

1

Professor Bastiaan R. BloemParkinson Center Nijmegen (ParC)

Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center

@BasBloem

Gait, freezing, postural instability and FALLS

Falls typically have a single cause

Most falls are environmental

Falls are mainly motor disorders

Falls cannot be prevented

Falls have relatively little importance for patients

The windmills

Page 2: Gait, freezing, postural instability and FALLS · Microsoft PowerPoint - Gait and balance_MDS allied health_September 2014_handout Author: Bas Bloem Created Date: 10/5/2014 1:35:03

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2

Why are falls so 

important?

Importance of falls

… and immediately decides to retire!

Page 3: Gait, freezing, postural instability and FALLS · Microsoft PowerPoint - Gait and balance_MDS allied health_September 2014_handout Author: Bas Bloem Created Date: 10/5/2014 1:35:03

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3

The best predictor offalls is a prior fall

(but falls predict much more …)

“Take home” message!

1967

Page 4: Gait, freezing, postural instability and FALLS · Microsoft PowerPoint - Gait and balance_MDS allied health_September 2014_handout Author: Bas Bloem Created Date: 10/5/2014 1:35:03

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4

Scientific confirmation

1999

Bloem et al., Mov Disord 2004;19:871‐884

Is falling an issue in Parkinson disease?

Falls are a “late” feature in Parkinson’s

UPDRS score80

Risk of falls (in subjects with no prior falls)

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

6040200

Pickering et al., Mov Disord 2007;22:1892‐1900

Page 5: Gait, freezing, postural instability and FALLS · Microsoft PowerPoint - Gait and balance_MDS allied health_September 2014_handout Author: Bas Bloem Created Date: 10/5/2014 1:35:03

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5

But when falls do occur ...

Fear of falling

Fewer falls is not necessarily better!

“Take home” message!

Page 6: Gait, freezing, postural instability and FALLS · Microsoft PowerPoint - Gait and balance_MDS allied health_September 2014_handout Author: Bas Bloem Created Date: 10/5/2014 1:35:03

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6

I will never fall again!

Fear also leads to inactivity

Van Nimwegen, Speelman, Bloem & Munneke (submitted)

Physical inactivity in Parkinson disease

‐13%

‐21%

‐84%

IVIIIIII

Hoehn & Yahr stages

Physical Activity (LAPAQ questionnaire)

The ParkFit trial

Page 7: Gait, freezing, postural instability and FALLS · Microsoft PowerPoint - Gait and balance_MDS allied health_September 2014_handout Author: Bas Bloem Created Date: 10/5/2014 1:35:03

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7

Signing up is not enough!

Prevention of physical inactivity

Page 8: Gait, freezing, postural instability and FALLS · Microsoft PowerPoint - Gait and balance_MDS allied health_September 2014_handout Author: Bas Bloem Created Date: 10/5/2014 1:35:03

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8

Falls (Cumulative)

1    3    6     9    12     15    18    21    24 (months)

Controls

ParkFit

Safety?

Difference is not significant

(Clinical) 

assessment of falls

STEP 1: classification of falls

WITH preceding loss of consciousness

WITHOUT preceding loss of consciousness

Page 9: Gait, freezing, postural instability and FALLS · Microsoft PowerPoint - Gait and balance_MDS allied health_September 2014_handout Author: Bas Bloem Created Date: 10/5/2014 1:35:03

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9

Useful tips & tricks

! Contact moment with the floor !

! Nature of the injuries !

Further classification of falls

Intrinsic falls Extrinsic falls

Analysis of security videos

Page 10: Gait, freezing, postural instability and FALLS · Microsoft PowerPoint - Gait and balance_MDS allied health_September 2014_handout Author: Bas Bloem Created Date: 10/5/2014 1:35:03

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10

Fall type 2: narrowed base of support

Fall type 4: trip over obstacle

Commonest environmental hazard??

Page 11: Gait, freezing, postural instability and FALLS · Microsoft PowerPoint - Gait and balance_MDS allied health_September 2014_handout Author: Bas Bloem Created Date: 10/5/2014 1:35:03

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11

Most falls in Parkinson’s disease are intrinsic

Treat the patient, not the environment

“Take home” message!

STEP 2: prior falls yes or no?

The falls telephone

Page 12: Gait, freezing, postural instability and FALLS · Microsoft PowerPoint - Gait and balance_MDS allied health_September 2014_handout Author: Bas Bloem Created Date: 10/5/2014 1:35:03

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12

Automated falls detection

• 3 linear accelerometers• 1 altitude sensor• Validated algorithms

Is my patient likely 

to fall (again)?

Page 13: Gait, freezing, postural instability and FALLS · Microsoft PowerPoint - Gait and balance_MDS allied health_September 2014_handout Author: Bas Bloem Created Date: 10/5/2014 1:35:03

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13

Intoxications

Avoid benzodiazepines!

Benzodiazepines

With benzodiazepines

No benzodiazepines

RR 5.0 (P < 0.01)

Bloem et al., J Neurol 2001;248:950‐958

Page 14: Gait, freezing, postural instability and FALLS · Microsoft PowerPoint - Gait and balance_MDS allied health_September 2014_handout Author: Bas Bloem Created Date: 10/5/2014 1:35:03

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14

Also common in COGNITIVE disorders

Falls are common in dementias

Particularly often in MIXED disorders

Normal pressure hydrocephalusParkinson disease

Page 15: Gait, freezing, postural instability and FALLS · Microsoft PowerPoint - Gait and balance_MDS allied health_September 2014_handout Author: Bas Bloem Created Date: 10/5/2014 1:35:03

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15

‘Spot’ diagnosis

Perhaps even particularly cognitive?

Severity (in Parkinson’s disease)

Time

Gait impairment & postural instability 

Compensatory mechanisms

Falls and injuries

Cognitive impairment

Hypothesis

Beware of EPISODIC gait disorders

Continuous gait disorder

Episodic gait disorder

??

Normal

Page 16: Gait, freezing, postural instability and FALLS · Microsoft PowerPoint - Gait and balance_MDS allied health_September 2014_handout Author: Bas Bloem Created Date: 10/5/2014 1:35:03

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16

Hypokinetic walking & turning

EPISODIC: freezing of gait

This is NOT freezing of gait

Page 17: Gait, freezing, postural instability and FALLS · Microsoft PowerPoint - Gait and balance_MDS allied health_September 2014_handout Author: Bas Bloem Created Date: 10/5/2014 1:35:03

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17

Freezing = most often trembling

Nieuwboer et al., Gait & Posture 2009;30:459‐463

Freezing of gait questionnaire, version  2.0

Courtesy of Alice Nieuwboer

Important cause of falling

Important cause of falls

Page 18: Gait, freezing, postural instability and FALLS · Microsoft PowerPoint - Gait and balance_MDS allied health_September 2014_handout Author: Bas Bloem Created Date: 10/5/2014 1:35:03

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18

Falls in Parkinson’s disease = freezing!

“Take home” message!

Absent when being examined

A good illustration

Page 19: Gait, freezing, postural instability and FALLS · Microsoft PowerPoint - Gait and balance_MDS allied health_September 2014_handout Author: Bas Bloem Created Date: 10/5/2014 1:35:03

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19

Rapid turning “on the spot”

Recommendations for clinical practice

Forced rapid, small steps

Page 20: Gait, freezing, postural instability and FALLS · Microsoft PowerPoint - Gait and balance_MDS allied health_September 2014_handout Author: Bas Bloem Created Date: 10/5/2014 1:35:03

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20

Forced rapid, small steps

Analysis of security videos

Fall type 1: turning (& freezing?)

Page 21: Gait, freezing, postural instability and FALLS · Microsoft PowerPoint - Gait and balance_MDS allied health_September 2014_handout Author: Bas Bloem Created Date: 10/5/2014 1:35:03

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21

Consider freezing of gait when patients

• Fall forward

• Claim “spontaneous” falls

• Fall while turning around

Some rules of thumb

Freezing in other species 

Treatment of freezing

Page 22: Gait, freezing, postural instability and FALLS · Microsoft PowerPoint - Gait and balance_MDS allied health_September 2014_handout Author: Bas Bloem Created Date: 10/5/2014 1:35:03

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22

Dopaminergic abnormalities

Dopa‐induced abnormalities

Non‐dopaminergic abnormalities

Clinical state while freezing

Increaselevodopa

“OFF” period freezing

Courtesy of Alberto Albanese Albanese et al., Neurology 2005;64:1958‐1960

Dopa‐responsive freezing

Threshold to treat freezing of gait

Pseudo ON state freezing

Freezing of gait

Dose of antiparkinson med

ication

Threshold for treatment response

Appendicular symptoms & signs

Dose of antiparkinson med

ication

OFF state

ON state

Threshold for treatment response

OFF state freezing

ON state freezing

My private hypothesis

Page 23: Gait, freezing, postural instability and FALLS · Microsoft PowerPoint - Gait and balance_MDS allied health_September 2014_handout Author: Bas Bloem Created Date: 10/5/2014 1:35:03

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23

Dopaminergic abnormalities

Dopa‐induced abnormalities

Non‐dopaminergic abnormalities

Clinical state while freezing

“OFF” period freezing

Decreaselevodopa

Decreaseagonist

ON state freezing of gait

Espay et al., Neurology 2012;78:454‐457

What is this?

Růžička, Nutt and Bloem, Mov Disord, in press

Page 24: Gait, freezing, postural instability and FALLS · Microsoft PowerPoint - Gait and balance_MDS allied health_September 2014_handout Author: Bas Bloem Created Date: 10/5/2014 1:35:03

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24

Looks just like …

Dopaminergic abnormalities

Dopa‐induced abnormalities

Non‐dopaminergic abnormalities

Clinical state while freezing

Idazoxan?“Non‐dopaminergic” 

freezing?L‐threo‐DOPS?

Duloxetine?

Page 25: Gait, freezing, postural instability and FALLS · Microsoft PowerPoint - Gait and balance_MDS allied health_September 2014_handout Author: Bas Bloem Created Date: 10/5/2014 1:35:03

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25

STN stimulators ON STN stimulators OFF

Effects on gait

Krack et al., N Eng J Med 2003;349:1925‐1934

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

Baseline 1 year 3 years 5 years

Postural stability

Postoperative

‐1

0

1

2

3

Baseline 1 year 3 years 5 years

Freezing of gait

Postoperative

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Baseline 1 year 3 years 5 years

UPDRS total score

Postoperative

Effects on gait

Page 26: Gait, freezing, postural instability and FALLS · Microsoft PowerPoint - Gait and balance_MDS allied health_September 2014_handout Author: Bas Bloem Created Date: 10/5/2014 1:35:03

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26

Targeting the PPN

Page 27: Gait, freezing, postural instability and FALLS · Microsoft PowerPoint - Gait and balance_MDS allied health_September 2014_handout Author: Bas Bloem Created Date: 10/5/2014 1:35:03

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27

PPN stimulation (OFF)

Courtesy of Peter Silburn

PPN stimulation (ON)

Courtesy of Peter Silburn

Specific tests

Page 28: Gait, freezing, postural instability and FALLS · Microsoft PowerPoint - Gait and balance_MDS allied health_September 2014_handout Author: Bas Bloem Created Date: 10/5/2014 1:35:03

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Traditional testing

Real life example

Page 29: Gait, freezing, postural instability and FALLS · Microsoft PowerPoint - Gait and balance_MDS allied health_September 2014_handout Author: Bas Bloem Created Date: 10/5/2014 1:35:03

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Real life example

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Patients

PercentageP = 0.001

Bloem et al, J Neurol 2001;87:950‐958

Controls

Multiple tasking and falls in PD

Parkinson MSA

Tandem gait testing

Page 30: Gait, freezing, postural instability and FALLS · Microsoft PowerPoint - Gait and balance_MDS allied health_September 2014_handout Author: Bas Bloem Created Date: 10/5/2014 1:35:03

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30

Parkinson’s disease

(n = 36)

Atypical parkinsonism

(n = 49)

Able

Unable

33 (92%)

3  ( 8%)

9 (18%)

40 (82%)

• Sensitivity 82%, specificity 92%

• Positive likelihood ratio 9.8

• Post‐test probability 87%

Abdo et al, JNNP 2006;77:1367‐1369

“Bloem’s test”

The bicycle sign

Aerts et al., Lancet 2011;377:125‐126

Stopped cycling since diagnosis

P < 0.001

Aerts et al, Lancet 2011;377:125‐126

Main findings

Page 31: Gait, freezing, postural instability and FALLS · Microsoft PowerPoint - Gait and balance_MDS allied health_September 2014_handout Author: Bas Bloem Created Date: 10/5/2014 1:35:03

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31

Even in Japanese Alps (and Korean mountains?!)

Miwa and Kondo, J Parkinson’s Disease 2012;1:167‐168

Tandem gait and cycling are easy ways to differentiate Parkinson disease 

from atypical parkinsonism

“Take home” message!

Freezing in vascular parkinsonism

Page 32: Gait, freezing, postural instability and FALLS · Microsoft PowerPoint - Gait and balance_MDS allied health_September 2014_handout Author: Bas Bloem Created Date: 10/5/2014 1:35:03

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Under recognized?!

Under recognized?!

Main results

305 consecutive Parkinson patients

• Dizziness Handicap Inventory• Dix‐Hallpike manoeuvre• Test for orthostatic hypotension

Not dizzy (n=154, 51%)Dizzy (n=151, 49%)

Orthostatic hypotension(n=57, 38%)

Classical BPPD(n=12, 8%)

Atypical BPPD(n=4, 3%)

• Symptom free (n=10, 63%)• Improved (n=3)• No improvement (n=3)

• Canalith‐reposition manoeuvre• 3‐month follow‐up

Page 33: Gait, freezing, postural instability and FALLS · Microsoft PowerPoint - Gait and balance_MDS allied health_September 2014_handout Author: Bas Bloem Created Date: 10/5/2014 1:35:03

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33

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo is 

common, under recognized but treatable

“Take home” message!

Falls are NOT untreatable

Some rules of thumb

Page 34: Gait, freezing, postural instability and FALLS · Microsoft PowerPoint - Gait and balance_MDS allied health_September 2014_handout Author: Bas Bloem Created Date: 10/5/2014 1:35:03

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34

Thank you


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