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Cell Membran
e A sandwiched double layer of phospholipids, called a
plasma membrane or phospholipid bilayer
Separates the cell from its surroundings.
Controls cellular traffic – acts as the “gatekeeper,” regulating what can come in and go out, so as to maintain homeostasis
Also integrates many different kinds of proteins and signaling molecules
Found in BOTH plants and animals
Cell Wall Provides support and protection
Surrounds the cell membrane
Allows some things to pass through
Made of cellulose
Found in plants, fungi, and some bacteria. NOT FOUND in animal cells!
MITOCHONDRIA(singular: mitochondrion)
Cellular powerhouse
Changes chemical energy from food into another form of energy, called ATP, which can be used by the body. This process is called cellular respiration.
Has two membranes
Has some of its own DNA (different from nuclear DNA)
Found in BOTH plants and animals
CHLOROPLASTS
Cellular powerhouses for plants
Converts sunlight and CO2 into food for the plant (sugars), through the process of photosythesis
Has three membranes
Made of components called stroma and granum.
Stroma: spaces inside the chloroplasts that contain a protein-containing fluid
Granum: stacked disks that contain chlorophyll, the substance that gives plants their green color
Found in ONLY plants and green algae
RIBOSOME
NOT an organelle, but rather a large conglomeration of RNA and protein
Where protein is made (through a process called protein synthesis)
Composed of RNA and proteins
Made in the nucleolus
Some are attached to the Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and others are floating freely around the cell
Found in BOTH plants and animals
LYSOSOMES
Small organelles filled with digestive enzymes
Responsible for breaking down the “cellular junk”
Like clean-up crews or the Pac Man of the cell
Found in BOTH plants and animals
GOLGI APPARATU
S Look like stacks of pancakes
They modify, sort, and package proteins
Particularly important for proteins that are going to be secreted from the cell
Found in BOTH plants and animals
Found in BOTH plants and animals
ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM (ER)
Materials are transported from the nucleus by a system of channels or canals called the endoplasmic reticulum
Many materials also receive significant modification and/or preparation for their final purpose
Smooth ER has no ribosomes attached
Rough ER has ribosomes attachedRough ER
Smooth ER
VACUOLE
Membrane-bound sacs that contain a variety of different materials such as: Food Water Waste
Plants have larger vacuoles than animals do
They provide storage, support, and homeostasis
Found in BOTH plants and animals
CYTOSKELETON
Provides shape and support for the cell
Like the scaffolding that holds up a tent
Made of microtubules and microfilaments
Things move along the cytoskeleton within the cell
Found in BOTH plants and animals
NUCLEUS
It’s the large, dark, circular body in cells
The nucleus is the control center of the cell
Presence or absence of a nucleus divides organisms into two primary categories:
1. PROKARYOTES- don’t have a nucleus, or any membrane-bound organelles for that matter! THEY DO HAVE DNA THOUGH!!!
2. EUKARYOTES- have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Parts of the nucleus:1. NUCLEAR ENVELOPE: Two membranes
surrounding the nucleus 2. NUCLEAR PORES: passageways in and
out of the nucleus – formed by protein(s)3. CHROMOSOMES: DNA attached to
special proteins, large structures.4. NUCLEOLUS: see separate slide
Found in BOTH plants and animals
PEROXISOME Contain chemicals and enzymes that are
important in metabolic pathways
Particularly important in breaking down long fatty acid chains, either to extract energy, or to create intermediate length fatty acid chains for use elsewhere in the cell
Some have a crystallized core due to the density of enzymes present
Found in BOTH plants and animals