Gambling among MinnesotaGambling among MinnesotaYouth out of the Mainstream: Youth out of the Mainstream:

Alternative Schools and Juvenile Alternative Schools and Juvenile CorrectionsCorrections

Gambling among MinnesotaGambling among MinnesotaYouth out of the Mainstream: Youth out of the Mainstream:

Alternative Schools and Juvenile Alternative Schools and Juvenile CorrectionsCorrections

Randy Stinchfield, Ph.D.Randy Stinchfield, Ph.D.

Department of PsychiatryDepartment of PsychiatryUniversity of Minnesota Medical SchoolUniversity of Minnesota Medical School

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

This research was cThis research was conducted with funds from the State of Minnesota to the Northstar Problem Gambling Alliance, Roseville, Minnesota.

This research is part of the mission of Northstar Problem Gambling This research is part of the mission of Northstar Problem Gambling Alliance to provide current information about gambling and problem Alliance to provide current information about gambling and problem gambling in the State of Minnesotagambling in the State of Minnesota

The Minnesota Student Survey data was provided by public school The Minnesota Student Survey data was provided by public school students, alternative school students and youth in juvenile corrections students, alternative school students and youth in juvenile corrections in Minnesota and managed by the Minnesota Student Survey in Minnesota and managed by the Minnesota Student Survey Interagency Team (2010). Interagency Team (2010).

Thank you to Cathie Perrault, executive director, and the board of Thank you to Cathie Perrault, executive director, and the board of directors of the Northstar Problem Gambling Alliance for their helpful directors of the Northstar Problem Gambling Alliance for their helpful reviewsreviews

Youth GamblingYouth Gambling

We need to have accurate estimates of the prevalence of youth We need to have accurate estimates of the prevalence of youth gambling and problem gamblinggambling and problem gambling

Most of what we know about youth gambling comes from school Most of what we know about youth gambling comes from school surveys and telephone surveys surveys and telephone surveys

These methods primarily contact youth enrolled and attending These methods primarily contact youth enrolled and attending public school; and youth living at home with their parents/guardianspublic school; and youth living at home with their parents/guardians

What about gambling by youth who are not in public schools or What about gambling by youth who are not in public schools or who are not living at home?who are not living at home?

If these youth were included in youth gambling surveys, how would If these youth were included in youth gambling surveys, how would they effect rates of youth gambling and problem gambling?they effect rates of youth gambling and problem gambling?

MSS was administered to youth in Alternative Schools (AS) and MSS was administered to youth in Alternative Schools (AS) and Juvenile Corrections (JC)Juvenile Corrections (JC)

Research QuestionsResearch Questions

Do more Alternative School and Juvenile Corrections youth gamble than Public School Students?

Do more Alternative School and Juvenile Corrections youth gamble frequently than their Public School peers?

Do more underage Alternative School and Juvenile Corrections youth gamble on legalized games than their Public School peers?

Are more Alternative School and Juvenile Corrections youth gambling now than in the past?

Are more Alternative School and Juvenile Corrections youth gambling frequently now than in the past?

Do more underage Alternative School and Juvenile Corrections youth gamble now, than in the past?

Do more Alternative School and Juvenile Corrections youth have gambling problems than their Public School peers?

How does gambling compare to other risky behaviors in these two youth groups?How does gambling compare to other risky behaviors in these two youth groups?

Commercial Gambling in MinnesotaCommercial Gambling in Minnesota

More than 3,000 lottery retail outletsMore than 3,000 lottery retail outlets More than 3,000 charitable gambling sites More than 3,000 charitable gambling sites 18 tribal casinos18 tribal casinos Two racetracks with card roomsTwo racetracks with card rooms Advertising on television, radio, newspaper, Advertising on television, radio, newspaper,

billboards, and at sporting eventsbillboards, and at sporting events

Three Specific AimsThree Specific Aims

1. Compare Alternative School, Juvenile Correction, and Public School 1. Compare Alternative School, Juvenile Correction, and Public School students on 2010 rates of any gambling, frequent gambling and students on 2010 rates of any gambling, frequent gambling and underage gamblingunderage gambling

2. C2. Compare the three groups on gambling trends over time, from 1992 to 2010, specifically comparing rates of any gambling, frequent gambling, and underage gambling.

3. Compare Alternative School, Juvenile Correction, and Public School 3. Compare Alternative School, Juvenile Correction, and Public School students on two problem gambling items, last administered in 2004; students on two problem gambling items, last administered in 2004; and compare rates of endorsement of these two items from 1992 to and compare rates of endorsement of these two items from 1992 to 20042004

MSS Gambling Frequency ItemsMSS Gambling Frequency Items

During the last 12 months, how often have you done these activities?During the last 12 months, how often have you done these activities? Played cards for moneyPlayed cards for money Bet money on games of personal skill like pool, golf, or bowlingBet money on games of personal skill like pool, golf, or bowling Bet money on sports teamsBet money on sports teams Bought lottery tickets or scratch offsBought lottery tickets or scratch offs Gambled in a casino (added in 1998)Gambled in a casino (added in 1998) Gambled for money online (added in 2007)Gambled for money online (added in 2007) Five point response options are: Five point response options are: Not at all; less than once a month; about once a month; about once a Not at all; less than once a month; about once a month; about once a

week; dailyweek; daily

MSS Two Gambling Problem Items from SOGS-RA (last administered in 2004)

MSS Two Gambling Problem Items from SOGS-RA (last administered in 2004)

During the last 12 months:During the last 12 months: 1. Have you ever felt bad about the amount you 1. Have you ever felt bad about the amount you

bet, or about what happens when you bet money?bet, or about what happens when you bet money? 2. Have you ever felt that you would like to stop 2. Have you ever felt that you would like to stop

betting money but didn’t think you could?betting money but didn’t think you could? Response options: Yes; No; I don’t bet for moneyResponse options: Yes; No; I don’t bet for money

Alternative School, Juvenile Corrections and Public School Samples for 2010Alternative School, Juvenile Corrections and Public School Samples for 2010

GroupsGroups NN

Alternative SchoolsAlternative Schools 4,1054,105

Juvenile CorrectionsJuvenile Corrections 522522

Public SchoolsPublic Schools 79,37079,370

Alternative School (AS), Juvenile Corrections (JC) and Public School (PS) Samples from 1992 to 2010

Alternative School (AS), Juvenile Corrections (JC) and Public School (PS) Samples from 1992 to 2010

YearYear ASAS JCJC PSPS

19921992 2,3442,344 447447 75,85975,859

19951995 3,5733,573 852852 73,93973,939

19981998 3,6163,616 994994 78,58278,582

20012001 3,1523,152 718718 80,91280,912

20042004 3,0833,083 727727 83,77483,774

20072007 2,6072,607 554554 83,31883,318

20102010 4,1054,105 522522 79,37079,370

First Specific AimFirst Specific Aim

Compare Alternative School, Juvenile Compare Alternative School, Juvenile Correction, and Public School students on Correction, and Public School students on 2010 rates of any gambling, frequent gambling 2010 rates of any gambling, frequent gambling and underage gamblingand underage gambling

Comparison of Boys Alternative School, Juvenile Correction and Public School Students on any Gambling for each game (2010)

Comparison of Boys Alternative School, Juvenile Correction and Public School Students on any Gambling for each game (2010)

Comparison of Girls Alternative School, Juvenile Correction and Public School Students on any Gambling for each game (2010)

Comparison of Girls Alternative School, Juvenile Correction and Public School Students on any Gambling for each game (2010)

Summary of Comparison of Alternative School, Juvenile Correction and Public School Students on any GamblingSummary of Comparison of Alternative School, Juvenile Correction and Public School Students on any Gambling

Alternative School and Juvenile Correction boys had similar rates of Alternative School and Juvenile Correction boys had similar rates of any gambling as Public School boysany gambling as Public School boys

Alternative School and Juvenile Correction girls had higher rates of Alternative School and Juvenile Correction girls had higher rates of any gambling than Public School girlsany gambling than Public School girls

Comparison of Boys Alternative School, Juvenile Correction and Public School Students on Frequent (weekly or daily) Gambling for each game (2010)

Comparison of Boys Alternative School, Juvenile Correction and Public School Students on Frequent (weekly or daily) Gambling for each game (2010)

Comparison of Girls Alternative School, Juvenile Correction and Public School Students on Frequent (weekly or daily) Gambling for each game (2010)

Comparison of Girls Alternative School, Juvenile Correction and Public School Students on Frequent (weekly or daily) Gambling for each game (2010)

Summary of Comparison of Alternative School, Juvenile Correction and Public School Students on Frequent GamblingSummary of Comparison of Alternative School, Juvenile Correction and Public School Students on Frequent Gambling

Alternative School and Juvenile Correction boys and girls had higher Alternative School and Juvenile Correction boys and girls had higher rates of frequent gambling than Public School boys and girls and the rates of frequent gambling than Public School boys and girls and the contrast was most striking for girlscontrast was most striking for girls

The ratio of Alternative School and Juvenile Correction boys who The ratio of Alternative School and Juvenile Correction boys who were frequent gamblers was twice that of Public School boyswere frequent gamblers was twice that of Public School boys

The ratio of Alternative School and Juvenile Correction girls who The ratio of Alternative School and Juvenile Correction girls who were frequent gamblers ranged from 2 to 6 times that of Public were frequent gamblers ranged from 2 to 6 times that of Public School girlsSchool girls

Comparison of Boys Alternative School, Juvenile Correction and Public School Students on Underage Gambling (2010)

Comparison of Boys Alternative School, Juvenile Correction and Public School Students on Underage Gambling (2010)

Comparison of Girls Alternative School, Juvenile Correction and Public School Students on Underage Gambling (2010)

Comparison of Girls Alternative School, Juvenile Correction and Public School Students on Underage Gambling (2010)

Summary of Comparison of Alternative School, Juvenile Correction and Public School Students on Underage GamblingSummary of Comparison of Alternative School, Juvenile Correction and Public School Students on Underage Gambling

Alternative School and Juvenile Correction boys and girls had higher Alternative School and Juvenile Correction boys and girls had higher rates of underage gambling than Public School boys and girls and the rates of underage gambling than Public School boys and girls and the contrast was most striking for girlscontrast was most striking for girls

The ratio of Alternative School and Juvenile Correction boys who The ratio of Alternative School and Juvenile Correction boys who were underage gamblers was twice that of Public School boyswere underage gamblers was twice that of Public School boys

The ratio of Alternative School and Juvenile Correction girls who The ratio of Alternative School and Juvenile Correction girls who were underage gamblers ranged from 2 to 6 times that of Public were underage gamblers ranged from 2 to 6 times that of Public School girlsSchool girls

Second Specific Aim: Compare Trends from 1992 to 2010 Second Specific Aim: Compare Trends from 1992 to 2010

Compare Alternative School, Juvenile Correction, and Compare Alternative School, Juvenile Correction, and Public School students on trends from 1992 to 2010 of any Public School students on trends from 1992 to 2010 of any gambling, frequent gambling and underage gamblinggambling, frequent gambling and underage gambling

Percent of Alternative School Boys and Girls Gambling at all and Gambling weekly/dailyPercent of Alternative School Boys and Girls Gambling at all and Gambling weekly/daily

Summary of Alternative School Student Gambling Trends from 1992 to 2010 Summary of Alternative School Student Gambling Trends from 1992 to 2010

There were fewer Alternative School boys and girls There were fewer Alternative School boys and girls gambling in 2010 than were gambling in 1992gambling in 2010 than were gambling in 1992 Alternative School boys’ gambling declined from 88% in Alternative School boys’ gambling declined from 88% in

1992 to 66% in 20101992 to 66% in 2010 Alternative School girls’ gambling declined from 68% in Alternative School girls’ gambling declined from 68% in

1992 to 42% in 20101992 to 42% in 2010 Alternative School boys’ and girls’ frequent Alternative School boys’ and girls’ frequent

gambling rates were relatively stable from 1992 to gambling rates were relatively stable from 1992 to 20102010

Any Gambling by Boys and Girls in Alternative School, Juvenile Correction, and Public School from 1992 to 2010

Any Gambling by Boys and Girls in Alternative School, Juvenile Correction, and Public School from 1992 to 2010

Weekly/Daily Gambling by Boys and Girls in Alternative School, Juvenile Correction, and Public School from 1992 to 2010

Weekly/Daily Gambling by Boys and Girls in Alternative School, Juvenile Correction, and Public School from 1992 to 2010

Summary of Comparison of three groups on Gambling 1992 to 2010Summary of Comparison of three groups on Gambling 1992 to 2010

Alternative School and Juvenile Correction girls had higher rates of Alternative School and Juvenile Correction girls had higher rates of any gambling than Public School girlsany gambling than Public School girls

Alternative School and Public School boys had higher rates of any Alternative School and Public School boys had higher rates of any gambling than Juvenile Correction boysgambling than Juvenile Correction boys

All three groups had similar declines in any gambling from 1992 to All three groups had similar declines in any gambling from 1992 to 2010 for both boys and girls2010 for both boys and girls

Juvenile Correction and Alternative School boys had similar rates of Juvenile Correction and Alternative School boys had similar rates of frequent gambling and they were higher than Public School boys frequent gambling and they were higher than Public School boys

Juvenile Correction girls had higher rates of frequent gambling than Juvenile Correction girls had higher rates of frequent gambling than Alternative School girls who had higher rates than Public School girlsAlternative School girls who had higher rates than Public School girls

All three groups showed modest declines in rates of frequent All three groups showed modest declines in rates of frequent gambling for boys and girls from 1992 to 2010gambling for boys and girls from 1992 to 2010

Comparison of Underage Gambling by Boys in Alternative Schools (AS), Juvenile Corrections (JC), and Public Schools (PS) from 1992 to 2010

Comparison of Underage Gambling by Boys in Alternative Schools (AS), Juvenile Corrections (JC), and Public Schools (PS) from 1992 to 2010

Comparison of Underage Gambling by Girls in Alternative Schools (AS), Juvenile Corrections (JC), and Public Schools (PS) from 1992 to 2010

Comparison of Underage Gambling by Girls in Alternative Schools (AS), Juvenile Corrections (JC), and Public Schools (PS) from 1992 to 2010

Trends in Underage GamblingTrends in Underage Gambling

Alternative School boys had higher rates of underage lottery play than Juvenile Corrections boys who had higher rates than Public School boys

All three groups showed significant declines in underage lottery from 1992 to 2010 Alternative School and Juvenile Corrections boys had nearly identical rates of

underage casino gambling that was higher than Public School boys All three groups showed relatively stable rates of underage casino gambling from

1998-2010 Alternative School and Juvenile Corrections girls had nearly identical rates of

underage lottery play that was higher than Public School girls All three groups showed significant declines in underage lottery play from 1992 to

2010 Juvenile Corrections girls had higher rates of underage casino gambling than

Alternative School girls who had higher rates than Public School girls All three groups showed relatively stable rates in underage casino play from 1998 to

2010

Third Specific Aim: Problem Gambling Items Third Specific Aim: Problem Gambling Items

Compare Alternative School, Juvenile Correction, and Compare Alternative School, Juvenile Correction, and Public School students on two problem gambling items, last Public School students on two problem gambling items, last administered in 2004; and compare rates of endorsement of administered in 2004; and compare rates of endorsement of these two items from 1992 to 2004these two items from 1992 to 2004

Comparison of Boys in Alternative Schools, Juvenile Corrections and Public School Students on Problem Gambling Items (2004)

Comparison of Boys in Alternative Schools, Juvenile Corrections and Public School Students on Problem Gambling Items (2004)

Comparison of Girls in Alternative Schools, Juvenile Corrections and Public School Students on Problem Gambling Items (2004)

Comparison of Girls in Alternative Schools, Juvenile Corrections and Public School Students on Problem Gambling Items (2004)

Percent of Problem Gambling Item endorsement by Alternative School Students from 1992 to 2004Percent of Problem Gambling Item endorsement by Alternative School Students from 1992 to 2004

Summary of Problem Gambling Items Summary of Problem Gambling Items

Juvenile Correction youth had the highest rates of endorsing Juvenile Correction youth had the highest rates of endorsing the problem gambling items, followed by Alternative the problem gambling items, followed by Alternative School students, followed by Public School studentsSchool students, followed by Public School students

Alternative School students showed relatively stable rates of Alternative School students showed relatively stable rates of problem gambling item endorsement from 1992 to 2004problem gambling item endorsement from 1992 to 2004

How does gambling compare to other risky behaviors? Alternative Schools and Juvenile Corrections (2010)any gambling in past year vs. any use of cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana and other drugs in past year

How does gambling compare to other risky behaviors? Alternative Schools and Juvenile Corrections (2010)any gambling in past year vs. any use of cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana and other drugs in past year

Research Questions Revisited with AnswersResearch Questions Revisited with Answers

Do more Alternative School and Juvenile Corrections youth gamble than Public School Students? Yes, but with one exception. In 2010, the order of gambling Yes, but with one exception. In 2010, the order of gambling participation for boys was Alternative School (65.5%), Public School (58.8%) and participation for boys was Alternative School (65.5%), Public School (58.8%) and Juvenile Corrections (54.4%). The order of gambling participation for girls was Juvenile Corrections (54.4%). The order of gambling participation for girls was Alternative School (41.9%), Juvenile Corrections (36.2%), and Public School Alternative School (41.9%), Juvenile Corrections (36.2%), and Public School (31.4%)(31.4%)

Do more Alternative School and Juvenile Corrections youth gamble frequently than their Public School peers? Yes, in 2010, the order of frequent gambling for boys was Alternative School (23.8%), Juvenile Corrections (23.1%), and Public School (14.6%). The order of frequent gambling for girls was Juvenile Corrections (12.8%), Alternative School (11.3%), and Public School (3.4%)

Do more underage Alternative School and Juvenile Corrections youth gamble on legalized games than their Public School peers? Yes, in 2010, the order of underage gambling for boys was Alternative School (26.2%), Juvenile Corrections (19.8%), and Public School (15.2%). The order of underage gambling for girls was Juvenile Corrections (20%), Alternative School (18.6%), and Public School (7.9%)

Research Questions Revisited with AnswersResearch Questions Revisited with Answers

Are more Alternative School and Juvenile Corrections youth gambling now than in the past? No, gambling participation among Alternative School and Juvenile Corrections youth has shown a gradual and consistent decline from 1992 to 2010. For Alternative School boys, gambling declined from 87.8% in 1992 to 65.5% in 2010. For Alternative School girls, gambling declined from 68.4% in 1992 to 41.9% in 2010. For Juvenile Corrections boys, gambling declined from 83.7% in 1992 to 54.4% in 2010. For Juvenile Corrections girls, gambling declined from 71.4% in 1992 to 36.2% in 2010

Are more Alternative School and Juvenile Corrections youth gambling frequently now than in the past? No, rates of frequent gambling were relatively stable with recent declines from 2004 to 2010. For Alternative School boys, frequent gambling declined from 30.9% in 1992 to 23.8% in 2010. For Alternative School girls, frequent gambling declined from 13.5% in 1992 to 11.3% in 2010. For Juvenile Corrections boys, frequent gambling declined from 41.0% in 1992 to 23.1% in 2010. For Juvenile Corrections girls, frequent gambling declined from 19.0% in 1992 to 12.8% in 2010

Research Questions Revisited with AnswersResearch Questions Revisited with Answers

Do more underage Alternative School and Juvenile Corrections youth gamble now, than in the past? No, underage lottery play has shown significant declines from 1992 to 2010, while casino and online gambling have remained relatively stable. For Alternative School boys, underage lottery declined from 55.8% in 1992 to 22% in 2010. For Alternative School girls, underage lottery declined from 48.7% in 1992 to 15.6% in 2010. For Juvenile Corrections boys, underage lottery declined from 51.6% in 1992 to 16.1% in 2010. For Juvenile Corrections girls, underage lottery declined from 46.3% in 1992 to 17.2% in 2010

Do more Alternative School and Juvenile Corrections youth have gambling problems than their Public School peers? Yes, Juvenile Corrections youth and Alternative School students had significantly higher endorsement rates of the two gambling problem items than Public School students

How does gambling compare to other risky behaviors? Gambling participation is How does gambling compare to other risky behaviors? Gambling participation is done at about the same rate as cigarette, alcohol, marijuana and other drug use.done at about the same rate as cigarette, alcohol, marijuana and other drug use.

Future Research DirectionsFuture Research Directions

Explore validity of underage casino gambling, that is, are Explore validity of underage casino gambling, that is, are underage youth gambling in casinos as they report?underage youth gambling in casinos as they report?

Explore why Alternative School and Juvenile Corrections Explore why Alternative School and Juvenile Corrections youth have higher rates of gambling than their Public youth have higher rates of gambling than their Public School peersSchool peers

Explore why fewer Alternative School and Juvenile Explore why fewer Alternative School and Juvenile Corrections youth are gambling now than in the pastCorrections youth are gambling now than in the past

Identify variables that may serve as risk and protective Identify variables that may serve as risk and protective factors that will have implications for public awareness and factors that will have implications for public awareness and preventionprevention

Concerns Identified in this StudyConcerns Identified in this Study

First, there is a small but substantial segment of the Alternative School and Juvenile Correction youth population that are frequent gamblers and these rates are double that of their Public School peers

Second, a significant proportion of underage Alternative School and Juvenile Correction youth report playing the lottery, gambling in casinos, and gambling online and these rates are double that of their Public School peers

RecommendationsRecommendations

Alternative School and Juvenile Correction youth gamble, Alternative School and Juvenile Correction youth gamble, so we need to teach them that if they choose to gamble, they so we need to teach them that if they choose to gamble, they need to follow guidelines about time and money in order to need to follow guidelines about time and money in order to avoid negative consequences of gamblingavoid negative consequences of gambling

We also need to teach them as well as parents and teachers We also need to teach them as well as parents and teachers about the warning signs of adolescent problem gamblingabout the warning signs of adolescent problem gambling

Some youth only need information to assist them in making Some youth only need information to assist them in making informed and healthy decisions about gamblinginformed and healthy decisions about gambling

Some youth who are already over-involved in gambling will Some youth who are already over-involved in gambling will require more intensive prevention and intervention effortsrequire more intensive prevention and intervention efforts

Develop and evaluate youth gambling awareness and Develop and evaluate youth gambling awareness and prevention programsprevention programs

Final ThoughtsFinal Thoughts

For most adolescents, informal gambling is an infrequent and harmless pastime. However, the risk exists that informal gambling may develop into problem gambling, and therefore, youths require accurate information about the inherent risks of gambling.

The goal is that within the context of easy access The goal is that within the context of easy access to gambling, we will provide resources to youth to to gambling, we will provide resources to youth to assist them in making healthy and informed assist them in making healthy and informed decisions about their own gambling behaviordecisions about their own gambling behavior

For more informationFor more information

Contact Randy Stinchfield, Ph.D.: stinc001@umn.eduContact Randy Stinchfield, Ph.D.: stinc001@umn.eduReferences:References:

Stinchfield, R. (2011). Gambling among Minnesota Public School Students from Stinchfield, R. (2011). Gambling among Minnesota Public School Students from 1992 to 2010: Declines in Youth Gambling. 1992 to 2010: Declines in Youth Gambling. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 25(1)25(1), 108-117. , 108-117.

Stinchfield, R., & Winters, K. C. (2004). Adolescents and young adults. In J. E. Grant & M. N. Potenza (Eds.), Pathological gambling: A clinical guide to treatment (pp. 69-81). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.

Stinchfield, R. (2002). Youth Gambling: How Big a Problem? Psychiatric Annals, 32, 197-202.

Stinchfield, R. (2001). A comparison of gambling among Minnesota public school Stinchfield, R. (2001). A comparison of gambling among Minnesota public school students in 1992, 1995, and 1998. students in 1992, 1995, and 1998. Journal of Gambling Studies, 17,Journal of Gambling Studies, 17, 273-296 273-296

Stinchfield, R. (2000). Gambling and correlates of gambling among Minnesota Stinchfield, R. (2000). Gambling and correlates of gambling among Minnesota public school students. public school students. Journal of Gambling Studies, 16Journal of Gambling Studies, 16, 153-173., 153-173.

Stinchfield, R., Cassuto, N., Winters, K., & Latimer, W. (1997). Prevalence of gambling among Minnesota Public School Students in 1992 and 1995. Journal of Gambling Studies, 13, 25-48.