Ganesh Patil

7/29/2019 Ganesh Patil

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Submitted by:

Ganesh U. Patil

MBA-IABMI

AAU, AANAD

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Maize

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Flow of Presentation

Basic Information Regarding Maize.

Indian Scenario.

Soil & Climatic Requirement.

Growth Stages Of Maize.

Varieties.

Time Of Sowing.

Management Practice For Maize.

Harvesting.

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Basic Information

Local name :- Makka

Botanical Name:- Zea mays

Familly:- Gramineae

Origin: - Mexico and Central America.

Queen of Cereals :- Maize is one of the important cereal crops in

the world's agricultural economy both as food for men and feed for

animals, because of its higher yield potential compared to other cereal

it is called as Queen of Cereals.

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1. Flint Corn: Zea mays indurata : High proportion of starch.Colour may be white or yellow. This is the type mostly grown in

India.

2. Pop Corn: Z. mays avertaKernel size is small. Presence of hard

and corneousendosperm.

3. Sweet Corn: Z. mays saccharataThe sugar and starch make

the major componentof the endosperm that results in sweet taste

of kernels.

4. Flour Corn: Z. mays amylaceaeIt resembles to the flint corn in

appearance and earcharacteristics. The grains are composed ofsoft starch and have little or no dent are called as SoftCorn. It

is widely grown in USA and South Africa.

5. Waxy Corn: Z. mays cerabina Starch is similar to that of

Tapioca starch for making adhesive for articles.

Classification of Maize

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Most important cereal crops in the worldsagricultural economy.

85% is consumed as human food.

Several food dishes viz Chapatti are prepared from maize flour.

Green cobs are roasted and eaten by the people.

Popcorn is used for popped form; green cob for table purpose. Corn has low fibre content, more carbohydrate and most

palatable.

Widely used in preparation of cattle feed and poultry feed.

It can be used as green fodder It has no HCN content.

Can be preserved as silage.

Food product: Corn meal, Corn flakes.

Economic Importance and their uses

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Nutritional factors in maize

Protein-10%

Carbohydrates- 70%

Oil-4%

Albuminoides- 10.4%

Crude fibre-2.3%

Maize grain has significant quantity of vitamin A, nicotinic

acid, riboflavin and vitamin E. Maize is low in Calcium, but fairly

high in P.

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Scenario of Maize

Global:- Maize growing

USA > China > Brazil > Mexico > India.

USA ranks 1st in area, production and productivity.

India:-

Area: 130 m.ha. Production: 580 m. tonn.

India occupies 5

th

place in area and 11

th

place in production.

Area : U.P. > Rajasthan > M.P. > Karnataka > M.H..

Production : U.P. > Bihar > Karnataka > M.H.

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Soil & Climatic requirement

Soil:-

well drained sandy loam to silt loam soil.

pH -5.5 to 7.5.

Salinity and water logging are harmful at seeding stage.

Continuous water logging 3 days reduce the yield by 40 to 45%.

Climate:-

This crop is not suitable when night temperature drops below 15.6O C.

moist and warm weather from germination to flowering.

Temperature for germination is 21oC and for growth is 32oC.

Temperature > 35O C. reduce the pollen germination.

Temperature < 15O C. delays silking and tasseling.

Rainfall of 500 to 750 mm of well distributed rain is continue to proper

growth.

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Growth stages of Maize

Seedling stage :

1-14 days

Vegetative phase :

15-39 days.

Flowering phase:40-65 days

Maturity stage:

6-95days

+Ripening stage:-95-110 days

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Hybrids : Amber, Vijay, Kisan, Sona, Vikram, Jawahar.

KharifJuneJuly

RabiOctNovember

Time of sowing

Varieties

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Management Practice For Maize

1. Field preparation:

Ploughed to a depth of 25 to30cm using mould board plough,

followed by 3 or 4 ploughing with plough or harrow.

Chiseling reduces the hard pan formation and there is increase in

yield of 25 to 30%.

2. Method of sowing :

Dibbling Method

Drilling method

3. Seed treatment :Seed treatment with Azospirillum followed by soil @10 pockets

(2 kg/ha) with FYM.

4. Seed rate : Composite:20 kg/ha, Hybrids : 5 kg/ha

5. Spacing : 50x20cm.2/5/2013 12


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10-15 t ofFYM/ha.

NPK at 120:60:60 kg/ha

Method of application : Apply fertilizer 5cm below the soil and 10cm

away from the root zone.

Time of application of fertilizers:

100% P and K should be applied as basal.

N should be applied in 3 splits.

Ist 30-35 days. (Knee high stage)

IInd 50-60 days (Tasselling)

IIIrd 70-80 days (dough stage).

Fertilizer Management

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Water Management

5thMaturity phase:72nd day

1st - At germination: 4th day

Generally4-5 times irrigation require

2nd -Vegetative phase: 20th day

3rd irrigation on 36th day.

4th Flowering phase: 48th day

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Weed Management

Pre-emergence application ofAtrazine (Atratop 50%WP)

0.25 kg/ha .

followed by one hand hoeing and weeding on 30 to 35 DAS.

Post emergence application, 2,4-D at 1.0 kg/ha on 2 or 3rd leaf

stage, should not use when intercropped with legumes.

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Pest Management

Pink Borer:- Larvae of the Sesamiaenter the

plant near the base and cause damage to stem.

C.M:- Spraying ofquinolphos

Stem Borer:- larva of the Chiloenters in thewhorl and cause damage in the leaves

C.M:- Spraying ofCarbaryl 2kg/ha.

Shoot fly:- Attack mainly at seedling stage.The tiny maggots attack on base of the seedlings.After this they cut the growing point or central

shoot.

C.M:- Seed treatment with Imidacloprid @

6ml/kg seed.

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Disease Management

Leaf blight :- Dwarfing and wilting of the

plants, and the tassels often develop earlyand die without completing pollination.

C.M:- Spraying ofMancozeb @ 2.5kg/ha

Eyespot:- A translucent yellow halo formsaround the margin.

killing large portions of leaf tissue.

C.M:- SprayPhorate 2kg /ha.

Rust:- Yellowing of the leaf occurs .brown areas of the leaf.

C.M.:- SprayDithane M-45@ 2-2.5gm/litbeginning from appearance of symptoms.

Wilt:- Bacteria interrupt the water and nutrientmovement.rapid wilting and even death.

C.M:-SprayPhorate 2kg /ha2/5/2013 17


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The grain cob is harvested when cob sheath turns brownish,Grains become hard and they do not contains more than 20%

moisture and they are piled up for 24 hours .

Then dried in the sun for 5 or 6 days to reduce the moisture to 10

to 12%.

Finally harvested with the help of thresher.

Harvesting

Yield

40-45 kg/ha

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Sugarcane

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Local name :- Oas

Botanical name :- Saccharum officinarum

Familly:- Gramineae

Origin :- South east Asia

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Suitability of soil Medium to fine textured, deep (depth > 1 m), rich in organic

matter status,

well drained

pH between 6.5 to 8.0. Black soil .

Climate:

Cloudy & warm climate require after planting.

Soil & Climatic requirement

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Growth Stages of Sugarcane

Germination:15 to 30 day

after planting

Tillering :50 to 120 days

Grand growthphase:121to 210 days

Maturity :210 to 365

days

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A) Preparatory tillage:

Deep ploughing by iron mould board plough drawn by bullocks ortractor

break clods and to make the land smooth and even.

Before last harrowing, recommended dose of organic manure isapplied and mixed well with soil.

B) Planting time:

Management Practices for Sugarcane

Planting HarvestingPre-seasonal (Oct.to Nov.) October to January

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C) Varieties for planting:

Variety Characteristics

CO 86032. Resistant to smut and grassy shoot

diseases, good ratooning, can sustain

water stress, non-flowering

CoC 671 Early maturity, moderately susceptible to

smut, grassy shoot and stem borer.

D) Sets selection & Sets rate:

propagated by cutting

Age should be of 9 to 10 months.

Eye buds should be fully developed.

2 or 3 eye bud methods of planting are in practice about

25000-30000 two eye budded sets/ha.

E) Sets treatment:

Sets should be dipped in 0.1% solution of Bavistin2/5/2013 24


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F) Method of planting:

First land should be irrigated.

Sets should be placed 5 cm deep into soil with the help of

labour.

Care should be taken to place eye buds on side and covered.

with thin layer of soil and then irrigation should be given to

the field.

G) Spacing:

4 Ft 4 Ft 4 FtRow to Row---

Sets to Sets :-- 1 Ft

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Nutrient Management

A) Organic manures:

FYM 20 tonns/ha

Sugarcane trash can be used as a mulch and sprayed with 80 kg

urea, 100 kg Single Super Phosphate and 10 kg decomposing

culture/ha for better decomposition

B) Fertilizer application:

Time of application Pre-seasonal ( Kg/ha)

N P K

At planting 90 100 100

6-8 weeks afterplanting 160 - -

12-16 weeks after

planting

90 50 50

At earthing 160 100 100

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C) Spraying of Micronutrient:-

15 kg/ha Boron

25kg/ha Calcium Sulphate

Micro nutrient fertilizers should be mixed with well decomposed

dung manure or compost and applied as basal dose.

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Water Management

25-30 irrigation requires at different stage

1) Tillering phase (35-100 days):@ 10-15 days interval 8-10 irrigation require

2) Grand growth phase (101-270 days)@ 10-15 Days interval 10-12 irrigation require.

3) Maturity phase (271- up to harvest)@ 10-15 Days interval 8-10 irrigation require.

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Weed Management

A) One to two hand weeding :-

1st weeding:- within 68 weeks after planting .

2nd weeding:- 12 16 weeks after planting, one more hand weedingfollowed by hoeing is usually necessary.

Hoeing:- By this time, first light earthing up takes place. Later on tillfinal earthing up, one hoeing isagain usually necessary.

B) Chemical control :-

Pre emergence:- Spraying ofAtrazine @ 2 kg a.i./ha

Post emergence:- Metribuzin + 2-4-D@ 1 kg a.i./ha (8 to 10 weeksafter planting) control weeds effectively.

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Pest Management

I. Shoot borer Late planting of seasonal cane after February

should be avoided.

Removal of dead hearts and destruction of larvae

with cycle spoke in small areas is feasible.

C.M. Spraying of Carbendazim2-2.5kg/ha

II. Leaf hopperClipping and disposal off 2 to 3 affected

leaves with eggs and nymphs followed by two

sprays with Dimethoate (30 EC) 27 ml in 10

litres of water.

C.M, Good drainage helps to reduce the

incidence.

III. Top borerDeep ploughing. Soil application of 10 G Phorate @ 25 kg/ha

or 2% Methyl parathion dust @ 100 kg/ha.

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I. Whip smut

Sett treatment with Bavistin 10 gm

in 10 litres of water for 10 to 15

minutes.

Disease Management

II. Grassy shoot disease

Hot water treatment or moist air

treatment followed by dipping of setts

in Streptocycline or Tetracycline 1 g,

in 10 litres of water for 10-15

minutes.

III. Red rot

C.M. Crop rotation

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A) Signs of maturity:- Yellowing of leaves

Nearly 20-22 nodes formation

Swelling of eye buds

Metallic sound of cane

Breaking of cane at the nodes and

Brix saccharometer reading between above 20.

Irrigation should be stop for about 10 to 15 days prior to harvesting.

The cane should be crushed within 24 hours to get high recovery.

B) Cutting of canes:-

Cane should be cut with the help of labour & finally place at sugar factory.

Harvesting

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Yield

Average yield, pre-seasonal Sugarcane in our farm is :-

150 tonns/ha

Ratoon crop yield:-

1st

ratoon:- 130-150 tonns/ha2nd ratoon:- 100-130 tonns/ha

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Why our production increases?

A. Our main problem :

Most weeds occurs

Low rainfall

Soil poor in nutrient.

It shows decrease in yield in last 3-4 years .

B. Solution for increasing yield:

Mulching :-After cutting cane trash will be remain on field. So

previously we burn all the trash. But then after we trash would

be level and cut in to small powder with the help of machine.

After broadcasting of SSP50kg/acre so these all

converted in manure form.

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So it will increases yield in additional 10 tonn/acre.

Previously burning oftrash

Mulching of trash: Nowwe crush the trash in to

small form .

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Social Activity

NSS ProgrammeI have engaged in social activity during graduation last two year.

I have work in village for crating awareness regarding farming

activity

Total days8-10 day In year.

Activity carried out:-

Giving information regarding new improved technology

of seeds,

Newly developed techniques regarding agriculture.

Animal vaccinationTraining about Organic farming & vermicomposting

We have visit field & all problems would solved .

Tree plantation

Organizing blood donation camp

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THANK YOU

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