Sarwat Halima

Saima Habib

Sadia Amin

What I do is restricted by the cloth and the

human body.

My job is to make that cloth give expression to

the body.’

(Vivienne Westwood)

April 1941 is an English fashion designer and

businesswoman, largely responsible for

bringing modern punk and new wave fashions

into the mainstream.

Garment making is a technical accomplishment

that requires knowledge of fabrics, principles of

clothing construction and skills involved in it.

This depends on the ability to select the correct

fabric, color, design and accessories to suit an

individual occasion.

A garment that is made will be attractive if it

fits well and proper attention is paid to its finer

details.

It is necessary to know the techniques of sewing

for producing attractive garments with good fit.

Perhaps the most obvious function of dress is

to provide warmth and protection.

Other basic functions of dress include

identifying the wearer and making the

wearer appear more attractive.

Clothes that are deemed handsome in one

period are declared downright ugly in the

next and even uniforms—the simplest and

most easily identified costume—are subject

to change.

One of the earliest theories which formed

the hypotheses of wearing clothes was the

modesty/shame theory.

This theory is also known as the fig leaf

theory which is based on the story in the

Bible. Genesis states that Adam and Eve

realize that their state of being naked

when they consume a fruit from the

knowledge tree. And in shame they both

stitched clothes out of fig leaves, hence the

name fig leaf theory.

Arguments said that clothing was merely

because of protection of one's body from the

threats in the environment.

Clothing was discovered eons ago. A

discovery of a 500-year old male on a glacier

on the Austrian-Italian border revealed such.

The body was clad in a fur cap, a leather

cape, a loincloth, and leather shoes.

These clothes were possibly there to

provide protection against the harsh winds.

Other arguments stated that clothing was created to create sexual attraction or to display beauty of one's body.

It is discovered that people began decorating themselves much before they started clothing. Early age signs of decoration included painting and tattoos and even jewelry.

Recent scholars now state that clothing

represents one's identity and communicates

nonverbally.

Clothing in some societies is as functional as

language. It represents a person's age,

gender, marital status, ethnicity, social status

and occupation.

It is not certain when people first started wearing clothes however, anthropologists give estimates that range between 100,000 to 500,000 years ago. The first clothes were made from natural elements: animal skin and furs, grasses and leaves, and bones and shells.

Clothing was often

draped or tied

however, simple

needles made out

of animal bone

provide evidence

of sewn leather

and fur garments

from at least

30,000 years ago.

Before sewing machines, nearly all clothing was local and hand-sewn, there were tailors and seamstresses in most towns that could make individual items of clothing for customers. After the sewing machine was invented, the ready-made clothing industry took off.

Before the invention of the sewing machine, most sewing was done by individuals in their homes, however, many people offered services as tailors or seamstresses in small shops where wages were very low.

Thomas Hood's ballad The Song of the Shirt, published in 1843, depicts the hardships of the English seamstress:

With fingers weary and worn,With eyelids heavy and red,A woman sat in unwomanly rags,Plying her needle and thread Stitch! Stitch! Stitch!In poverty, hunger, and dirt,And still with a voice of dolorous pitchShe sang ‘The Song of the Shirt!’

The first possible patent connected to mechanical sewing was a 1755 British patent issued to German, Charles Weisenthal.

Charles Weisenthal took out a patent for a needle to be used for mechanical sewing. Unfortunately, what sort of mechanical sewing we do not know for a description of the machine was not properly mentioned in the patent.

The English inventor and cabinet maker, Thomas Saint was issued the first patent for a complete machine for sewing in 1790.

The patent describes an awl that punched a hole in leather and passed a needle through the hole. Later reproduction of Saint's invention based on his patent drawings did not work.

The first functional sewing machine was invented by the French tailor, BarthelemyThimonnier, in 1830.

Thimonnier's machine used only one thread and a hooked needle that made the same chain stitch used with embroidery.

The inventor was almost killed by an enraged group of French tailors who burnt down his garment factory because they feared unemployment as a result of his new invention.

In 1834,Walter Hunt America's first (somewhat) successful sewing machine.

He later lost interest in patenting because he believed his invention would cause unemployment.

(Hunt's machine could only sew straight steams.) Hunt never patented and in 1846, the first American patent was issued to Elias Howe for "a process that used thread from two different sources.“

Sewing machines did not go into mass production until the 1850's, when Isaac Singer built the first commercially successful machine. Singer built the first sewing machine where the needle moved up and down rather than the side-to-side and the needle was powered by a foot treadle.

About 1831, George Opdykebegan the small-scale manufacture of ready-made clothing, which he stocked and sold largely through a store in New Orleans.

Opdyke was one of the first American merchants to do so.

But it was not until after the power-driven sewing machine was invented, that factory production of clothes on a large scale occurred. Since then the clothing industry has grown.

During the industrial revolution, both men's and

women's dress becomes more complex during

this era due to the invention of the Sewing

Machine, and the popular dissemination of

pattern books and systems for garment cutting.

Men's clothing, while outwardly simple, begins to

acquire the internal padding, interfacings and

complex structure that makes modern men's

suits fall so smoothly even over an object as

lumpy and mobile as the human form.

while women's dress continues to balloon out

with ruffles, decorations and petticoats.

Elias Howe, the inventor of the first mass produced, practical sewing machine, originally demonstrated its utility to a group of prospective investors by holding a sewing race between himself and his machine, and ten professional hand stitchers.

He easily won, and the economic situation of stitchers (mostly female) declined as a consequence of the adoption of the invention.

Industrialists would invest in the machines,

hire the stitchers cheaply, and then take the

profits for themselves that their increased

output produced.

With profits so high, soon competition

between manufacturers of clothes got fierce,

and so producers tried to "improve" their

product by adding more sewing decoration,

such as ruffles, pleats, and top stitching, to

lure customers.

The end result was that fashionable Women's

dress became incredibly over decorated in

the 19th Century.

Another result of this was that poor people's

clothing got better, and the rags of earlier

eras were replaced by cheaply made mass

manufactured work clothes. The middle

classes were able to afford more than clean

simple clothes, and began to actively indulge

in fashion for its own sake.

There are 2 types of garments.

1. One is Woven garments.

2. Another is Knitted garments.

Woven fabrics are made in hand looms, power looms and mill made. Making woven fabrics is simple. But yarn counts, reed & picks (warp & weft), width should be considered with more care. The fabric quality is made differently by various methods of finishing and treating.

Knit fabrics are made in different kinds of knitting machines. According to the structure of fabrics, they are called by different names. The mainly used fabrics are Jersey, Pique, Interlock, Rib, French Rib, Flat back rib, Loop knit, Fleece, Polar fleece and Jacquards. The knit garments can be made in solid dyed or all over printed or yarn striped or jacquard fabrics.

Garment construction can be divided into

different specialized areas. At the top of the

manufacturing chain are

Haute couture and

The tailoring crafts,

which involve working with individual

customers.

At the lower ends of the manufacturing

chain are

Industrially produced garments.

The term Haute couture is French. Haute means "high“ or "elegant.“

Couture literally means "sewing," but has come to indicate the business of designing, creating, and selling custom-made, high fashion women's clothes.

It refers to the creation of exclusive custom-fitted clothing.

A haute couture garment is often made for a client, tailored specifically for the wearer’s measurements and body stance.

Haute couture garments are also described as having no price tag - in other words, budget is not relevant.

this reveals with

one person

individual dress

making by a tailor.

Ready-to-wear or Industrially produced garments is the term for factory made clothing, sold in finished condition, in standardized sizes, as distinct from made to measure or bespoke clothing tailored to a particular person's frame.

Besides a sewing machine in good condition,

well selected sewing equipment are essential

for making garments of good quality and

appearance.

SEWING TOOLS

CUTTING TOOLS

MEASURING TOOLS

MARKING TOOLS

PRESSING TOOLS

MISCELLANEOUS TOOLS

Hand Sewing Needles

Sewing Machine Needles

Sewing thread

Pins

Thimbles

Embroidery Frame

Embroidery Threads

Bobbin

Bent-Handle Shears

Scissors

Pinking Shears

Button Hole Scissors

Electric Scissors

Measuring Tape

Rulers

Yardstick or meter scale

L Square

Skirt Marker

Tracing Wheel

Tracing Paper

Tailors Chalk

Iron

Steam Iron

Ironing Board

Sleeve Board

Press cloth

Awl

Seam Ripper

Loop Turner

Dress Form

Paper

Three-Way Mirror

Orange-stick

Cutting board or table

Five basic factors present in every fitting

decides whether a garment fits well or not.

These five are interrelated.

Ease

Line

Grain

Set

Balance

The garment, which seems to be right size is

neither too loose not too tight.

Ease is also the difference between the

actual body measurements and the garment

measurements.

This amount varies with the fashion, type of

garment and personal taste. A garment

constructed with optimum ease would be the

right size.

Lines should be smooth without folds and

neat. There should be smoothly graded

curves in back and front. Armhole should be

oval, but not pointed or round in shape.

The curve lines should not be too low which

will hinder the movements of the hand.

The lines obtained by darts, pleats and yokes

are with in the garment and they should be

graceful and smooth.

The placement of warp and weft yarns form

grain. Heavier threads tend to drape well on

the figure with graceful folds, when gathers,

pleats and ruffles occur on the straight grain.

If the grain line is not corrected, wrinkles or

sagging occur. Some times the grain line is

off, when the material is not cut carefully.

A well-fitted garment has a smooth set

without any wrinkles.

A smoothness of "set" or freedom from

wrinkles is required for a good-looking fit.

Graceful folds created by gathers or un

pressed pleats or draped features are style

lines not to be confused with wrinkles, those

slanting triangles straining from some curve

or bulge of the body

The garment should look balanced from left

to right and front to back.

The skirt should hang so that it extends the

same distance from the center to the right

and left sides.

The necklines should fit neck snugly at all

points. If the shoulder seam stands away

from shoulder at neck point and fits tightly

at armhole point, the garment will look out

of balance.

1. When the garments are carelessly cut and if stitching is not done properly then the garment will have poor fitting.

2. If the basic patterns are not of the right size or if they are not altered according to the body measurement then poor fitting occurs.

3. Poor posture might be the reason for differences in the bodice blocks.

1. The human body has numerous curves of which the basic ones are bust, end of shoulder, shoulder blade, elbow, abdomen, side and hip. The garment should be cut and stitched accurately to fit on the curves of the body.

2. The straight material should be folded into darts are cut into seam to allow enough ease over the curves.

The garment should be tacked and tried on.

The openings are pinned together accurately, properly and securely. The basting line that marks centre front, and back helps in giving a good fitting.

The garment should be worn right side out to check the fitting on the body. The garment is thoroughly inspected and carefully analyzed for fitting.

It should be comfortable while walking or working.

If any alterations are to be made on the garment then Mark the correct line with tailors chalk and tack the corrected seam line or dart line from the inside of the garment.

The paper patterns should also be altered on the basis of changes made in the garment.

Until a satisfactory fitting is achieved, repining and alterations for fitting is done.

In the second round of checking the fitting, concentration must be on the sleeves and arms cycle, Necklines, waistlines should be curved to fit comfortably and naturally.

The patterns which are altered for good fitting should be preserved.

A dress should look nice from the back as it is from the front.

The back should be more carefully fitted since there is a strain. A dress with a back too wide, too narrow or too short can be uncomfortable and it is unbecoming.

Human beings start to wear clothes for many reasons i.e modesty, protection, identification & wearer appear more attractive.

Garment construction is very old. People wear leaves, fur and animals skin as clothes.

Initially people used to sew cloths from their hands which is very time consuming n difficult job but after the invention of sewing machine the whole scenario has been changed n garment has been start constructed on mass level.

Five basic factors present in every fitting

decides whether a garment fits well or not.

These five are interrelated. These are Ease,

Line, Grain, Set, Balance.

A good fitted garment always gives pleaser to

the wearer and gives good name to the brand

or tailor. The most important factor of

garment construction is “ it should be

comfortable”

? THANK YOU NOW SAIMA HABBIB WILL

CONTINOU………………………