Gary A. Bulla, Ph.D.

Bio1001-007

General Biology

If you are a biology major- don’t take this course!

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• Scientific study of life

• Lays the foundation for asking basic questions about life and the natural world

Chapter 1Concepts & Methods in Biology

Biology-

What Is Life?1. Capture and use of ______ and raw materials

2. Sense and respond to the _______________

3. Capacity to grow, __________, and develop

4. Tendency to ________

Why Study Biology?

• To learn how organisms are constructed, how they function, where they live, and what they do

• To help you develop, modify, and refine your ideas about life

Molecules of Life• Four macromolecules of life:

– _____________ (DNA, RNA)– _____________– _____________– ____________ (fat)

Basic Unit of Life - The Cell• Molecule

• Organelle

• _____- the smallest unit having the capacity to ____ and

___________

• Multicelled Organism

• _________

• Population

• __________

• Ecosystem

• __________Com

plex

ity

Interdependencies Among Organisms

1. ________- Make their own food

2. _________- Depend on energy stored in tissues of producers

3.__________ -Break down remains and wastes

PRODUCERS

CONSUMERS,DECOMPOSERS

NUTRIENT CYCLING

ONE-WAY FLOW OF ENERGY

Producers capture, convert, and use or store some energy from the sun.

Energy gets transferred from one organism to another; in time, all flows back to the environment.

Fig. 1.6, p. 7

Nothing Lives Without Energy

Energy = Capacity to do _______

_____________ = Reactions by which cells acquire and use energy to grow, survive, and reproduce

Diversity of Life

• Millions of living species (millions extinct)

• Classification scheme attempts to organize

this diversity

• Two-part naming system (devised by Carolus

________________)

– First name is _______ (plural, genera)

• Homo sapiens - genus is Homo

– Second name is _________ within genus

K_____

P_____

C_____

O_____

G_____

S_____

Taxa

• Archaea and bacteria are ___________(no nucleus).

• The ________includes at least four kingdoms:

Fig. 1.11

______- Protists _______________________

The three ________are the_ ____________________.

change in structure of ____• Basis for the variation in heritable traits• Most are _____________

Adaptive Trait• trait that gives the individual an advantage in _______ or _________________

Evolution• Genetically based change in a line of descent

over _______• Population changes, not ______________

Natural Selection

•Differential _____________ and reproduction

Mutation

Scientific Method

• ________ phenomenon

• Develop __________

• Make ____________

• Devise _____ of

predictions

• Carry out test and

________ results

OHPTAOh, How Peter Talks Away

• __________: Eagles, swallows, and

robins have feathers

• ___________: All birds have feathers

Example

• Drawing a specific conclusion based on a

generalization

– Generalization - Birds have feathers

– Example - Eagles are birds

– Conclusion - Eagles have feathers

Deductive Logic

Experimental Design • _________group a must!!

– A standard for comparison

– ____________ to experimental group except for

____________ being studied

• Sampling error

– ________________ sample skews results

– Minimize by using ________________

How do you test your prediction?

Fig. 1.10, p. 12

CONTROL GROUPThe variable being

tested is absent

EXPERIMENTAL GROUPThe variable beingtested is present

Draw samples from some aspect of nature

Compile results Compile results

Compare and analyze the test results

Report on experimental design, test results, and conclusions drawn from results

• A hypothesis that has been tested for its predictive power many times and has not yet been found __________

Scientific Theory

Big question- Can we use viruses that attack bacteria (bacteriophages) to fight infections?

Example-

Experiment 1

• Hypothesis - Bacteriophages can protect mice against infectious bacteria

• Prediction - Mice injected with bacteriophages will not die as a result of bacterial injection

• Experimental group

Inject with bacteria and bacteriophage

• Control group• Inject with bacteria and saline

Experiment 1 - Test

• Experimental group - All mice lived

• Control group- All mice died

Results

Bacteriophage injections protect mice against bacterial

infections

Conclusion

• Prediction - Bacteriophage injections will be more effective treatment than single dose of the antibiotic streptomycin

• Test - Mice injected with bacteria, then with saline, streptomycin, or bacteriophage

Experiment 1 - Test

• When 2nd injection was:

– Bacteriophage - 11 of 12 mice lived

– 60mg/gm streptomycin - 5 of 12 lived

– 100mg/gm streptomycin - 3 of 12 lived

– Saline - all mice died

Results

Conclusion•Conclusion - __________________

___________________________

Limits of Science• Scientific approach cannot provide

answers to _____________ questions

• Cannot provide moral, aesthetic, or _________________ standards