xzNAME: SHEH MUHAMMAD AFNAN BIN SEH HANAFISTUDENT NO: 2013210382GROUP: EH2214AEXPERIMENT: GAS ABSORPTIONDATE PERFORMED: 11/03/2015SEMESTER: 4PROGRAMME / CODE: PROCESS ENGINEERING LABORATORY ( CPE 554 ) SUBMIT TO: MISS HABSAH ALWI

NO.TITLEALLOCATED MARKS (%)MARKS

1ABSTRACT / SUMMARY5

2INTRODUCTION5

3AIMS5

4THEORY5

5APPARATUS5

6METHODOLOGY / PROCEDURE10

7RESULTS10

8CALCULATIONS10

9DISCUSSION20

10CONCLUSION10

11RECOMMENDATIONS5

12REFERENCE5

13APPENDIX5

TOTAL MARKS100

REMARKS:CHECKED BY:

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TABLE CONTENT

NumberTitle Page

1. Abstract/Summary2

2. Introduction3

3. Aims3

4. Theory4 5

5. Apparatus6

6. Methodology/Procedure7 8

7. Results9 11

8. Calculations12 - 22

9. Discussion23

10. Conclusion24

11. Recommendations24

12. Reference25

13. Appendix26

ABSTRACT Gas absorption is a process in which a gaseous mixture is brought into contact with a liquid and during this contact a component is transferred between the gas stream and the liquid stream. The gas may be bubbled through the liquid, or it may pass over streams of the liquid, arranged to provide a large surface through which the mass transfer can occur. The liquid film can flow down the sides of columns or over packing, or it can cascade from one tray to another with the liquid falling and the gas rising in the counter flow.The gas, or components of it, either dissolves in the liquid (absorption) or extracts a volatile component from the liquid (desorption). In addition, there is the aim that should be achieved at the end of the experiment which is to examine the air pressure drop across the column as a function of air flow for different water flow rates through the column. In packed column, air is fed into the bottom and water is transferred to the top of the column either from feed vessel B1 using the centrifugal pump, P1. The pressure drop is recorded when the liquid flow rate is set to 1.0 L/min until 3.0 L/min. The gas flow rate starts from 20 L/min until 180 L/min with 10.0L/min of intervals. How fast the liquid can flow down with no vapor flowing upwards and the rate at which the vapor is trying to flow upwards is the actual flooding point.

INTRODUCTIONGas absorption is a mass transfer process in which a vapor solute A in a gas mixture is absorbed by means of a liquid in which the solute more or less soluble. The gas mixture consists mainly of an inert gas and the soluble. The liquid also is primarily in the gas phase; that is, its vaporization into the gas phase is relatively slight. A typical example is absorption of the solute ammonia from an air-ammonia mixture by water. Subsequently, the solute is recovered from the solution by distillation. A common apparatus used in gas absorption and certain other operations is the packed tower. The device consists of a cylindrical column, or tower, equipped with a gas inlet an distributing space at the bottom, a liquid inlet and distributor at the top, gas and liquid outlet at the top and bottom, respectively and a supported mass of inert solid shapes, called tower packing. In given packed tower with a given type and size of packing and with defined flow of liquid, there is an upper limit to the rate of gas flow, called the flooding velocity. Above this gas velocity the tower cannot operate. At the flow rate called the loading point, the gas start to hander the liquid down flow, and local accumulations or pools of liquid start to appear in the packing. AIMS1. To examine the air pressure drop across the column as a function of air flow for different water flow rates through the column.2. To determine the loading and the flooding points in the column.

THEORYThis experiment required to plot graph of pressure drop against air flow rate in graph. The flow parameter shows the ratio of liquid kinetic energy to vapour kinetic energy and parameter of K4 or y-axis needs and x-axis or FLV can be calculated by using these formulae:

Gas absorption is a process where mixture of gas is in contact with liquid and becomes dissolve. Therefore, there is mass transfer occurs in the component that changes from gas phase to liquid phase. The solutes are absorbed by liquid. Inside this experiment, only the mass transfer between air and liquid are concerned. Gas absorption is widely use in industries to control the air pollution and to separate acidic impurities out of mixed gas streams. The pressure drop values are observed from the manometer. The graph of pressure correlation for different flow rate of water is plotted in order to find the relationship between K4 and FLV. The steps on how to obtaine K4 and FLV is shown below:Density of air, G = 1.175 kg/m3Density of water, L = 996 kg/m3Column diameter, Dc = 80 mmArea of packed diameter, Packing Factor: Fp = 900 m-1Water viscosity, water = 0.001 Ns/m2

Theoretical Flooding Point 1. Gy must be in m3/h

2. To calculate gas flow rate, GG (kg/m2s)

3. To calculate capacity parameter, K4,

4. To calculate liquid flow rate, GL (kg/m2) (1 LPM, 2 LPM, 3 LPM)

5. To calculate flow parameter, FLV (1 LPM)

Where:= Air flow rate (m3/h)

APPARATUS

SOLTEQ-QVF Absorption column (Model: BP 751-B)

PROCEDUREGeneral start-up Procedures1. All the valves were ensured closed except the ventilation valve V13.2. All the gas connections were checked whether they are properly fitted.3. The valve on the compressed air supply line was opened. The supply pressure was set between 2 to 3 bar by turning the regulator knob clockwise.4. The shut-off valve on the CO2 gas cylinder was opened. The CO2 cylinder was checked whether the pressure is sufficient.5. The power for the control panel was turned on.Experiment : Hydrodynamics of a Packed Column (Wet Column Pressure Drop)1. The general start-up procedures were performed as described above.2. The receiving vessel B2 was filled through the charge port with 50 L of water by opening valve V3 and V5.3. Valve V3 was closed.4. Valve V10 and V9 were opened slightly. The flow of water was observed from vessel B1 through pump P1.5. Pump P1 was switched on, then slowly opened and valve V11 was adjusted to give water flow rate of arrounf 1 L/min. The water was allowed to enter the top column K1, flew down the column and accumulated at the bottom until it overflows back into vessel B1.6. Valve V11 was opened and adjusted to give water flow rate of 0.5 L/min into column K1.7. Valve V1 was opened and adjusted to give an air flow rate of 40 L/min into column K1.8. The liquid and gas flow were observed in the column K1 and the pressure drop across the column at dPT-201 was recorded.9. Steps 6 to 7 were repeated with different values of air flow rate, each time increasing by 40 L/min while maintaining the same water flow rate.10. Steps 5 to 8 were repeated with different values of water flow rate, each time increasing by 0.5 L/min by adjusting valve V11.

General Shut-Down Procedures1. Pump P1 was switched off.2. Valve V1, V2 and V12 were closed.3. The valve on the compressed air supply line was closed and the supply pressure was exhausted by turning the regulator knob counter-clockwise all the way.4. The shut-off valve was closed on the CO2 gas cylinder.5. All the liquid in the column K1 was drained by opening valve V4 and V5.6. All the liquid from the receiving vessels B1 and B2 were drained by opening valves V7 and V8.7. All the liquid from the pump P1 was drained by opening valve V10.8. The power for the control panel was turned off.

RESULTSFlow rate(L/min)Pressure Drop(mm

airwater20406080100120140160180

1.00267910132158

2.0820393053--

3.00271339----

Table 1: Pressure Drop for Wet column

Flow rate (L/min)Air Water

1.02.03.0

Gas Flow rateLog Gas Flow ratePressure drop (mmH2O)Log Pressure drop (mmH2O)Pressure drop (mmH2O)Log Pressure drop (mmH2O)Pressure drop (mmH2O)Log Pressure drop (mmH2O)

201.3010-80.9030-

401.60220.30120.30120.301

601.77860.7780-70.845

801.90370.84530.477131.114

1002.0090.95490.954391.591

1202.079101301.477--

1402.146131.114531.724--

1602.204211.322----

1802.255581.763----

Table 2: Log Gas Flow rate and Log Pressure drop

Air Flow rate (L/min)Air Flow rate (m3/h)GG (kg/ms2)K4FLV (1 LPM)FLV (2 LPM)FLV (3 LPM)Pressure drop correlated in mm H20(1LPM) (2LPM) (3LPM)

201.20.07790.01541.4542.9124.3621.525.0812.7

402.40.1560.0620.727

1.4562.1815.0810.1625.4

603.60.2340.1390.4840.9691.4528.8925.438.1

804.80.3110.2450.3640.7291.09312.740.6450.8

1006.00.3890.3830.2910.5830.87425.445.7253.34

1207.20.4670.5530.2430.486-40.6450.8-

1408.40.5450.7530.2080.416-43.1855.8-

1609.60.6230.9840.182--50.80--

18010.80.7011.2450.162--55.89--

Table 3: Theoretical Flooding PointLog Pressure drop correlated in mm H20(1LPM) (2LPM) (3LPM)

0.180.711.10

0.711.001.40

0.951.401.58

1.101.611.71

1.401.661.73

1.611.71-

1.641.75-

1.71--

1.75--

Table 4 : Log Pressure drop correlated in mm H20

Figure 1: Graph of Log Pressure Drop against Log Gas Flow Rate

Figure 2: Graph of Log correlated Pressure Drop against Log Gas Flow Rate

CALCULATIONSInformation given :Density of air, air = 1.175 kg/m3Density of water, water = 996 kg/m3Column diameter, Dc = 80 mmArea of packed diameter,

Packing Factor: Fp = 900 m-1Water viscosity, water = 0.001 Ns/m2Theoretical Flooding Point for 20 L/min1. Gy = 20 L/min = 2. Calculate gas flow rate, GG (kg/m2s)

3. Calculate capacity parameter, K4,

4. Calculate liquid flow rate, GL (kg/m2) (1 LPM)

5. Calculate liquid flow rate, GL (kg/m2) (2 LPM)

6. Calculate liquid flow rate, GL (kg/m2) (3 LPM)

7. Calculate flow parameter, FLV (1 LPM)

8. Calculate flow parameter, FLV (2 LPM)

9. Calculate flow parameter, FLV (3 LPM)

Theoretical Flooding Point for 40 L/min Gy =1. Calculate gas flow rate, GG (kg/m2s)

2. Calculate capacity parameter, K4,

3. Calculate flow parameter, FLV (1 LPM)

4. Calculate flow parameter, FLV (2 LPM)

5. Calculate flow parameter, FLV (3 LPM)

Theoretical Flooding Point for 60 L/min Gy =1. Calculate gas flow rate, GG (kg/m2s)

2. Calculate capacity parameter, K4,

3. Calculate flow parameter, FLV (1 LPM)

4. Calculate flow parameter, FLV (2 LPM)

5. Calculate flow parameter, FLV (3 LPM)

Theoretical Flooding Point for 80 L/min Gy =1. Calculate gas flow rate, GG (kg/m2s)

2. Calculate capacity parameter, K4,

3. Calculate flow parameter, FLV (1 LPM)

4. Calculate flow parameter, FLV (2 LPM)

5. Calculate flow parameter, FLV (3 LPM)

Theoretical Flooding Point for 100 L/min Gy =1. Calculate gas flow rate, GG (kg/m2s)

2. Calculate capacity parameter, K4,

3. Calculate flow parameter, FLV (1 LPM)

4. Calculate flow parameter, FLV (2 LPM)

5. Calculate flow parameter, FLV (3 LPM)

Theoretical Flooding Point for 120 L/min Gy =1. Calculate gas flow rate, GG (kg/m2s)

2. Calculate capacity parameter, K4,

3. Calculate flow parameter, FLV (1 LPM)

4. Calculate flow parameter, FLV (2 LPM)

5. Calculate flow parameter, FLV (3 LPM)

Theoretical Flooding Point for 140 L/min Gy =1. Calculate gas flow rate, GG (kg/m2s)

2. Calculate capacity parameter, K4,

3. Calculate flow parameter, FLV (1 LPM)

4. Calculate flow parameter, FLV (2 LPM)

5. Calculate flow parameter, FLV (3 LPM)

Theoretical Flooding Point for 160 L/min Gy =1. Calculate gas flow rate, GG (kg/m2s)

2. Calculate capacity parameter, K4,

3. Calculate flow parameter, FLV (1 LPM)

4. Calculate flow parameter, FLV (2 LPM)

5. Calculate flow parameter, FLV (3 LPM)

Theoretical Flooding Point for 1800 L/min Gy =1. Calculate gas flow rate, GG (kg/m2s)

2. Calculate capacity parameter, K4,

3. Calculate flow parameter, FLV (1 LPM)

4. Calculate flow parameter, FLV (2 LPM)

5. Calculate flow parameter, FLV (3 LPM)

PERCENTAGE ERROR %1LPM Total correlated pressure drop = 243.38 mm H20Total pressure drop = 126 mm H20

2LPM Total correlated pressure drop = 177.8 mm H20Total pressure drop = 105 mm H20

3LPM Total correlated pressure drop = 180.3mm H20Total pressure drop =61 mm H20

DISCUSSION

For this experiment, the aim is to determine the pressure drop correlation for different flow rate of water 1 LPM, 2 LPM and 3 LPM. The air flow rate increased as the pressure drop in the dry packed column increases. These occur due to the air flow rate increased results of increasing in resistance for the water to flows down the column and give high pressure drop across the packing. In the graph of log pressure drop against log gas flow rate, the log air flow rate increase as the log pressure drop is also increase. The air flow rate increase as the pressure drop increase in constant flow of water. At 1 LPM, the pressure drop is the lowest water flow rate compared to the other two flow rate. This is because of the space for gas flow is blocked by the liquid that flows sown the column. The water flows down due to the gravitational force and thus the gas flows in a counter-current direction with water. During this experiment, there are some resistances occur in the column such as the gas from the bottom starts to impede the water flowing down the column and overflow of water. Because of that, the graph in figure 1 differ from theoretically graph which is 1 LPM should be a straight line while the other two flow rate which is 2 LPM and 3 LPM should be parallel to the graph 1 LPM. From the calculation of K4 and FLV, the plotted graph is obtained. The relationship between the plotted graphs is K4 is inversely proportional to FLV. As the value of FLV increase, the value of K4 decreases. This shows that the relationship of pressure drop and gas flow rate is increasing linearly. Then those values can use to generalize correlation for pressure drop in packed column in chart shows in Appendix. Theoretical generalized correlation charts show that the high flow parameters are typical of high liquid rates and high pressure drop. However, by looking at both of graph, it shows difference of value pressure drop in theoretical and experimental. Percentage error of pressure drop in 1LPM is 48%, 2LPM is 46% and 3LPM is 5.08%. This is due to overflow during experiment is carried on. It also might be due to minor leaking when the experiment is being carried out. Minor leaking will affect the flow rate of both water and air thus affecting the pressure drop. When the gas flow rate increased, pressure drop increased and some of the water will trapped in packing. Later, the water from bottom will increase until the highest level and this will results in flooding. Flooding point is the highest point for each line in the graph of pressure against gas flow rate. When this happen, the process can be no longer be conducted because there is too much liquid entrainment. The flooding points occur at 180 L/min,140 L/min in and 100 L/min for 1LPM,2LPM and 3LPM respectively.CONCLUSIONIn conclusion, the pressure drop will increase when the gas flow increased at constant water flow rate of 1 LPM to 3 LPM. The gas was absorbed through the packed column in a batch process in absorption of air and the effect of liquid flow rate on the absorption-adsorption process was observed. As the flow rate of air increased, the absorption-adsorption process also increased as the composition of the outlet volume of air increased over time. The resistance to of water flows down the column due to the increasing water flow rate. As for the theoretical value, the same principle is used based on the pressure drop correlation charts as well as the experimental value. However, there are are different value in pressure drops value as there are some error occur which can prevent in recommendation. From the experiment, the value of experimental pressure drop is lower compared to the correlated values for packed column.RECOMMENDATIONThere are some recommendations that should be taken account into to ensure the experiment to become more accurate which are the valve controlling the level of water flowing back to the water reservoir should be constantly checked so that we can get a better reading. The level of water must be higher than the bottom of the reservoir. This need to be done to avoid air being trapped in line. Beside that, Make sure all the valves are closed before using the column so that the experiment runs smoothly. Moreover, Make sure the gas and liquid flow rates were constant at that particular flow rate Then, the gas and liquid flow rates must be constant at that particular flow rates. Then, collect the samples simultaneously from both inlet and outlet of the packed column. Furthermore, Give the experiment some more time before the results are taken.

REFERENCES1. Transport Process and Separation Process Principles (Includes Unit Operations) 4th Edition, Christie John Geankoplis, Pearson Education Inc2. Principle of Gas Absorption retrieved from http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie50180a0023. Gas Absorption Lab Manual4. http://separationprocess.com/5. Principle of Gas Absorption retrieved from http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie50180a002

APPENDIX

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