Internal Combustion Engines
A heat engine that converts chemical energy in a fuel into mechanical energy.
Chemical energy first converted into thermal energy (Combustion)
Thermal energy converted into mechanical energy through temperature and pressure rise
Thermal expansion converted to a rotating crankshaft by mechanical linkages
Crankshaft connected to a transmission or power train to transmit mechanical energy to the final use
Final use: Propulsion of a vehicle (e.g. in automobiles, ships, airplanes) or electricity generation (e.g. stationary power plants)
Cf) Heat engine: A device that operates in a thermodynamic cycle and does a net positive work through heat transfer from
a high-temperature body to a low-temperature body
Topics Covered in This Class
External combustion engines Steam engines
Some gas turbine engines
Internal combustion engines Reciprocating engines
Rotary engines
Rocket engines
Jet engines
Firearms
Fuel cells
Hybrid vehicles
Main focus
Ferrari F-1 engine
Steam Engines
Engine 5 in use from 1903 to 1924 http://www.portlandfiremuseum.com/steam_engine.htm
Mini Rotary Engines
Mechanically machined
Power Generation between ~10-100 Watts
Design issues: Quenching, sealing, lubrication, etc.
Fernandez-Pello, Bekeley
Micro Rotary Engines
Advantages of rotary engines: Planar design of the rotor and
housing, design simplicity due to its valveless operation.
Rotor size: 1 mm, Max. RPM: 40,000 Power Output: 26 mW
Fernandez-Pello, Bekeley
Engine Classifications
Type of ignition
Spark ignition (SI)
Compression ignition (CI)
Engine cycle
Four-stroke cycle
Two-stroke cycle
Cf) Three- or six-stroke cycles
attempted in the past
Valve location (See figure)
I head: Valve in head or overhead valve
L, T heads: Valve in block or flat head
F head
Engine Classifications
Basic design Reciprocating
Rotary
Position, number of cylinders(See figure)
a. Single cylinder
b. In-line (Straight)
c. V engine d. Opposed cylinder engine
e. W engine f. Opposed piston g. Radial engine
Emile Salmson water-cooled radial engine 1915
Engine Classifications
Air intake process
Naturally aspirated
Supercharged
Turbocharged
Crankcase compressed
Supercharged Turbocharged
Engine Classifications
Method of fuel input for SI engines
Carbureted
Multipoint port fuel injection
Throttle body fuel injection
Gasoline direct injection
For CI engines
Direct injection
Indirect injection
HCCI
(Homogeneous charge
compression ignition)
Carbureted
Engine Classifications
Fuel used
Gasoline; Diesel oil, fuel oil; Gas, natural gas, methane;
Liquefied petroleum gas; Alcohol; Dual fuel; Gasohol;
Hydrogen; Biofuel
Application
Automobile, truck, bus; Locomotive; Stationary;
Marine; Aircraft; Small portable, chain saw, model airplane
Cooling
Air cooled; Liquid cooled, water cooled
Modern engines: Turbocharged, reciprocating, spark
ignition, four-stroke, overhead valve, water-cooled,
gasoline, multipoint fuel-injected
Terminology and Abbreviations
Internal combustion (IC)
Spark ignition (SI)
Compression ignition (CI)
Top-dead-center (TDC), a.k.a. Top-center (TC), Head-end-dead-center (HEDC)
Bottom-dead-center (BDC), a.k.a. Bottom-center (BC), Crank-end-dead-center (CEDC)
Direct injection (DI)
Indirect injection (IDI)
Bore
Stroke
Terminology and Abbreviations
Clearance volume
Displacement or displacement volume
Gasoline direction injection (GDI)
Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI)
Smart engine
Engine management system (EMS)
Wide-open throttle (WOT)
Ignition delay (ID)
Air-fuel ratio (AF)
Fuel-air ratio (FA)
Terminology and Abbreviations
Brake maximum torque (BMT)
Overhead valve (OHV)
Overhead cam (OHC)
Fuel injected (FI)
Engine Components
An engine must at least include the following systems to
operate:
Air supply and exhaust system
Fuel supply system
Combustion system
Ignition system (For SI engines)
Cooling system
Lubrication system
Starting system
Electrical power supply system (battery and generator)
Engine Components
A. Block
B. Camshaft
C. Combustion Chamber M. Piston rings
L. Piston O. Spark plug
D. Connecting rod(bearing)
F. Crankshaft
E. Crankcase
H. Exhaust manifold
J. Intake manifold N. Push rod
I. Head P. Valve
O. Spark plug
G. Cylinder
K. Oil pan
Valve Components
Poppet valve
F. Camshaft
B. Head
C. Steam
D. Guide
A. Valve seat
E. Spring
G. Manifold
Poppet valve
Other Engine Components
Air supply system: Supercharger, turbocharger, throttle
Air exhaust system: Catalytic converter
Ignition system: Glow plug
Flywheel
Jake brake
Speed control-cruise control
Four-Stroke SI Engine Cycle
a. Intake stroke or induction b. Compression stroke c. Combustion
d. Expansion stroke or power stroke e. Exhaust blowdown f. Exhaust stroke