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GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN HUMAN AND PLANTANDTHE CIRCULATORY SYSTEMassignment sem 2 ppismp ipgm
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INSTITUT PENDIDIKAN GURU MALAYSIA KAMPUS SULTAN MIZAN, 22200 BESUT, TERENGGANU DARUL IMAN PPISMP SEMESTER 2 BIOLOGY 1 GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN HUMAN AND PLANT AND THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM NAMAE : SITI QURRATUL AINI ULFA BINTI RODIN JAYA I/C NO : 910606-03-6028 UNIT : 2 PPISMP SCIENCE
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INSTITUT PENDIDIKAN GURU MALAYSIA KAMPUS SULTAN MIZAN,

22200 BESUT,

TERENGGANU DARUL IMAN

PPISMP

SEMESTER 2

BIOLOGY 1

GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN HUMAN AND PLANT

AND

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

NAMAE : SITI QURRATUL AINI ULFA BINTI RODIN JAYA

I/C NO : 910606-03-6028

UNIT : 2 PPISMP SCIENCE

SUBJECT : SCIENCE (BIOLOGY 1)

CODE : SN2311P5

LECTURER’S NAME : MR. RASHID BIN MOHAMAD

SUBMISSION DATE : MARCH 2010

VOW PAGE

I admit that this coursework is my own work that I have done it myself except for the

article and summary that I have explained the sources.

Signature : (_______________________)

Name : SITI QURRATUL AINI ULFA BINTI RODIN JAYA

I/C NO : 910606-03-6028

Date : ___ ________________ 2010.

BIOLOGY 1

GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN HUMAN AND PLANT

AND

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

SCIENCE DEPARTMENT

IPG KAMPUS SULTAN MIZAN, KOTA PUTRA, BESUT, TERENGGANU

APPRECIATION

Assalamualaikum.

Firstly I am very grateful because finally I did finished my coursework task on the

right time given. First of all, I would like to convey my appreciation to my parents. This is

because they had given me a lot of supports in doing this coursework perfectly.

I would like to thank my dedicated lecturer and also my coordinator from the

bottom of my heart. She have helped me and my classmates on how to understand this

coursework and make it easier and simple. Without her help, I does not sure whether I

can finished this coursework on time or not.

I also wanted to convey my appreciation to all of my friends for giving me

lots of moral supports and pulling me up each time I fall. They have helps me in doing

this coursework and they also did gave comments on my coursework such as their

opinion about the arrangement of the tasks, views about the task and so on.

Thank you.

CONTENTS

VOW PAGE I

HEADING ENCLOSURE II

CONTENTS III

INTRODUCTION 1

1.0 GRAPHIC NOTES

1.1 Gaseous Exchange in Human 2 - 9

1.2 Gaseous Exchange in Plants 10 - 15

2.0 INVESTIGATION 16 - 18

REFLECTION 19

BIBLIOGRAPHY 20

COLLABORATION FORM 21

INTRODUCTION

Living organisms need energy for cellular activities. Cells that carry out aerobic

respiration require a continuous supply of oxygen and need to remove carbon dioxide.

To enable this, organisms have developed gas exchange surfaces where respiratory

gases are exchanged between living cells and the environment.

Gaseous exchange in plants occurs mainly through pores called stomata. They

are found on the epidermis of leaves and stems of flowering plants. In dicotyledonous

leaves the stomata are found mainly on the lower epidermis. Lenticels found in the bark

of stems and root hairs with thin walls and large surface area also allow gaseous

exchange to take place.

Large organisms need a transport system to supply their cells with nutrients,

oxygen and other materials and to remove waste products. The main transport system

in mammals is the circulatory system consisting of the heart and the flow of blood

through a network of blood vessels.

1.0 GRAPHIC NOTES

1.1 GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN HUMAN

Living organisms need energy for cellular activities. Cells that carry out aerobic

respiration require a continuous supply of oxygen and to remove the carbon dioxide. To

enable this, organism has developed gas exchange surfaces where respiratory gases

are exchanged between the living cells and environment. In mammals, a respiratory

system is developed and gaseous exchange takes place in the lungs.

Have a large surface area to volume ratio.Have a short distance for rapid diffusion.Passive diffusion of gases that occurs through the cell surface membrane along the diffusion gradient is sufficient for their needs.

Small unicellular organisms

E.g : MAMMALS.Larger and more complex forms.Have a smaller surface area to volume ratio.The skin is usually impermeable to gases.The central body cells are more removed from the external environment.Needs specialised organ systems, not only for respiration, but also for digestion, circulation, excretion,reproduction, nervous and endocrine functions.

Multicellular organisms

1.1.1 Gaseous exchange in humans

The respiratory surface of a human is made-up of over 700 million air sacs, called

alveoli, inside a pair of lungs. The lungs, located in the thoracic cavity are protected by

the ribcage and separated from the abdomen by the muscular diaphragm.

- The C-shaped cartilage rings of the trachea allow the continuous movement of

air through the air passage.

- Goblet cells secrete mucus to trap dust particles and microbial spores.

- The cilia on the epithelium lining the respiratory tubes move the mucus and

trapped particles to the pharynx to be swallowed or removed via the mouth.

- Oxygen in the alveolus diffuses across the thin epithelium of the alveolus and the

endothelium of the capillary into the blood.

- It the diffuses into the red blood cells.

The function of the structure of the human gas exchange system :

Nasal cavity

Filters, moistens, and warms the air.

Pharynx

Connects the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx.

Glottis

Opening to allow air into the larynx.

Larynx

Contains vocal chords for sound production.

Trachea

Allow the passage of air from trachea to bronchioles.

Bronchi

Allow the passage of air from trachea to bronchioles.

Bronchioles

Allows the passage of air to the alveoli.

Alveoli

Acts as internal gas exchange surfaces.

Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out of the respiratory system :

Oxygen rich air from

environmentNasal cavities Pharynx Trachea

Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli

Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange at

alveoli

Bronchioles Bronchi Trachea Pharynx

Nasal cavities

Carbon dioxide rich air

to the environment

1.1.2 Mechanisms of Ventilation.

Breathing occurs in two stages :

a) Inspiration (Inhalation) is the process in which air is actively inhaled into the

lungs.

b) Expiration (Exhalation) is the process in which air is exhaled from the lungs.

1.1.2.1 Inspiration

1.1.2.2 Expiration

Exterbal intercostal muscles contract, internal intercostal

muscles relax

Ribcage is pulled upwards and

outwards

Diaphragm muscles contract, diaphragm moves

downwards, becomes flattened

Thoracic volume increases

Air pressure in the lungs decreases to below atmospheric

pressure

Air is drawn into the lungs along a pressure gradient

Volume of the lungs increases

1.1.3 Adaptations for gaseous exchange in the lungs

Internal intercostal muscles contract,

external intercostal muscle relax

Ribcage is pulled downwards and

inwards

Diaphragm muscles relax,

diaphragm moves upwards, return to

dome shape

Thoracic volume decreases

Air pressure in the lungs increases to higher than that of

atmosphere

Air is moved out of the lungs along the pressure gradient

Volume of the lungs decreases

Alveoli

Large surface area

moist surface

Permeable wallsSurrounded by

numerous blood capillaries

Thin walls

1.2 GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN GREEN PLANT

Gaseous exchange in plants occurs mainly through pores called stomata.

Air containing carbon dioxide enters the plant through these openings where it is used in photosynthesis and respiration. Oxygen produced by photosynthesis exits through these same openings. Also, water vapor is released into the atmosphere through these pores in a process called transpiration.

What is stomata?

Structure of stomata

They are found on the epidermis of leaves and stems of flowering plants.

In decotyledonous leaves, stomata are mainly found on the lower epidermis.

Lenticels found in the bark of stems.

Root hairs with thin walls and large surface area allow gaseous exchange to take place.

1.2.1 Stomatal opening and closing

Guard cells

Each consists of a stomatal pore

surrounded by two guard cells

kidney-shaped

contains chloroplasts

Has thinner outer wall, less elastic,

inner wall

Celulose microfibrils are radially

orientated in the cell wall and the guard

cells are joined at the end

The epidermal cells surrounding the guard cells

are called subsidiary cells

1.2.1.1 Stomatal opening

1.2.1.2 Stomatal closing

Stomatal opening is promoted by high light intensity and

low mesophyll CO2 level

Guard cell generated ATP by

photophosphorylation during

photosynthesis

Blue light is absorbed by BL photoreceptors

ATPs generated are hydrolysed to

provide energy to drive the photon-

pump

Cell become increasingly

negative charge

Potassium channel activated

K+ diffuse from the subsidiary cells into

the guard cells

Accumulation of K+ causes the water potential in guard

cells become negative

Guard cells turgid

Outer wall thinner and more elastic than the thicker

inner wall

Guard cells curve outwards Stomata opens

Factors which lead to stomata opening and closing.

Stomatal closure triggered by water

stress, high temperature,

increasing CO2, and low light intensity

Hormone abscisic acid (ABA) is

secreted by plant cells

ABA binds to receptors at the cell

membrane at the guard cells

Permeability of calcium channels

increased

Calcium ions enter the guard cells

The accumulation of Ca2+ inhibits the

proton pump

Potassium ions move out into the subsidiary cells

Water potential in guard cells increases

Water diffuses out to neighbouring

subsidiary cells by osmosis

Turgor pressure decreases Cells become flaccid Stoma closes

Importance of stomata

There is an endogenous rhythm (a biological clock). Stomata open during

the day and close during the night. (Though certain succulents which are

native to hot, dry conditions have a reversed rhythm to enable them to

economise on water loss.) However, stomata continue to open and close on

an approximately 24 hour clock (circadian = about a day) even when switched to

continuous light. The phase of this opening and closure can be shifted

(made to occur at other times of the day) by contol of the end of the dark period.

The water balance of a plant affects stomatal apperture. Wilting plants close their

stomata. The plant growth regulator abscisic acid (ABA) seems to act as a mediator

under these conditions. Water stress in the roots can transmit

(in xylem?) its influence to stomata in leaves by the signal of

ABA.

Low concentrations of CO2 cause stomata to open. If CO2-

free air is blown across stomata in darkness, their stomates open. High CO2 causes stomates to close.

Light causes stomates to open. The minimum light level for opening of stomates

in most plants is 1/1000 to 1/30 of full sunlight, just enough to cause some net

photosynthesis. Blue light (430-460nm) is nearly 10 times as effective as red light (630-680nm). The wavelengths that are

effective in the red part of the spectrum are the same as those that are effective in

photosynthesis ie is absorbed by chlorophyll. However, the blue light effect is

quite independent of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis will change intercellular CO2

concentrations and may have its effect through number iii) above.

2.0 Investigation about the blood circulatory system in human from the website.

Allow gaseous exchange of carbon dioxide (for photosynthesis) and oxygen (for respiration) between the plant and the surrounding

Regulate the rate of transpiration and control water loss by the plant

Pull water and mineral salts from the roots to the higher parts of the plant

a) Method :

a. Surfing the internet.

b. Find the information about blood circulatory system in human.

c. Analyze what is the importance of blood circulatory system in human.

b) Observation :

a. The importance of blood circulatory system

- To move materials throughout the body :

- Oxygen, carbon dioxide & other wastes, nutrients, hormones, and

antibodies.

- It moves oxygenated (oxygen-rich) blood to organs and body

tissues.

- It returns un-oxygenated (oxygen-poor) blood to the heart.

- carry the blood to every part of your body.

- Blood moves oxygen and nutrients to cells.

- Carries carbon dioxide and other wastes away from the cells.

- Sometimes the blood carries substances made in one part of the

body to another part of the body where they are needed.

c) Graphics :

A - Heart.

A heart is an organ made of cardiac muscle tissue. Heart is located behind the

breastbone, called sternum, and between the lungs. It has four compartments called

chambers. This chambers is divided by two which is the two upper chambers are called

the right and left atria. While, the two lower chambers are called the right and left

ventricles. During one heartbeat, both atriums contract at the same time. Then, both

ventricles contract at the same time. A one-way valve separates each atrium from the

ventricle below it. The blood flows only in one direction from an atrium to a ventricle,

then form a ventricle into a blood vessel. A wall prevents blood from flowing between

the two atriums or the two ventricles. This walls keeps blood rich in oxygen separate

from blood low in oxygen. If oxygen-rich blood and oxygen-poor blood were to mix, the

body cells would not get all the oxygen they need.

B Trace the pathway of blood from heart to lungs and back

A Blood, high in carbon dioxide and low in oxygen, returns from the body to the

heart. It enters the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava.

B The right atrium contracts, forcing the blood into the right ventricle. When the

right ventricle contracts, the blood leave the heart and goes through the

pulmonary artery to the lungs. The pulmonary arteries are the only arteries that

carry blood that is high in carbon dioxide.

C Oxygen-rich blood travels from the lungs through the pulmonary vein and into the

left atrium. The pulmonary veins are the only veins that carry oxygen-rich blood.

D The left atrium contracts and forces the blood into the left ventricle. The left

ventricle contracts, forcing the blood out of the heart and into the aorta.

REFLECTION

Assalamualaikum.

Finally, I did manage to finish this biology coursework within the time given.

Behind the process of finishing this coursework, I have gone through many difficulties

instead of finishing this coursework. I am having problems with the time management,

the sources for finding the information of the coursework, and the arrangement of the

coursework.

Time management is really testing me to be a good time manager from now until

the future. With lots of coursework, I need to find sometimes for finishing this

coursework. I tried to manage my time instead of busy finishing all the coursework

given to me. I make the schedule and follow the schedule according which coursework

should be done first and which coursework should be submit first. This is because I do

not want to keep rushing on something because sometimes when we keep rushing, our

work will end in trouble.

Besides, I really find it difficult to find the information to put in this coursework. I

went to library and borrowed some books, searched on health books at home, and

surfing the internet for various information to be taken. But, it seems like the information

is still not much. But, I tried to collect all the information and make it into group to see

which parts is still not enough for doing the coursework.

Lastly, the arrangement of the coursework sometimes is confusing me. All

contents looks the same and my head stuck in the middle of the arrangement. But,I tried

to calm myself and do it slowly. Moreover, I ask my friends help on their opinions about

the arrangement for the coursework. Finally, I did manage to finish it.

Thank you.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

B.S.Beckett, (1986) Biology A Modern Introduction GSCE Edition, Great Britain, Oxfor

University

Gairdner B.Moment, Ph.d, Helen M. Ph.d, (1977) Mainstream of Biology, USA, The

William & Wilking Company

Joan E.Rahn, (1974) Biology The science Of Life, United States Of America, Macmillan

Publishing

Lee ching (2009), Pre-U Text Stpm Biology Volume 1, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul

Ehsan, Longman

Thomas A.Steyaert, (1971) Life Are Patterns Of Order, USA, Mc Graw-Hill

www.bisnet.or.id.GASEOUSEXCHANGE , accessed on 10 March 2010

www.rsc.org/education/teachers/learnnet/cfb/CIRCULATORY.htm, accessed on 13

March 2010

www.tutorvista.com, accessed on 14 March 2010


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