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GCC Internals Passes Diego Novillo [email protected] November 2007
Transcript
Page 1: GCC Internals Passes - AIRS · November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 8 Adding a new pass To implement a new pass – Add a new file to trunk/gcc or edit an existing pass –

GCC InternalsPasses

Diego [email protected]

November 2007

mailto:[email protected]
Page 2: GCC Internals Passes - AIRS · November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 8 Adding a new pass To implement a new pass – Add a new file to trunk/gcc or edit an existing pass –

November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 2

Passes

Scheduled in passes.c:init_optimization_passes

Three levels of processing: IPA, GIMPLE, RTL

Three kinds of passes

– Initializers: pass_referenced_vars, pass_build_cfg

– Analysis: pass_build_ssa

– Optimizations: pass_vrp

TODO items determine cleanup actions to perform before/after a pass: TODO_update_ssa, TODO_dump_func

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November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 3

Passes

Passes hierarchically grouped in families

all_lowering_passes

all_ipa_passes

– pass_early_local_passes

all_passes

– pass_all_optimizations

• pass_tree_loop

– pass_rest_of_compilation

• pass_loop2

• pass_post_reload

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November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 4

all_lowering_passes

Process the IL to be ready for optimization

pass_remove_useless_stmts

– Simplistic dead code eliminator that needs no data flow

pass_lower_{omp,cf,eh}

– Put IL in low GIMPLE form

pass_build_cfg

pass_build_cgraph_edges

Page 5: GCC Internals Passes - AIRS · November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 8 Adding a new pass To implement a new pass – Add a new file to trunk/gcc or edit an existing pass –

November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 5

all_ipa_passes

pass_ipa_early_inline

– Simplistic inlining using local info

– Used with profiling to reduce instrumentation cost

pass_ipa_cp

pass_ipa_inline

– Analyze cgraph and decide inlining plan

– Greedy algorithm favouring small functions and functions called once

pass_ipa_pta

pass_ipa_struct_reorg

Page 6: GCC Internals Passes - AIRS · November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 8 Adding a new pass To implement a new pass – Add a new file to trunk/gcc or edit an existing pass –

November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 6

pass_early_local_passes

Put function in SSA form and clean it up

pass_tree_profile

pass_cleanup_cfg

pass_referenced_vars

pass_build_ssa

Several scalar cleanups: pass_ccp, pass_forwprop, pass_simple_dse, pass_dce, ...

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November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 7

all_passes

GIMPLE scalar optimizationspass_apply_inline pass_ccp pass_fre pass_dcepass_copy_prop pass_vrp pass_dominator pass_chpass_sra pass_reassoc pass_dse pass_pre...

GIMPLE loop optimizationspass_tree_loop_init pass_limpass_predcom pass_tree_unswitchpass_empty_loop pass_linear_transformpass_iv_canon pass_if_conversionpass_vectorize pass_parallelize_loopspass_iv_optimize ...

RTL optimizationspass_expand pass_into_cfg_layout_mode pass_csepass_gcse pass_loop2 pass_inc_decpass_combine pass_sms pass_schedpass_local_alloc pass_global_alloc pass_post_reload...

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November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 8

Adding a new pass

To implement a new pass

– Add a new file to trunk/gcc or edit an existing pass

– Add a new target rule in Makefile.in

– If a flag is required to trigger the pass, add it to common.opt

– Create an instance of struct tree_opt_pass

– Declare it in tree-pass.h

– Sequence it in init_optimization_passes

– Add a gate function to read the new flag

– Document pass in trunk/gcc/doc/invoke.texi

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November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 9

Describing a pass

struct tree_opt_pass{ const char *name;

bool (*gate) (void);

unsigned int (*execute) (void);

struct tree_opt_pass *sub; struct tree_opt_pass *next;

int static_pass_number;

unsigned int tv_id;

unsigned int properties_required; unsigned int properties_provided; unsigned int properties_destroyed; unsigned int todo_flags_start; unsigned int todo_flags_finish; char letter;};

Extension for dump file is .<static_pass_number>[itr].<name>

e.g., prog.c.158r.greg

i for IPA passest for GIMPLE (tree) passesr for RTL passes

static_pass_number is automatically assigned by pass manager

Letter used by the -d switch to enable a specific RTL dump (backward compatibility)

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November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 10

Describing a pass

struct tree_opt_pass{ const char *name;

bool (*gate) (void);

unsigned int (*execute) (void);

struct tree_opt_pass *sub; struct tree_opt_pass *next;

int static_pass_number;

unsigned int tv_id;

unsigned int properties_required; unsigned int properties_provided; unsigned int properties_destroyed; unsigned int todo_flags_start; unsigned int todo_flags_finish; char letter;};

If function gate()returns true, then the pass entry point function

execute() is called

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November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 11

Describing a pass

struct tree_opt_pass{ const char *name;

bool (*gate) (void);

unsigned int (*execute) (void);

struct tree_opt_pass *sub; struct tree_opt_pass *next;

int static_pass_number;

unsigned int tv_id;

unsigned int properties_required; unsigned int properties_provided; unsigned int properties_destroyed; unsigned int todo_flags_start; unsigned int todo_flags_finish; char letter;};

Passes may be organized hierarchicallysub points to first child passnext points to sibling classPasses are chained together with NEXT_PASS in init_optimization_passes

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November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 12

Describing a pass

struct tree_opt_pass{ const char *name;

bool (*gate) (void);

unsigned int (*execute) (void);

struct tree_opt_pass *sub; struct tree_opt_pass *next;

int static_pass_number;

unsigned int tv_id;

unsigned int properties_required; unsigned int properties_provided; unsigned int properties_destroyed; unsigned int todo_flags_start; unsigned int todo_flags_finish; char letter;};

Each pass can define its own separate timer

Timers are started/stopped automatically by pass manager

Timer handles (timevars) are defined in timevar.def

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November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 13

Describing a pass

struct tree_opt_pass{ const char *name;

bool (*gate) (void);

unsigned int (*execute) (void);

struct tree_opt_pass *sub; struct tree_opt_pass *next;

int static_pass_number;

unsigned int tv_id;

unsigned int properties_required; unsigned int properties_provided; unsigned int properties_destroyed; unsigned int todo_flags_start; unsigned int todo_flags_finish; char letter;};

Properties required, provided and destroyed are defined in tree-pass.h

Common propertiesPROP_cfgPROP_ssaPROP_aliasPROP_gimple_lcf

Page 14: GCC Internals Passes - AIRS · November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 8 Adding a new pass To implement a new pass – Add a new file to trunk/gcc or edit an existing pass –

November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 14

Describing a pass

struct tree_opt_pass{ const char *name;

bool (*gate) (void);

unsigned int (*execute) (void);

struct tree_opt_pass *sub; struct tree_opt_pass *next;

int static_pass_number;

unsigned int tv_id;

unsigned int properties_required; unsigned int properties_provided; unsigned int properties_destroyed; unsigned int todo_flags_start; unsigned int todo_flags_finish; char letter;};

Cleanup or bookkeeping actions that the pass manager should do before/after the pass

Defined in tree-pass.h

Common actionsTODO_dump_funcTODO_verify_ssaTODO_cleanup_cfgTODO_update_ssa

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November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 15

Available features

APIs available for

– CFG: block/edge insertion, removal, dominance information, block iterators, dominance tree walker.

– Statements: insertion in block and edge, removal, iterators, replacement.

– Operands: iterators, replacement.

– Loop discovery and manipulation.

– Data dependency information (scalar evolutions framework).

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November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 16

Available features

Other available infrastructure– Debugging dumps (-fdump-tree-...)

– Timers for profiling passes (-ftime-report)

– CFG/GIMPLE/SSA verification (--enable-checking)

– Generic value propagation engine with callbacks for statement and node visits.Φ

– Generic use-def chain walker.

– Support in test harness for scanning dump files looking for specific transformations.

– Pass manager for scheduling passes and describing interdependencies, attributes required and attributes provided.

Page 17: GCC Internals Passes - AIRS · November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 8 Adding a new pass To implement a new pass – Add a new file to trunk/gcc or edit an existing pass –

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Debugging

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November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 18

Debugging dumps

Most passes understand the -fdump switches

-fdump-<ir>-<pass>[-<flag1>[-<flag2>]...]

ipatreertl

● inline, dce, alias, combine ...● all to enable all dumps● Possible values taken from name

field in struct tree_opt_pass

● details, stats, blocks, ...● all enables all flags● Possible values taken from

array dump_options

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November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 19

Debugging dumps

Adding dumps to your pass

– Specify a name for the dump in struct tree_opt_pass

– To request a dump at the end of the pass add TODO_dump_func in todo_flags_finish field

To emit debugging information during the pass

– Variable dump_file is set if dumps are enabled

– Variable dump_flags is a bitmask that specifies what flags were selected

– Some common useful flags: TDF_DETAILS, TDF_STATS

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November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 20

Using gdb

Never debug the gcc binary, that is only the driver

The real compiler is one of cc1, jc1, f951, ...

$ <bld>/bin/gcc -O2 -v -save-temps -c a.cUsing built-in specs.Target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnuConfigured with: [ ... ][ ... ]End of search list.<path>/cc1 -fpreprocessed a.i -quiet -dumpbase a.c -mtune=generic -auxbase a -O2 -version -o a.s

$ gdb --args <path>/cc1 -fpreprocessed a.i -quiet -dumpbase a.c -mtune=generic -auxbase a -O2 -version -o a.s

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November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 21

Using gdb

The build directory contains a .gdbinit file with many useful wrappers around debugging functions

When debugging a bootstrapped compiler, try to use the stage 1 compiler

The stage 2 and stage 3 compilers are built with optimizations enabled (may confuse debugging)

To recreate testsuite failures, cut and paste command line from<bld>/gcc/testsuite/{gcc,gfortran,g++,java}/*.log

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November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 22

Timing passes

Timers defined in timevar.def

Start timer with timevar_push

Stop timer with timevar_pop

Timings are reported if compiling with ­ftime­report

Timers use the best standard mechanism they can find

times » getrusage » clock

Page 23: GCC Internals Passes - AIRS · November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 8 Adding a new pass To implement a new pass – Add a new file to trunk/gcc or edit an existing pass –

November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 23

Memory usage statistics

Enabled with -fmem-report

To gather extremely detailed memory usage, configure with

­­enable­gather­detailed­mem­stats

Page 24: GCC Internals Passes - AIRS · November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 8 Adding a new pass To implement a new pass – Add a new file to trunk/gcc or edit an existing pass –

November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 24

Debug counters

Mechanism for tracing and counting events

dbg_cnt increments counter

– Returns false when threshold is crossed

– Returns true otherwise

Allows to control when to apply a transformation

Counters are defined in dbgcnt.def

Thresholds are set with

­fdbg­cnt=name1:N1,name2:N2, ...

Page 25: GCC Internals Passes - AIRS · November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 8 Adding a new pass To implement a new pass – Add a new file to trunk/gcc or edit an existing pass –

November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 25

Case study - VRP

Page 26: GCC Internals Passes - AIRS · November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 8 Adding a new pass To implement a new pass – Add a new file to trunk/gcc or edit an existing pass –

November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 26

Value Range Propagation

Based on Patterson’s range propagation for jump prediction [PLDI’95]

– No branch probabilities (only taken/not-taken)

– Only a single range per SSA name.

for (int i = 0; i < a->len; i++)

{

if (i < 0 || i >= a->len)

throw 5;

call (a->data[i]);

}

Conditional inside the loop is unnecessary.

Page 27: GCC Internals Passes - AIRS · November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 8 Adding a new pass To implement a new pass – Add a new file to trunk/gcc or edit an existing pass –

November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 27

Value Range Propagation

Two main phases

Range assertions

Conditional jumps provide info on value rangesif (a_3 > 10)

a_4 = ASSERT_EXPR <a_3, a_3 > 10>

...

else

a_5 = ASSERT_EXPR <a_4, a_4 <= 10>

Now we can associate a range value to a_4 and a_5.

Range propagation

Generic propagation engine used to propagate value ranges from ASSERT_EXPR

Page 28: GCC Internals Passes - AIRS · November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 8 Adding a new pass To implement a new pass – Add a new file to trunk/gcc or edit an existing pass –

November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 28

Value Range Propagation

Two range representations

– Range [MIN, MAX] MIN <= N <= MAX→

– Anti-range ~[MIN, MAX] N < MIN or N > MAX→

Lattice has 4 states

No upward transitions

UNDEFINED

RANGE ANTI-RANGE

VARYING

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November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 29

Propagation engine

Generalization of propagation code in SSA-CCP

Simulates execution of statements that produce “interesting” values

Flow of control and data are simulated with work lists.

– CFG work list → control flow edges.

– SSA work list def-use edges.→

Engine calls-back into VRP at every statement and PHI node

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November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 30

Propagation engine

Usage

ssa_propagate (visit_stmt, visit_phi)

Returns 3 possible values for statement S•SSA_PROP_INTERESTING

S produces an interesting valueIf S is not a jump, visit_stmt returns name N

i holding the value

Def-use edges out of Ni are added to SSA work list

If S is jump, visit_stmt returns edge that will always be taken•SSA_PROP_NOT_INTERESTING

No edges added, S may be visited again•SSA_PROP_VARYING

Edges added, S will not be visited again

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November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 31

Propagation engine

visit_phi has similar semantics to visit_stmt

– PHI nodes are merging points, so they need to “intersect” all the incoming arguments

Simulation terminates when both SSA and CFG work lists are drained

Values should be kept in an array indexed by SSA version number

After propagation, call substitute_and_fold to do final replacement in IL

Page 32: GCC Internals Passes - AIRS · November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 8 Adding a new pass To implement a new pass – Add a new file to trunk/gcc or edit an existing pass –

November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 32

Pass declaration in gcc/tree-vrp.c

struct tree_opt_pass pass_vrp ={ "vrp", gate_vrp, execute_vrp, NULL, NULL, 0, TV_TREE_VRP, PROP_ssa | PROP_alias, 0, 0, 0, TODO_cleanup_cfg | TODO_ggc_collect | TODO_verify_ssa | TODO_dump_func | TODO_update_ssa, 0};

Implementing VRP

Extension for dump file

Gating function

Pass entry point

Timevar handle for timings

Properties required by the pass

Things to do after VRP and before calling the next pass

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November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 33

Add -ftree-vrp to common.opt

ftree-vrpCommon Report Var(flag_tree_vrp) Init(0) OptimizationPerform Value Range Propagation on trees

Implementing VRP

Common This flag is available for all languagesReport -fverbose-asm should print the value of this flagVar Global variable holding the value of this flagInit Initial (default) value for this flagOptimization This flag belongs to the optimization family of flags

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November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 34

Implementing VRP

Add gating function

static boolgate_vrp (void){ return flag_tree_vrp != 0;}

Add new entry in Makefile.in

– Add tree-vrp.o to OBJS-common variable

– Add rule for tree-vrp.o listing all dependencies

Automatic dependency generation soon

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November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 35

Add entry point function

static unsigned intexecute_vrp (void){ insert_range_assertions (); ... ssa_propagate (vrp_visit_stmt,vrp_visit_phi_node); ... remove_range_assertions ();

return 0;}

Implementing VRP

If the pass needs to add TODO items,it should return them here

Page 36: GCC Internals Passes - AIRS · November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 8 Adding a new pass To implement a new pass – Add a new file to trunk/gcc or edit an existing pass –

November 27, 2007 GCC Internals - Passes - 36

Schedule VRP in init_optimization_passes

init_optimization_passes (void){

...NEXT_PASS (pass_merge_phi);NEXT_PASS (pass_vrp);...NEXT_PASS (pass_reassoc);NEXT_PASS (pass_vrp);...

}

Implementing VRP

Why here?(good question)


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